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Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nefrologia is the property of Revista Nefrologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to characterize the sodium content in commonly consumed away-from-home food in three areas of Metropolitan Lima. We conducted a cross-sectional study, in which twenty frequently consumed foods were identified according to the place of sale. Sodium content was determined through atomic absorption spectroscopy in preparations collected in 2019. The median sodium content in street food products was 492.36 mg/100g (IQR: 83.93 - 918.78), 471.37 mg/100 g in artisanal food (IQR: 76.04 - 765.39) and 471.06 mg/100 g in fast food (IQR: 115.31 - 695.18). Sixty-five percent of the foods were classified as having high sodium content according to Peruvian regulations, while 30% of the preparations had high sodium content, according to UK parameters. Most food sold and consumed away from home have high sodium content. It is essential to engage all stakeholders involved in food preparation for away-from-home consumption in order to raise awareness and involve them in the promotion of policies aimed at reducing sodium intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of exchangeable cations in salt- and/or sodium-affected soils using ammonium acetate does not allow to distinguish between exchangeable cations and their forms in soil solution. To quantify only the exchangeable cations in this type of soils, two alternative methods were evaluated: 1) pre-washing with ethanol of the ions in soil solution and 2) difference between the cations extracted with ammonium acetate and in the saturated soil paste extract. The alternative methods allowed to quantify calcium, magnesium and sodium in < 40 dS m-1electrical conductivity soils. Due to operative simplicity, method 1 proved to be the best alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes is the property of Editorial Sanchez y Barcelo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Hyponatremia is one of the most common electrolyte alterations in hospital practice, defined as serum sodium lesser than 135 mEq/L. Among the causes, the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion is the most common; however, there are other less common disorders, such as sodium-wasting nephropathy, which has created a dilemma in the approach diagnosis and the therapy used, since the treatment of these two entities is opposite. CLINICAL CASE: An 88-year-old female patient, who was admitted to hospital for severe head trauma, upon admission with serum sodium of 133 mEq/L; during the first 48 hours of stay she presented a sudden decrease of serum sodium of 10 mEq/L accompanied by deterioration of the neurological state, making the diagnosis of saltwasting nephropathy, for which management was given, with which improvement of neurological symptoms was observed. Subsequently, she presented a new decrease in serum sodium, so when performing the diagnostic approach again, causes, the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion was concluded, managing with fluid restriction, maintaining serum sodium levels within the normal range with complete resolution of neurological symptoms, concluding mixed sodium disorder. CONCLUSIONS: This disorder exposed in this clinical case is a rare and little identified entity, representing a challenge for its diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has provoked one of the greatest health crises of our time, which is why risk stratification at the time of hospitalization is essential to identify in good time patients with high morbidity and mortality risk. Dysnatremia as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with COVID-19 has recently become relevant. Objective: To find out if there is an association of dysnatremia with 28-day mortality, and as secondary objectives, its association with hospital stay, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) requirement and presence of acute kidney injury (AKI) during hospital stay. Material and methods: Retrospective, descriptive and analytical cohort study. All consecutive patients of 16 years or older of any gender, admitted to a third level hospital from March 1, 2020 to March 2021, who have a diagnosis of COVID- 19 with positive PCR were included. Results: The study included a total of 722 patients. The prevalence of dysnatremia was as follows: 18 patients presented hypernatremia (2.49%) and 153 hyponatremia (21.19%). The presence of hypernatremia once sodium was corrected for glucose was associated with higher mortality (p < 0.05, OR 3.446; 95% CI 1.776-6.688), an increased probability of presenting AKI (p <0.05, OR 2.985; 95% CI 1.718-5.184) and a greater requirement for IMV (p < 0.05, OR 1.945; 95% CI 1.701-5.098). Conclusions: Hypernatremia was associated with higher mortality, higher risk of presenting AKI and the requirement for IMV during hospitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actualización en Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Argentina de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Actualización en Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Argentina de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: the salinity of Lake Texcoco is due to the fact that it was an endorheic basin, it had no way of washing the salts. The causes of salinization of agricultural soils in these plots are: poor irrigation management, use of low quality water for irrigation