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The conservation of underground cultural heritage requires high-precision 3D digital documentation. In Ecuador, this type of heritage is mainly threatened by natural seismic events. The catacombs of the Church of Our Lady of the Snows, at Sicalpa Viejo, Ecuador, have a high heritage value, because they were built in colonial times and have been through significant seismic events, such as the earthquake of 1797. This research presents a methodology that uses cutting-edge technology to obtain digital documentation, taking into account the particularities of this type of underground heritage constructions. As a result, 3D modeling of the entire environment of the catacombs was obtained: niches, ossuary, vestiges of human bones of that time and details in stone. This kind of 3D digital documentation is very useful for planning conservation projects of underground cultural heritage before or after a seismic event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Margarita Nelken was a politician and intellectual of the Second Spanish Republic. She was also a lead player and promoter of social change in the period between the two Spanish dictatorships. In her texts Nelken focused on offering a ‘modern’ approach to the feminine condition. While her views on the prior topics are well known, less so is her attitude towards her Jewish heritage and identity, of which she discussed in different texts. My purpose is to study Nelken´s vision on Hebrew identity by analyzing two texts, Las escritoras españolas (Barcelona, 1930) and Los judíos en la cultura hispánica (México D.F., [1949]), which both differ in their historical context (Second Spanish Republic and the author’s period in exile) and in their cultural scope (Peninsular and Hispanic cultures), yet remain bounded by the Jewish element. I intend to reflect on the “transnational network” embodied by Jewish identity and its diasporic essence, through the lens of a woman, Margarita Nelken. Utilizing a comparatist perspective my intention is to determine Nelken’s contribution to building a somewhat underground and newly born network between two “minority” cultures, which she set in open dialogue, that is of being a woman and Jewish, in two different moments for the author, during the “Silver Age” and later in exile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study shows the results obtained by PetroBlast S.A.S. Company during the damage control vibrations generated by underground blasting in tunnels and adjacent galleries as part of case studies. The research studies in more details the knowledge of principle of vibrations caused by explosions and its effect on the contour of underground structures, using numerical simulations through software applied to the registered seismic signals. We conclude that vibration velocities and dynamic stresses have an effect on different positions of the tunnel lining, considering that the maximum particle velocity (VPM) directly influences the inland of covering and maximum stresses decrease with rising from the surrounding rock. The VPM recommended safety threshold is 100 mm/s for intact coating. However, in coatings with some type of cracking, the recommended safety thresholds will be around 25 mm/s and 50 mm/s of VMP. These results provide important experiences for future research where seismic control is necessary in underground excavations considering that Colombia is a country located in the northern part of the South American Andes, it is essential to make road tunnels to access to most of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ecología Política is the property of Fundacio ENT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One way to guarantee the food security of the eastern part of the country and to fight against climate change, is undoubtedly the construction of the underground tunnel in the municipality of Mayarí, due to the urgency of transferring the water from where it exists to the areas that they are scarce of this resource, which makes it a prioritized task, however, it is necessary to evaluate the impacts caused by such construction, taking into account the importance of the effects that already produce the country's environmental policy. The objective of this research is to identify, characterize and evaluate the environmental impacts resulting from the construction of the underground tunnel in the municipality of Mayarí and propose measures to minimize and correct the negative effects. As part of the work, a plan of measures for the prevention, mitigation and correction of negative effects was develo [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mining industry, in spite of the technological developments introduced to humanize its processes, is still characterized by the execution of tasks that demand high physical workloads from the workers and that in many cases are not adequate from an ergonomic point of view. This has led to the emergence of occupational diseases, among which musculoskeletal disorders stand out. Objective: To show the results of the ergonomic evaluation of five tasks that are executed during the process of development and construction of an underground mine in Peru. Methodology: Individual Risk Assessment (ERIN) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) methods were selected to assess the underground mining tasks. Results: According to ERIN, the front drilling and cleaning tasks presented a high level of risk. Thirteen postures were evaluated with the REBA method taken from the tasks of rock removal, support, front drilling and blasting. Of these, seven postures were classified as high and very high risk level. Conclusions: The ergonomic assessment is an important and initial step in the process of prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in the mining industry. The use of the ERIN and REBA methods was useful to evaluate exposure to risk factors and identify opportunities for improvement. However, in order to carry out an effective prevention, an