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Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud is the property of Centro de Estudiso Avanzados en Ninez y Juventud alaianza Cinde, Universidad de Manizales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article carries out a systemic analysis of the World Trade Organization (wto), in the midst of its current crisis. The main argument is that, although the wto is going through a deep crisis in real and symbolic terms, it keeps playing an important role in the increasingly complex multilateral trade governance. The paper analyzes the three main functions that the wto fulfills in the multilateral governance of trade are: Being a forum for trade negotiations, providing an efficient system for settling trade disputes, and being an arena for discussion and review of minimum trade policy standards. The article is divided into three parts, each one dealing with one of the functions. In the first, the proposals for reform of the wto are analyzed and the main issues that have advanced in recent years are exposed; in the second section, the performance of its dispute resolution system is analyzed as well as the debate on its reform. The third section analyzes the activities of the Trade Policy Review Mechanism. To conclude, we outline some final reflections. The research is based on a review of specialized literature on the subject, the analysis of primary sources (official documents of the wto), including communications from member countries, joint declarations, reports of bodies and commissions, in addition to data available on the organization's website. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Entramado is the property of Universidad Libre Seccional Cali and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective/context: South America has undergone a process of democratization and progressive reduction of inter-state disputes since the 1980s and 1990s. The disappearance of threats traditionally faced by several states in the region, or their management within the framework of different conflict resolution mechanisms, has led to an unintended effect known as threat deficit, a strategic scenario in which the external threat perception of a State disappears or is considerably weakened. The literature argues that border conflict resolution and democratization are associated with a reduction in the size of military budget and organization. Methodology: The article is an exploratory analysis that compares the cases of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela in the period 1981-2020 and identifies how the so-called policy of bases has impacted the military organization measured in terms of the number of military bases. Conclusions: In a context of democratization and a marked reduction of inter-state conflict in South America, the number of bases has not only been maintained but, in most cases, increased. Originality: No previous works have analyzed this issue for the South American region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud is the property of Centro de Estudiso Avanzados en Ninez y Juventud alaianza Cinde, Universidad de Manizales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The presence of unaccompanied minor migrants in our communities and the consequent mutual impact with the foster society is a phenomenon of great educational relevance. An imaginary is configured around these young people, on which a good part of the islamophobic, xenophobic and racist discourses, present in our media and in the political arguments of the most radical parties of the state, are argued. In this context, the present article addresses the issue of adolescents' perceptions of young peopl e who migrate alone and the development of intercultural competencies for interreligious dialogue. For this purpose, a survey study was carried out with the participation of 942 students from 9th and 10th grade compulsory secondary education in high schools in the city of Barcelona. In general terms, results show that participants are at a stage of acceptance of religious diversity. On the other hand, young people tend to engage in conflict situations with people who are different from them, using strategies typi cal of their coping style in relation to others. Finally, it is observed that students hold attitudes that moderately overcome prejudices towards young people who migrate alone. Findings reveal the importance of educational institutions and, specifically, secondary schools, working to build a culture of peace and a more inclusive society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario Colombiano de Derecho Internacional is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article studies education as a bridge between victims and perpetrators of the Colombian armed conflict for reparation and reconciliation processes. The textual material and its analysis rely on the author's ten years' experience in reconciliation, comprising four parts: first, the context in which education took place is characterized. The second part discusses four relevant elements of the reparation and reconciliation processes between victims and perpetrators: therapeutic reconciliation meetings, school inclusion, coexistence as a reconciling factor, and psychosocial support. Then, it is revealed how these elements allowed for actual reparation and reconciliation between both population groups. Finally, the article justifies and underscores the preponderant role of education in transforming the psychosocially vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mendive - Revista de Educacion is the property of Universidad de Pinar del Rio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pedagogía Social is the property of Pedagogia Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The adoption of mechanisms of participation and techniques for management and negotiated settlement of conflicts have become crucial in order to solve environmental "issues" (Monteiro et al., 2012; Mungai, M., 