and excessive use of chemical fertilizers. The objective of this work was to analyze the ionic composition and compare the sodium adsorption ratio - explicit and adjusted exchangeable sodium percentage of an agricultural plot. Method: soil sampling was done to determine the parameters of: pH, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate, according to NOM-021-RECNAT-2000. In addition to interpolation maps and contour lines. Results and discussion: according to the results obtained from the laboratory, the plot is made of saline - sodium soil. A significant difference was found between the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and the adjusted sodium adsorption ratio, the latter being the highest. The interpolated images and contour lines give an artificial view of the sodium adsorption ratio and the percent exchangeable sodium (ESP). Conclusion: in general, the plot presents high values of SAR and ESP. So, in almost the entire plot there is a risk of sodicity. There are significant differences between SAR and adjusted SAR, but there is no significant difference between ESP and ESP calculated with adjusted SAR. The SAREC classification in most cases present soils of very high salinity and medium sodicity (C4-S2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: there has been an increase in the number of endurance sports events during the last 20 years, as well as in the number of their participants. An adequate nutritional plan is essential for a satisfactory performance in this type of events, both in professional and amateur athletes. Objectives: the objective was to determine, evaluate, and compare with the current scientific recommendations the consumption of carbohydrates, water, and sodium by participants in a trail-running event. Methods: the competition completed by the athletes was the "Medio Trail de Alcoy 2019" (Alcoy, Spain), with a distance of 30 km. After completing the race, participants filled out a questionnaire about their food and drink consumption during the event, in addition to other questions about their nutritional habits in general. Eleven participants who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Results: the result obtained for average carbohydrate intake was 14.93 g/h, for sodium intake was 146.42 mg/h, and for water intake was 399.73 mL/h. In all, 27 % of participants visited a dietitian-nutritionist on a regular basis, and none reported gastrointestinal tract issues during the race. Conclusions: the carbohydrate and sodium consumption of participants was low as compared to current scientific recommendations; however, water consumption was adequate according to them. Our advice for endurance athletes is visit a specialized dietitian-nutritionist to achieve optimal performance in competitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Médicas UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: An earlier review limited the analysis of the intake recommendations issued by the European Union until 2016, and therefore the "dietary reference values" for vitamin K, riboflavin, sodium and chloride were pending inclusion. The Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published these values for both vitamins in 2017 and for both minerals in 2019, which are now included in this updated review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: one of the changes in diet is related to its content of sodium (Na) and potassium (K). Greater use of condiments and processed foods contributes to these changes and the Na/K ratio can be used as a marker of this consumption. Objective: to evaluate the association between Na/K ratio and consumption of industrialized condiments and ultra-processed foods. Methods: a sample of 150 adults underwent an anthropometric examination and answered the questionnaire on life habits, diet and health. Consumption of Na, K and salt was estimated by urinary excretion of 24 hours. Ultraprocessed consumption was estimated by 24-hour food registration. Na/K ratio divided into tertiles. Associations between ultraprocessed foods, use of industrialized condiments and Na/K ratio were tested. p < 0.05 was adopted. Results: the highest proportion was female (65%) and with a higher educational level (77%). Higher consumption of ultra-processed foods was observed in men, in those with higher schooling and in non-whites. Those who reported a frequent consumption of industrialized condiments showed a mean sodium of 4.1 ± 1.4 g/day (p = 0.03) and salt of 10.5 ± 3.6 g/day (p = 0.03). Among those who reported frequent use of industrialized condiments, a higher Na/K ratio was found and a lower ratio was observed among those with lower consumption of ultraprocessed foods. Hypertensive and those with salt intake above the recommended one presented higher Na/K ratio. Conclusion: frequent consumption of industrialized condiments is associated with higher salt excretion and Na/K ratio and higher consumption of ultraprocessed products increases Na/K ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: To describe changes in body water, lean body mass, fatty content, creatinine and urea clearance and dietary habits of healthy persons in Lima. Methods: Persons of both sexes between 20 and 80 years with normal body mass index, self-sufficient, with satisfactory quality of life and without chronic renal disease were included in the study. Electric bio impedance was used to get body structural data. Renal function was measured with creatinine clearance, serum creatinine and urea. Dietary