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Copyright of Fronteras de la Historia is the property of Instituto Colombiano de Antropologia e Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Super trajectory is reported of tobacco from his first meeting with the European man October 15, 1492. This plant was known in Europe by the publications of the Sevillan physician Nicolas Monardes (1574), the relations of friar Andrés Thevet (1575) and the famous botanical treatise of Charles de l'Écluse (1605). The Swedish botanist Karl Linnaeus inclused tobacco plant in the family Solanaceae and deleted from this group other plants that were intermixed with it. Its botanical name (Nicotiana tabacum) derived from the surname of the French ambassador to Portugal, Jean Nicot of Villemain, who in 1560 sent it to the Queen Mother of France Cathérine de Medicis. The use of snuff quickly spread throughout Europe, were it became common in the seventeenth century. By the late eighteenth century in New Spain, in addition to cigars, cigarettes and due in packs of different content the tobacco is concocted and price. The preparation of the different presentations of snuff, tobacco made in factories in the capital and several provincial cities, originated in 1796 the creation of the first kindergartens for the children of those working in them. This thanks to the successful initiative of then viceroy Marquis of Branciforte. But contrary to the forecasts of Father F. J. Clavijero and Mrs. F. Calderón de la Barca, wife of the first Spanish diplomatic representative to the government of Mexico, the use of tobacco, with the passage of time, far from waning has been increasing in every social class. And now, more than men, women are smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is a critical period regarding the acquisition of healthy habits at the expense of harmful behaviors, so this study is to analyze the motivational climate made physical activity, consumption of alcohol and snuff, and establish the relationships between variables. They involved 2,134 students aged between 15 and 18 years (M = 15.93 years), which allowed the registration and evaluation of variables Snuff consumption (FTND), Drinking (AUDIT) and Motivational Climate (PMCQS- 2). The results showed that most teens are not smoking, and only a third of them consumed alcohol; the girls drink alcohol moderately compared to boys, who do excessively. Regarding the motivational climate, students are more oriented toward the task to the ego, the women getting higher figures in the ego climate, reversing the climate data in the task. Alcohol intake is related to the consumption of snuff; teens that use snuff and / or alcohol are oriented to the ego, while those who do not consume, are more oriented toward the task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to analyze the levels of alcohol and snuff teen ruling possible relationships with family and academic parameters These three hypotheses were advanced: boys and girls who regularly consume alcohol and snuff have a worse academic performance; frequent consumption of both elements has a negative impact on the family and academic environments; and the lower the academic level of the parents, the more likely the use of both substances. The participation of a total of 2,134 adolescents allowed the record and evaluation of Snuff consumption variables (FTND), Drinking (AUDIT), Family Function Scale (APGAR), Academic Level Students and Parents. No association between the youngsters 'consumption or intake of snuff and alcohol and their parents' academic performance and educational level can be made. The main conclusion that can be drawn is that adolescents with severe family disorders present values of the high dependence on patent snuff being the medium and heavy drinking and having high rates of repetition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the influence of J. Bautista Carrafa, who was considered the first manufacturer of snuff tobacco during the latter half of the 17th century in Spain. The author comments on his development and management of a tobacco monopoly located in the province of Castile during this time period and describes the importance of the support given to the business by the Márquez Cardosos, a powerful family living in the region. Based on historical documents, he concludes that Bautista Carrafa's role in the founding of the snuff industry is doubtful.

Copyright of Salud Uninorte is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)