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The aim of this study was to analyze the lexical composition of child expressive vocabulary and its relationship with linguistic input of four-year-old children from different social backgrounds. From a spontaneous speech corpus, we analyzed the transcriptions of 19 children from two different social backgrounds (n = 38), corresponding to 456 hours of recordings, and we analyzed the lexical diversity and quantity of nouns, adjectives, and verbs, both in child vocabulary and input they were exposed to. The analysis of variance showed that in both cases there was a greater noun type quantity compared to the other word classes, but a greater token quantity of verbs. Beta regressions with child vocabulary as a dependent variable showed that belonging to a socioeconomic group was a predictor of the three lexical classes' types, but only of the adjective's tokens; the presence of each word class in the linguistic input was a predictor of all three word classes, and only of adjective and verb types. These results manifest the complexity of early childhood experiences and the need to pay attention to the various contexts where children acquire language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article aims to analyze the economic and sociocultural background of the behavior of crimes against property, public order and people, as well as their judicial and police repression in the Cuban province of Pinar del Río between 1944-1951. The main sources were the judicial files, the written press, and the historicalcriminal records of the prisons, with which they reconstructed the criminal statistics of the period. Among the causes of the occurrence of these crimes and their persecution are the processes of social readjustment that occurred after the Revolution of the 1930s, the economic situation generated after the Second World War, the consequences of the performance of the governments of the Cuban Revolutionary Party (Auténtico), and the centuries-old processes of racial discrimination that marked the actions of the police and justice institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses four different positions of fictional truth derived from Sabina Berman's play, Feliz Nuevo Siglo Doktor Freud, on Dora's clinical case. The staging inherent to the hysteric structure reveals the fantasies of prostitution, of the seduction of the father, of the instauration of femininity and of the textual diversity of (counter) transference. The play takes clinical work to a dimension of critical debate in which Freud finds himself divided between the different formulations of his sexual theory and the breakthroughs brought about by the testimony of the singular experience. It reveals not only the background of social and historical conditions that frame the clinical exercise of the word and subjectivity, but also the conditions that determine complex relations between sexes and imaginary-ideological schemes that influence Freud's thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathological gambling is an addiction that has become a public health problem worldwide, it is estimated that 3% of the population suffers from this disorder. This type of addiction is generated in a multi-causal way through different risk factors. Aim. There are risk factors that are manifested in the family environment, therefore, the objective is to describe the presence of family risk factors that influence the triggering of compulsive gambling in pathological gamblers in treatment in the city of Culiacán. Method. A qualitative methodology with a phenomenological approach was used, with a sample of 13 people (7 women and 6 men), applying in-depth interviews. Results. The results show that family risk factors are: family gambling culture and exposure to gambling at an early age, family attachment weakening, family background of gambling problems, traumatic childhood events and loss of a family member. Conclusions. It is concluded that these factors are part of the multi-causality that generates gambling addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates risk in educational choices by operationalising the concept of estimated risk, observing the existing differences by social background, and contrasting their usefulness in interpreting the different choices made and the resulting educational inequalities. Data from the ISCY Project for the city of Barcelona were used to analyse those cases that accessed higher education. The results show the differences in the estimated risk by social background, specifically in the areas of social and economic risk. Although the estimated risk has been widely used as an implicit explanatory tool, this study operationalises and contrasts this perspective as a useful framework for the explanation of inequalities, and as a useful tool for the evaluation of educational policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substance use disorder (SUD) affects the relationship and care of children, promoting abusive behaviors. The parental-filial relationship can improve with the development of parental competences (PC) in users of treatment programs for SUD. However, few programs prioritize intervention over these skills. The objective of this study is to verify the influence of SUD on the development of negligent behaviors and to analyze the influence of SUD treatment on PC, considering the previous trajectory of consumption and treatment (TCT), the legal situation (LS), and socio-family background (SFB). The sample is made up of 67 users of a SUD treatment program in Chile, with at least one child under the age of 12. One hundred percent of users engage in negligent behavior. After nine months of treatment, PCs improved significantly. TCT and SFBs influence the development and improvement of PCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-determination in people with disabilities is crucial for achieving their quality of life. Support given from families to their children depends to a large extent on the reinforcement of perceptions about self-determination. In that sense, this research aims to describe the opinion of parents of adolescents and young people with intellectual disabilities about this construct. Five focus groups were formed with 42 participants. The lexicometric analysis of the group interviews using Iramuteq software yielded four dimensions: autonomy; barriers in the family and the background; support and opportunities; psychological capabilities. Parents do not acknowledge the entire concept of self-determination. They associate it with autonomy for personal care and housework and, to a lesser extent, with community life. The family barriers are psychological: fear, overprotection, underestimation and lack of trust in the child's capacity. This leads to less opportunity offer. They consider that society is poorly prepared to stimulate these processes. They feel the need to receive professional support directed to revise their beliefs, increase their knowledge and put into practice strategies to facilitate the achievement of self-determination in their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Family changes and the role of grandfather over time have been relevant since they play an important role in the transmission of social and emotional values and nowadays they have been taking center stage in front of tasks related to care, education and upbringing. Objective: To relate the personality styles of caregivers grandparents and the parenting practices used with their grandchildren through relevant instruments to obtain inferences between various variables. Methods: The present investigation uses a quantitative methodology with a non-experimental approach of correlational scope, with an intentional