features were inferred from urea, sodium and potassium measurements from a urine sample. Results: A statistical significant difference in sexes was found for body water, fatty content, lean body mass, creatinine (in serum and urine) and urea. Lean body mass was directly correlated with body water (r=0.81; p=0.000 in males and r=0.465; p=0.000 in females) and inversely correlated with fatty content. The multivariate lineal regression analysis only found correlation of lean body mass, fatty content and body water with age, but changes in these variables differed between males and females. Serum urea and creatinine did not change with age, but the clearance of both of them did it. Urea clearance showed linear correlation in males but cubic in females. A negative correlation between age and protein intake was observed (r=-0.594; p=0.006), sodium salt (r=-0.451; p=0.021) and with potassium in females. Conclusions: Body structure, glomerular filtration and dietary habits change with age in our healthy population but with differences by sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pilot plant scale tests, were carried out with the objective of proposing a technological alternative to obtain a nickel hydroxide solution, which can be used for rechargeable batteries production. Chemical precipitation was developed using nickel sulphate solution in either batch or intermittent process. Nickel sulphate solution contains cobalt and manganese. Ammonium and sodium hydroxides, controlling temperature, pH, reaction time, reagent concentrations and sodium hydroxide flow conditions, were used too. The main technical process indicators were determined: raw material and bulk consumption indices, as well as metals and washing precipitation efficiencies. Nickel hydroxide resulting solution was chemically characterized, obtaining average nickel and sodium contents, equal to 53, 8 % and 2, 5 %, respectively. Nickel and cobalt average precipitation efficiency was equal to 99,8 %, while for manganese it was 94,9 %. The washing process just guaranteed the 74 % reduction of sodium contained in the hydroxide obtained reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Heart diseases lead Cuban health statistics as one of the main causes of death with predominance of ischemic heart disease. Traditionally, in Cuba the plasma electrolyte concentrations is determined by standardized ions and blood gases analysis. But there are other methods such as electric bioimpedance which measures the total amount of main ions of organic liquids, and provides more real information about the concentrations of these electrolytes in the human body. Objective: To determine the values of total exchangeable body sodium and potassium electrolytes by bioelectrical impedance before and on the seventh day of surgery, and compare them with a reference population. Method: A longitudinal and prospective study was carried out with 42 patients aged 40 and over with ischemic heart disease, from both sexes, treated with coronary artery bypass grafting without extracorporeal circulation at the "Centro Territorial de Cirugía Cardiovascular de Santiago de Cuba" in the first four months of 2015. Bioimpedance measurements were made at 50 kHz, using the right-sided tetrapolar method. The parameters were studied according to sex, age groups and electrolyte values. Results: A decrease in interchangeable sodium (2984.98±426.3 vs. 3349.7±805.0 mmol) and potassium (3076.75±265.06 vs. 3251.3±593.85 mmol) was found before surgery. In the postoperative period, the values obtained for exchangeable sodium (3097.5±447.29 mmol, p <0.05) were statistically significant. Conclusions: Before and after surgery, the electrolytes studied showed values below the standards, although this variation was not always significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Excessive sodium consumption is linked to chronic degenerative diseases. Increased population knowledge about sodium should help reduce it's consumption. Objective: To compare the knowledge and practices of the use of salt/sodium in food for men and women in Medellin, Colombia. Materials and Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional exploratory study of 155 men and 167 women aged 18-50 from Medellin, Colombia. Participants were given a survey on sodium consumption practices and knowledge. Results: Significant differences were found (p<0.05) by sex, in favor of women, regarding knowledge of arterial hypertension (54.5% vs. men 43.2%), use of salt substitutes (53.9% vs. men 35.5%) and health risk of excess sodium intake (54.5% vs. men 43.2%). 79.4% of women and 84.4% of men enjoy eating foods with salt. Inconsistencies were found in the relationship between knowledge and dietary practices. The factor analysis revealed differences by sex in consumption of fruit with salt, beer drunk from a salt-rimmed glass, and salt substitutes (p=0.0004). Conclusions: There are differences by sex about the knowledge of sodium and its effects on health. There is inconsistency between knowledge about sodium and dietary practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current lifestyles have led humanity to increase the consumption of processed meat products; however, this can bring negative consequences due to the excessive consumption of fat and sodium. 