ergonomics systemic approach must be adopted, that considers individual and organizational risk factors, and the cultural and socio-economic environment where the activity takes place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a summary of the Doctoral Thesis presented by the first of the two authors in 2011 and directed by the latter. The estimation of settlement in the diverse extensions to the Madrid Metro network and other construction works in the city of Madrid was initially based on existing models and primarily the Madrid Model (Oteo et al, 1999). The settlement measured during the execution of these works was generally seen to be less than the estimated figures. For this reason an empirical model, supplementing an earlier model from 1999, has been developed on the basis of monitoring data obtained during the construction of the extension to the Madrid Metro (from 2003-2007 in which 41 km of the total 83.5 km extension were formed by TBMs). The model relates the volume of settlement (regardless of the diameter of the TBM) to the relative load-bearing surface cover (thickness of the tertiary substrata above the tunnel crown divided by the diameter of the TBM). A specific methodology applied to the different stages has been conducted in order to establish this model (Fig. 1): - An estimate of the settlement volume was made using standard calculation models and compared with the settlement volume provided by available monitoring data. - Following the statistical processing of the data, a law of variation has been established based on a series of criteria (geotechnical unit, chamber pressure, etc.). The law is proposed for both logarithmic and constant variance, with a variation interval. - The model was checked and validated against data provided by monitoring equipment during the extension to the Madrid Metro network (200 7-2011, in which 10 km of tunnel were build by TBM). - The limitations of the model have been duly established and a series of recommendations provided to minimize subsidence (weight of excavated material, control of pressure gradient in the tunnel chamber, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre el proyecto arqueológico y el proceso de restauración en los edificios conocidos como Los Subterráneos en la ciudad antigua de Teotihuacán, México. El autor comenta sobre el descubrimiento de una reja de hierro construida en el siglo 16. También se considera el rol del arqueólogo Leopoldo Batres como pionero en la arqueología mexicana.

Copyright of Safety & Fire Technology / Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza is the property of Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpozarowej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Desastres Naturales, Accidentes e Infraestructura Civil is the property of University of Puerto Rico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El artículo considera las tumbas de tiro como parte de los rituales mortuorios del culto a los ancestros de los indios mexicanos. Se describe la arquitectura de las tumbas subterráneas, que representaron un portal de comunicación con los ancestros y los dioses, según el autor. Se analiza la noción del tiempo circular ejemplarizada en las tumbas, que simbolizan el útero y una conexión entre vida y muerte, según el autor. Se notan varias ofertas en las tumbas, como objetos de concha y esculturas.

The existence of underground water streams in a highly cracked rock mass in addition to a favorable relief for surface runoff facilitate water seepage into tunnels constructed at or below the level of the aquifer in the East-West Decantation which is being constructed in the province of Holguin (Cuba). This results in partial overflows and collapse due to lost resistance of rocks and washed crack fillings. To take corrective actions for enhanced safety during excavations and ensured stability of works, the areas which are sensitive to seepage were identified by combining geo-mechanical methods of mass analysis, hydro-geological surveys and digital mapping. The study revealed the presence of four highly sensitive areas to seepage in the tunnel Serones-Salida Guaro based on their high permeability (over 10 m/day) and location; which is at the intersection of two faults which have been subject to landslides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water running through rocky massifs seeps into massif-excavation bodies. The decanting tunnels being built from east to west in the east of Cuba have been damaged due to water seepage. This is mainly due to the fact that these tunnels are generally constructed at or below the level of the aquifer in rocky massifs formed fundamentally by basic and ultra basic rocks with variable cracking and faults. Generally, the techniques applied to resolve the damages are not appropriate as determining factors involved in the process of seepage are not considered. This article describes a procedure to select the most suitable techniques required in each construction work based on its peculiarities. This selection is based on a direct relation between the permeability and the quality of strong cracked and less porous massifs; which was proven analytically and experimentally. The implementation of this procedure on the tunnel Serones-Salida Guaro indicated proportionality between the massif quality, seepage level and control practices which are most suitable according to the specific conditions of each tunnel section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the mechanisms of humidity transport are explained. These mechanisms have place in underground warehouses according to the climatic and geohydrological characteristics of Cuba. An analogy with the Fick's law is stated and it intends a theoretical model that describes this mechanism of transport toward the cavities. It was determined the local coefficients of transport of humidity experimentally for different recover types in walls and different geometric forms of the warehouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]