non-probabilistic sample of 60 caregivers grandparents as participants. Results: The most frequent personality styles in the population are: Obsessive Compulsive, Schizoid, Dependent, Schizotypal and Depressive; the most used parenting practices are: Positive Orientation, Sensitization Techniques and Expression of Affection, likewise, it is found that the female sex has the highest correlation with the variables. Conclusions: Depending on the behavioral characteristics of personality styles and the range in which their characteristics stand out, parenting practices are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Family farming is a practice which makes it possible for the population to obtain food and income while contributing to the food safety of their region. Objective: To know the meaning and uses that the inhabitants of the rural settlement, located in the Chigorodó municipality in the Department of Antioquia, place on the food they grow. Materials and Methods: A qualitative study, based on focused etnography, in which data were collected via observation, semi-structured interviews to 14 participants, and property mapping. The data was transcribed, read and coded. Significant aspects and relationship was identified. Preliminary and emergent categories were consolidated and the results were validated with the participants. Results: Among the reasons for growing food, the following stand out: vocation, tradition and need to support one's family. Additionally, living in the countryside is associated with happiness, tranquility and health. The most common types of food are: plantain, mango, lemon, coconut and guava. In addition, they also raise animals. Household usages include: food, cosmetics, medicinal and cleaning. Outside the household these products are sold and traded. Furthermore, people express diverse knowledge on the medicinal and cosmetic uses of plants as well as on how to grow them. Conclusions: Growing food is a contribution to the food safety of these households and their family economy. Likewise, the leading role of women is highlighted in this activity. Finally, a diverse body of everyday knowledge was observed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a thorough analysis of the practices used in the matter of pre- sents made on the occasion of a marriage -items, services, money, wedding lists- and their value, changing depending on places and social background, the article deals with these donations. These gifts are a kind of usual donations, differentiating in Spanish Law from the so called donations propter nuptias. This article examinates the repercussion, in the said gifts, of the vicissitudes of the marriage that justifies them and the possibility that they are, or not, taxed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Section Mk 3:31-35, known as "the new family of Jesus", is studied in this paper using two methods of exegetical analysis. On the one hand, according to the standards of evaluation of textual criticism, it is shown that the reconstruction of the selected text offers guarantees of reliability and, at the same time, does not present disputed lessons that compromise its theological meaning. On the other hand, using some resources of literary criticism it is confirmed that we are dealing with a wellconstructed and strongly structured textual unit corresponding to the literary genre of the apothegm or paradigm. In summary, the analysis made corroborates that Jesus founding his new spiritual family, displaces family ties to the background, because its essence - on a scale of values - is to do the "will of God" and not of men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social status (SS) is a multidimensional variable that is used widely in health research. There is no single optimal method for estimating social status. Rather, in each case the measurement may vary depending on the research subject, the base theory considered, the population of interest, the event of interest and, in some cases, the available information. This literature review develops the following topics related to SS measurement, based on the international scientific sources available electronically: i) identification of the role of SS in the context of social epidemiology research, ii) description of the principal indicators and methodological approaches used to measure SS in health research, and iii) analysis of the distinct difficulties of SS measurement in specific populations such as ethnic groups, women, children, the elderly, and in rural vs. urban contexts. The review finally makes it possible to describe some of the implications of SS measurement in Latin American countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with historical memory. It analyzes specifically the conditions for the creation of both a generational and national collective memory. Based on transnational research carried out in 2004 in Argentina and Switzerland for which men and women from five quinquennial groups were interviewed, this work focuses on the results for Argentina. The following questions guided the research on the historical content of memories: What is the building process of a generational historical memory like? Can we find a common, transgenerational memory that could be labeled as national? Can a national memory coexist with generational memories? Thus, the research goals are, on the one hand, to trace the contours of the historical dimension in collective memory and its generational differences. And second, to describe the ways in which personal biography, societal changes, and individual perception of facts coalesce. This research was based on two tenets: a generation's collective historical memory starts taking shaping during teenage and youth, and a generation's historical memory is a subjective process of memory building developed over the course of a lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a result of a research effort carried out between May and June in the year 2000. Philip Lalander traveled to Venezuela for the purpose of developing his analytical capacities in the understanding of the Swedish culture in his recent research on alcoholic beverage and drug customs, and his ability to detect these cultural traits in a distinct cultural background. Venezuela was selected based on the experience of Rickard Lalander who has studied the country for more than 10 years. In this article the principal purpose is the presentation of certain aspects of the situation in Venezuela, with certain illustrative comparisons with the Swedish culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the ways we have to measure the efficiency of the different kinds of education is the social mobility they cause in their students. The two kinds of education taken into account, public and private, have the same proportion of social heritage. An interesting difference has been noticed: students from a lower social background who attended private schools have more possibilities of social promotion (improvement) than those who attended public schools. This difference has been explained in different ways: private schools manage to make their students more independent from their social background; private school students are more heterogenous from a social point of view; the accumulated relational capital and, finally, private schools organizational culture, which encourages students to continue their education, is also higher than public schools. The Encuesta de Calidad de Vida en el Trabajo (Survey on the Quality of Life at Work), carried out by the Ministry of Labour and Social Security in 1999, was used both to measure social mobility depending on the kind of education and to validate the four hypothesis mentioned above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]