66% of Peruvians eat fast food, which consists mostly of processed meats, bread and potato chips, which raises fat and sodium levels above daily suggested consumption values. Therefore, this project aims to produce a frankfurter type sausage with values of fat and sodium below the traditional values, preserving its organoleptic characteristics. This objective was achieved through controlled preparations and their respective quality control tests. The level of fat was reduced from 15% to 11%, and the sodium content was decreased by 30% by performing the analysis using different methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte imbalance in clinical practice, it is also the most under-diagnosed. Morbidity and mortality are significantly increases in patients with symptomatic hyponatremia in contrast to patients whose sodium concentrations are normal. This article offers a review addressing epidemiology, diagnosis and therapeutic approach of hyponatremia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the frequency of abnormalities in serum sodium and potassium in adult hospitalized patients and to evaluate annual variations of these electrolytes, as well as to evaluate variables related to patients, comorbidities and medical interventions. Methods: A prevalence study was conducted in 2015 at Hospital Cayetano Heredia (HCH) in Lima, Peru. Information on demographic features and on serum values of sodium and potassium, as we all as on comorbidities and treatment were gathered. Results: Information on 297 patients was collected; the prevalence of electrolyte abnormalities was 60.6%. Yearly variations of electrolyte abnormalities were nonsignificant (p>0.05). Hyponatremia was associated with pulmonary diseases (p=0.005) and hypernatremia was associated with the use of nebulization (p=0.023) and hospital stay longer than 5 days (p<0.008). Hypokalemia was associated with use of steroids (p<0.001) and with the use of antifungal medications (p<0.016); hyperkalemia was associated with renal disease (p=0.038), high serum levels of creatinine (p=0.0059) and low lymphocyte counts (p=0.004). Conclusions: The prevalence of abnormalities in serum electrolytes was high (60.6%) and it was independent of the season but dependent on certain comorbidities and with the use of certain medications. Hypokalemia was the most common electrolyte abnormality followed by hyponatremia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Hypertension is a common health problem and with severe health impacts, underdiagnosed and modulated by dietary habits, lifestyle and intake of several nutrients, so analyze the latest data on the involvement of nutrition in preventing and control of hypertension is the subject of this review. Methods: Literature search regarding the topic. Results: Although the best known and followed patterns are the restriction in sodium intake, weight control, and moderation in alcohol consumption; improving diet (increasing consumption of cereals, vegetables, fruits...) and physical activity seem to have a major impact on the control of blood pressure, also consume less saturated fat (with increased MUFA and omega-3), adequate intake of calcium, magnesium, protein, vitamin D and fiber and improving the antioxidant capacity of the diet can have great importance in fighting the problem of hypertension. Given that the average Spanish diet does not meet the advised requirements for many of the nutrients mentioned as favorable in control of the blood pressure, an approximation of the diet to the theoretical ideal can be very helpful in the fight against this problem that has great health impact. Conclusions: Improving feeding, increasing the intake of vegetables, legumes, whole grains, dairy, fish, avoiding an inadequate supply of nutrients (especially calcium, magnesium, protein, and vitamin D) can have a greater benefit in controlling blood pressure, than most widespread monitoring restrictive guidelines in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential and accuracy of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for predicting the mineral content in lyophilized samples of turnip greens and turnip tops (Brassica rapaL. var.rapa). Mathematical treatments of the spectra and modified partial least squares regression (MPLS) were used for developing calibrations equations (n = 298). An independent set of samples (n = 69) was used to evaluate and validate the performance of the calibrations equations. The coefficients of determination obtained in the external validation (r2ev) and error of prediction (SEP) for the different minerals were K = 0.86 (SEP = 4,90), Ca = 0.91 (SEP = 1,66), P = 0.73 (SEP = 0,86), Mg = 0.85 (SEP = 0,32), Na = 0.87 (SEP = 0,21), Fe = 0.90 (SEP = 60,48), Zn = 0.80 (SEP = 5,83), Mn = 0.81 (SEP = 5,72) and Cu = 0.62 (SEP = 1,13).The calibration equations obtained for Ca and Fe showed the highest predictive ability These results support the idea that NIRS technology is suitable for the fast, non-destructive, and accurate prediction of mineral content in turnip greens and turnip tops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Unlabelled: A high sodium intake is an independent risk factor for Cardiovascular diseases -CVD-. Thus, a strategy to reduce blood pressure and CVD risk throughout reducing sodium intake is promoted worldwide. In order to design an adequate strategy, it is important to identify the main sources of sodium in food, which has been evaluated mainly in developed countries.Objectives: to identify foods that provide sodium in Colombians diet, based on data from the National Nutritional Survey -ENSIN-. Furthermore, to determine sodium amount intake from foods.Methods: data obtained by 24 hours recall (R24h) from 39 413 