2008). Based on the struggles with Vale S.A. and the creation of the Serra do Gandarela National Park (PNSG), situated in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (Brazil), we have studied the limits of the consensus paradigm in the standpoint of (neo) extractivism, taking into account the typology of participation by Pimbert, M. & Pretty, J. (1995). The work has been elaborated from official documentation, semi-structured interviews and the observation of events of participation and negotiations as Public Hearings, Public Consultations, Work Groups and Direct Negotiation Roundtables. We conclude that the adoption of such participatory and consensual mechanisms produces a delusion related to "participation" and "harmonization" of different interests. In addition, the settlements made along extensive negotiation processes proved to be inadequate and deliberately neglected, once again granting the mining companies with access and territorial control and the reproduction of its production space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trashumante. Revista Americana de Historia Social is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Semestre Económico is the property of Sello Editorial de la Universidad de Medellin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. Historically, there is evidence of the existence of several controversies among individuals and social groups due to the presence of different ways of thinking, feeling, and expressing their feelings either in politics, in the universities, in the companies or in institutions. There are data about several Colombian newspapers that affirm that the armed conflict in Colombia has left about seven million victims; a shared responsibility of FARC, paramilitary groups, and the Colombian state. Objective. For this reason, the research was intended to analyze the resolution of conflicts in order to promote a peace culture through the intervention of alternate communication media. Its theoretical basis is supported by Fisas (2011), Berganza and Ruiz (2005), and Bello (2008), among others. Materials and methods. Explanatory and analytical method with non-experimental, transversal field design. Informants: two hundred individuals. Instrument with 101 items and five choices of response, validated and subject to reliability. Results. The main findings include the strategic guidelines corresponding to resolution of conflicts to promote a peace culture from the alternate communication, as well as relevant conclusions and recommendations. Conclusions. According to the results of the research, difficulties faced by staff of organizations to use conflict resolution styles; however, according to the analysis of inferential statistics, in a second result the association of the difficulties of some individuals to use an effective communication style and show a proper behavior has been found. Finally, and giving response to the main question of the research, it is understood that the lower the degree of resolution of conflicts employed by leaders the lower the degree of promotion of a peace culture from al alternate communication by the employees. Concerning conflict resolution to promote peace, the environments subject to analysis show a low consideration of the use of alternate communication media. Some guidelines are applied so that leaders can have strategic elements which allow resolving conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of REICE. Ibero-American Journal on Quality, Effectiveness & Change in Education / REICE. Revista Iberoamericana Sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación is the property of Red Iberoamericana de Investigacion sobre Cambio y Eficacia en Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the relationship between the reconfiguration of rural areas affected by transnational mining in Colombia, and the confrontation inherent in this phenomenon, through the emergence and consolidation of organizational processes of territorial defense. In order to do so, we primarily focus on the main judicial reforms that have been undertaken at the national level and how they operate in terms of the territorial reconfiguration in a specific context: the village of La Toma in the Cauca Department. In addition, we consider how such a reconfiguration takes place in the context of tensions and disputes leading to the construction of community alternatives and policies for territorial defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Citizenship Skills Program instituted by the Ministry of Education (2004) marked a change in the government's proposal to encourage education in citizenship and civics at the nation's public schools. It did so by shifting the emphasis from knowledge and values to skills. This change included the development and socialization of standards for citizenship skills, in addition to new processes to impart and evaluate education in citizenship. This article addresses the question of how a new type of education, specifically one that is consistent with the standards proposed by the Ministry of Education, can be developed and implemented in a sustainable way. The objective is to outline the different strategies through which a program to promote peaceful coexistence and prevent aggression (Classrooms at Peace) dealt with the challenges it faced during the developmental stage and particularly when scaling up nationally. The process used to design, execute and evaluate the program is analyzed by identifying the various categories or types of problems that arose, and the solutions that were reached. The study pinpoints three types of challenges to be considered when developing and conducting programs focused on citizenship skills: teacher training, making the program part of the institutional framework, and ensuring its sustainability in schools. It also underscores the complexity and difficulty of maintaining the quality of a program, while trying to broaden its influence and coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]