apparently healthy, non-pregnant population between 2-64 y old population were analyzed. Food groups source of sodium and sodium were determined.Results: 1 274 food were reported by R24h. 95 foods contributed with 72% of total sodium from foods and were divided into 12 groups. The mayor sodium source in the diet was bakery products (30.5%). Average and median sodium intake without salt addition were: 816.4 ± 474.1 and 721.0 mg/d variable (RQ = 476.0 to 1051.0)mg/d, respectively. Sodium intake from food was higher in men (784.0 mg/d; RQ = 511.0 to 1156.0) than in females (665.0 mg/d; RQ = 448.0 to 953.0); p < 0.001.Conclusion: the present study identified the main sources of sodium in Colombians diet. Based on this analysis it is important to prioritize strategies in some groups, especially bakery products. It is also necessary to consider geographical area to implement a relevant strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work intended to reduce the salt content in the Novel type mortadela maintaining a satisfactory sensorial acceptance. Several mortadela lots were elaborated with different quantities of salt added between 0.8 and 1.8%. In the finished product were determined the pH and the humidity, fat, chloride and nitrite contents; it also was calculated sodium content according to the quantities of the ingredients that contributed it. The counts of aerobic mesophilics, staphylococci and coliforms microorganisms and the test of salmonella detection were analyzed. It was carried out the sensorial evaluation of the attributes aspect, texture, flavor and color. For the sensorial responses were found the regression models, their significance and their adaptation grade like predictive models. It was obtained a mortadela with a reduced content of salt and satisfactory sensorial quality characteristics even with a salt addition decrease up 0.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work intends to achieve a reduction of salt in a meat emulsion type product without reduction of its quality. Several mortadela lots were elaborated with different quantities of salt between 1-2.2 %. It was determined the meat emulsion stability of the batter and in the finished product the pH and the contents of humidity, chloride and nitrite. Also, the sodium content was calculated according with the quantities of the added ingredients. Moreover, the instrumental profile of texture, mesophilic aerobic microorganisms counts, coliforms, staphylococcus and the test of salmonella detection were determined. It was carried out a sensorial evaluation of several attributes of quality. For each response, the regression models, their significance and their adjusted grade as predictive models were calculated. The numeric optimization of the variants of the products was made with the equations of the flavor and meat emulsion stability. It was obtained a mortadela with a reduced content of salt and satisfactory quality characteristics until a limit of 1.35 % of salt addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work intends to achieve a reduction of salt in a liver sausage maintaining a satisfactory sensorial acceptance. Eight lots of the sausage were elaborated with different quantities of salt between 0 and 1.8% and were determined the pH and the contents of humidity, chloride and residual nitrite; the sodium content of was calculated of agreement with the quantities of the ingredients that contributed it. Also were determined the counts of following microorganisms: aerobic mesophilics, coliforms, staphylococci, and the salmonella detection test. It was carried out a sensorial evaluation of several attributes of quality. For each variable the regression models were found, their significance (p≤0.05), and their adaptation grade like predictive models in the case of the significant ones. The numeric optimization of the variants of the formula of the product was made according with the model obtained for the flavor and it was found that one can obtain a liver sausage with a satisfactory quality characteristics, with a reduction of the addition of salt in an range from 1.8 to 0.35%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo. Determinar los percentiles del contenido de azúcar, sodio y grasas saturadas descritas en los alimentos industrializados según etiquetado por categorías de alimentos industrializados en lugares de expendio de Lima. Metodología. Se trató de un estudio prospectivo con 565 registros de alimentos, a los cuales se les observó los contenidos de azúcar, grasas saturadas y sodio que presentaban en su información nutricional, para luego obtener medidas decilares de los productos en general y por categorías. Resultados. En cuanto al contenido de azúcar el percentil 10 para las bebidas no alcohólicas fue de 4,2 g; en golosinas de 25,8 g; en lácteos de 4,9 g, y en biscochos fue de 19,5 g. En cuanto a las grasas saturadas el percentil 10 se encontró a las golosinas (8,0 g); snacks (3,2 g) y biscochos, galletas y queques con 3,8 g. Conclusión. Las bebidas no alcohólicas, golosinas, lácteos y derivados, biscochos, galletas y queques sobrepasan las recomendaciones de azúcar. Las golosinas, snacks y biscochos, galletas y queques sobrepasan las recomendaciones de grasas saturadas. En general la mayoría de los productos mantuvieron niveles adecuados de sodio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nutrition labels provide an opportunity to obtain data of sodium content in packaged foods. Objective: To describe sodium content, by nutritional labeling, from processed food obtained from a leader supermarket in Colombia. Materials and methods: Photos of food labels were obtained and divided into 15 categories. Sodium content per portion, 100 g, or 100 mL was analyzed. A descriptive analysis was performed by mean, range (maximum and minimum). Percentages of adequate intake and upper intake level that a portion would provide were determined. Results: 426 products were evaluated. Mean; range of sodium content per 100 g from categories with the highest mineral levels were: spices and essences (5829 mg; 0-21000), sauces and dressings (2426 mg; 0-7818), convenient meal (1929 mg; 41-6400), and processed meats (1068 mg; 44-7455). Variability in sodium content between categories and products from a same category was high. Conclusion: Data reported are an input to generate targets for sodium reduction in processed foods distributed in Colombia. Furthermore, they are an opportunity for research and development of food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exceed salt intake is a common practice, that leads to pathological consequences in the whole population, even more in the patient with renal disease. High salt consumption has been associated with hypertension, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease that are responsible for 60% of worldwide morbi-mortality. The World Health Organization recommends a maximum intake of 5 g of salt/day. The aim of this study is to determine practices related with salt intake, and estimate the consumption in patients with renal disease, who attended the nephrology department in Guanare´s Hospital, Portuguesa State, Venezuela. We used a mixed-method approach in 66 patients (n=36 subjects from focus groups, n=30 who participated in quantitative interviews). The main variables studied were: availability of salt at household, intake of foods with high Sodium content, practices related with use of salt. The patients consumed 12.5 (♀) and 11.3 (♂) g/day, from salt alone and processed foods. The most consumed foods with high sodium content were: whole milk powder, white local cheese, ham, canned food, soft drinks, margarine, mayonnaise, garlic and soy sauce. Patients do not read the food label, ignore the amount of sodium in processed foods, avoid the salt on the table, but not from processed food. The salt intakes of these patients exceed more than double the international and national recommendations, and as a consequence they diminished their life expectancy and reduced their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The construction of strategies for reducing the sodium content of processed foods is part of a set of actions to decrease the intake of this nutrient in Brazil--from the current 12 g of salt per person per day to less than 5 g per person per day (2 000 mg sodium) by 2020. In this process, a central action is the pact between the government and the food industry to establish voluntary, gradual, and sustainable targets to reduce the maximum sodium content of industrial foods. This article describes the Brazilian experience in building and implementing strategies for the reduction of these maximum limits in processed foods and the social actors involved in this effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Hypernatremia is a pathologic condition that is potentially complicated with neurologic damage or death. The aim of the present was to detect factors associated to adverse outcome in hypernatraemic infant newborns. Material and method. A retrospective study was conducted in newborns (NB) from March 1st, 2001 to February 28th, 2011 in a pediatric specialties hospital. 79 patients were included. Age mean was 9 days, birth weight mean was 3143 g. Weight loss median was 19%. Demographic, clinical, biochemical, therapeutic, complications and outcome data were recorded. Variables were compared between newborns with adverse and those with favorable outcome. Results. 76% of the NB was exclusively breastfed. More than a half had fever, dried mucosa, jaundice and refused to feed; 38% had hypoglycemia and 86% renal failure. Mean serum sodium was 165 mEq/L and hourly descent was 0.63mEq/L. 38% had neurologic abnormal findings and 5% died. Adverse outcome was associated to weight loss > 18% (OR 3, 95% CI 1.1-7.7), serum sodium ≥ 170 mEq/L (OR 14, 95%CI 4.5-47) and sodium descent > 0.6 mEq/L/h (OR 3, 95%CI 1.2-7.8). Conclusions. The longer a newborn remains with low feeding, the more factors associate to an adverse outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Determine the extent to which labeling of food products informs about salt consumption. Methods. A critical and systematic analysis was conducted of 9 studies selected out of a total of 133 studies. The studies were collected by reviewing the scientific literature on interventions conducted in the human population aimed towards reducing salt consumption through label messaging. All of the information was obtained by direct consultation and by Internet from the scientific literature collected in several databases. Results. Out of the 133 articles recovered, after the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, 9 studies were selected for review. All of them took into account the ability of the study population to interpret and understand salt content labeling in foods. Conclusions. Food consumers understand and value easily recognizable logos more than the information found on nutritional composition labels. Therefore, use of alternative logos that facilitate this information and are also standardized could be justified. This situation is reinforced because the inclusion of symbols that are easily understandable favors the most adequate choice by consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: High sodium intake contributes to arterial hypertension; the relationship between high blood pressure and human aging is stronger among populations with high sodium intake. Objectives: The aim of this research is to compare subjective and objective methods on the estimation of the consumption of sodium. Methods: This is a retrospective investigation along with secondary topics from raw databases. The subjective method used was the result of the score of the application of a questionnaire about sodium intake, where the sodium consumption report was converted into daily mgs of sodium intake. The objective method was the result of the urine excretion of hypertensive persons older than 50 years during 24 hours. The topics were analyzed by the software SPSS using the Spearman correlation. Results: The main results did not show a significant linear correlation between the values of the sodium intake reported in the questionnaire and the values of the sodium (Na) 24 h collections. Conclusion: New studies possibly will elucidate the present results among the divergence faced with other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes is the property of Editorial Sanchez y Barcelo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study was conducted under controlled conditions of temperature, humidity and light, with the aim of determining N+, K+ and total soluble sugar contents in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants from LP-7 variety exposed to different NaCl levels. Plants developed in a hydroponic growth chamber. Evaluations were recorded at the beginning of the experiment, seven and 14 days after applying treatments and seven days after its recovery in a nutrient solution without NaCl. Evaluations consisted of determining Na+, K+ and total soluble sugar contents. The analysis of those variables showed differences concerning ion accumulation in all plant organs, and the tested variety behaved as a Na+ including one in its root system, which makes it sensitive to high NaCl concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the soil physical and physical-chemistries properties as related with the development of the alfalfa root system. Two situations were studied: "normal" (N) and "patched" (M) growth. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and pH increase with the depth in N and M, being more noticeable in M. pH values of 9 occurred at 24 and 55 cm in M and N, respectively. The ESP shows a similar tendency. In the period between November 2001 and April 2002, the highest measured electrical conductivity in N was 1.83 dS m-1 at 70 cm, and in M 3.92 dS m-1 at 30 cm. In 2001, the lower total root number and the shallower depth reached in M, were due to differences in the saline content mainly. This is probably due to the tolerance of the alfalfa to the high ESP. In 2001, the roots length density until 30 cm. was significantly superior in N. In 2002 differences in the maximum depth were observed. It was concluded that there is a close relationship between the electrical conductivity of the soil and the evaluated root parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely known that haemodialysis patients do not readily comply with nutrition guidance. At least 6 months after initiating haemodialysis, the patients' dietary knowledge was tested by use of a questionnaire. The relationship between patient dietary compliance and religion and educational level was studied. Seventy patients were included in the study (33 Christians and 37 Muslims), ages ranging from 24 to 87 years. All patients had received haemodialysis for a period of the time ranging from 6 to 216 months. The questionnaire included questions related to salt, potassium and phosphate. Regarding questions, concerning salt, the Christians answered 85,7±22,8% correctly whilst the Muslims answered 60,1±34,6% correctly, a difference which was statistically significant (p=0,0001). However, more Christians arrived at the hospital with pulmonary oedema over a two-year period for emergency haemodialysis than Muslims (p=0,017), whilst there was no difference in the number of patients with residual diuresis between the two groups (p=NS). The difference in the incidence of pulmonary oedema could be attributed to the fact that more Christians had heart failure than Muslims (12/33 vs 6/37, p=0,09). Regarding questions concerning potassium, the Christian answered 74.6±33,9% correctly whilst the Muslims answered 41,1±38,5% correctly, a difference that was statistically significant (p=0,0001). However despite this difference, no Muslims attended hospital for emergency haemodialysis related to hyperkalaemia over the two-year period. Finally, regarding questions concerning phosphates, the answers from both group of patients were disappointing. Specifically, Christians answered 49,1±43% correctly, whilst Muslims answered 19,1±3,3% of the questions correctly, a difference which was statistically significant (p=0,0001). Patients did not acquire the necessary dietary knowledge but despite insufficient knowledge, they had a low incidence of fluid overload. hyperkalaemia and hyperphosphataemia. The Christians, despite superior knowledge, compared to the Muslims had more episodes of fluid overload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]