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Pinus ponderosa plantations established in the Patagonian steppe put ecosystem functions at risk if they are not properly managed. The response of shrubs to light variations caused by forest plantations and forestry interventions may influence their ecological role. In this work we evaluated the total biomass accumulation dynamics of calafate (Berberis microphylla) and mamuel choique (Adesmia volckmannii) at 20, 60 and 100% irradiance, and their response to the light increase that would occur after interventions such as thinning and harvesting. For each species we evaluated 1) the relationship between biomass and diameter at the base of the stem, 2) the biomass dynamics during two growing seasons in the three irradiance conditions, and 3) the early response to light increase in plants subjected to irradiances of 20 and 60%. In addition, 4) we compared the levels of irradiance that the proposed forest management schemes for the region would suppose with those evaluated here. For both species, biomass and diameter were linearly related and biomass accumulation was lower at 20% irradiances. Calafate showed a tendency to accumulate more biomass at 100%, and mamuel choique, at 60%, although no species showed differences between these irradiances. Whereas calafate from 20% irradiance only increased its biomass by increasing irradiance to 100%, mamuel choique did so by increasing it to 60%. These results suggest that the two species, at least in the juvenile phase, may acclimate to shade, and that mamuel choique would respond better to partial increases in light, as in the case of thinning. The response of calafate suggests that the proposed management, which irradiance levels would be lower than those evaluated here, would not be optimal for its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Central University of Venezuela is facing unprecedented difficulties due to lack of resources and deteriorating infrastructure. The health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the economic crisis, and the institutional deterioration of the country have led to an almost total paralysis in the university. Additionally, the predominance of "docentism" in the university community is highlighted, which hinders reactivation and limits attention to fundamental issues. The autonomy of the university has been undermined and its manipulation to maintain an unchanging state of affairs is criticized. The article calls for students to work so that the university's tricentennial is more than just a celebration of its longevity and that the history of the university serves as a living and critical memory towards the future. [Extracted from the article]

El artículo discute la deshumanización del talento durante la pandemia de Covid-19 con un enfoque en la modernización de la Gestión del Talento Humano y la administración de Recursos Humanos en Venezuela. El artículo también se centra en los signos léxicos, el comportamiento lingüístico y la política lingüística de Venezuela.

El articulo discute sobre las lenguas Cultos y legos con el enfoque de la aptitud comunicativa del lenguaje. El articulo también se centra en la característica de las lenguas, la capacidad de significación del sistema de signos

El articulo discute sobre los regímenes políticas y lingüísticas con el enfoque del estudio del lenguaje y las lenguas. El articulo también se centra en la la observación de los multiformes fenómenos del omnipresente lenguaje. la contribución de la lenguas en la vida social y el peculiar ontología de las lingüistas

El artículo discute las tribulaciones semánticas en el gobierno democrático de Venezuela y la importancia de expresar el lenguaje en los propósitos de comunicación y representación de la realidad. El artículo también se centra en la historia de la Lingüística, el generativismo disidente y el surgimiento de una teoría general de la semántica lingüística para la mejor calidad de vida de la sociedad civil.

El artículo discute paradigmas de la política tradicional en Venezuela con un enfoque en el Diccionario de la Real Academia Española y las estructuras pluriverbal del campo de la tecnociencia incorporadas al flujo léxico ordinario. El artículo también se centra en la constitución de la lingüística moderna, lenguaje-habla, sincronía y diacronía.

Rhizoprionodon lalandii is a small shark (< 1.5 m) classified as Data Deficient by IUCN; however, in Venezuelan coastal waters, it represents one of the most captured species, with daily landings in many areas of the country, being an important component of traditional dishes with high demand and with an increased economical value in local markets. Due to the lack of biological information, the present work studied some reproductive and feeding aspects, with the main objective to contribute with base-line information for necessary sustainable management of the fishery. Samples were taken in two landing ports and two local markets once a week between January 2006 and December 2007. Total length (Lt), sex and maturity were evaluated for a total of 656 individuals with an average length of 56 ± 9 cm of Lt. Additionally, 108 stomachs were taken for the diet analysis. Significant differences were found in the overall sex ratio, with 54 % females (F), and 46 % males (M), and also in the embryos (60 % F, 40 % M), 45 % of the individuals were below average maturity length and 22 % of the females were gravid. Females reach maturity length (53 cm) before males (57 cm). Maximum fecundity was 5 embryos, with a maximum total length of 30.1 cm. Reproductive patterns were not clear throughout the years; nevertheless, between November and February the birth season was intense, with the highest rates of pregnant females and embryos with greatest length. The species principally feeds on fishes and, in less scale, cephalopods. The calculated trophic level was 3.7. We strongly recommend tofix a minimum length of capture (> 57 cm de LT), ban the catches of pregnant females and the application of a banned season of at least four months per year, to preserve the economic benefits of this fishery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discute los desafíos retóricos vinculados a la democracia con foco en la soberanía, la mendacidad retórica, el saber humanístico y la ciudadanía. El artículo también se centra en la Poética de Aristóteles sobre la retórica argumentativa, las artes del lenguaje, las técnicas del habla y los estilos literarios.

El artículo discute las adopciones léxico-semánticas y fraseológicas de las escalas fonológicas y sintácticas a lo largo de la historia lingüística con un enfoque en la coexistencia del lenguaje y la saharización del lenguaje. El artículo también se centra en los medios de comunicación tradicionales en redes sociales del léxico hispánico dentro de la Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española.

El artículo discute una investigación realizada por el Departamento de Antropología Física de Venezuela sobre el comportamiento y las habilidades comunicativas en primates no humanos especialmente en especies de bonobos. El artículo también se centra en el concepto de antropocentrismo, animalismo y preservación de la integridad física por la existencia de los animales.

El artículo presenta un informe sobre la influencia del economista alemán y philosoher Karl Marx en las personas. Se dice que Marx es el 200º aniversario fue celebrado en la ciudad alemana de Trier en 2018. Menciona que las opiniones e ideologías de Marx impactó profundamente la sociedad como fue uno de los pensadores más influyentes de todos los tiempos.

There is limited biological information about the starfish Oreaster reticulatus and the nine-armed starfish Luidia senegalensis in Venezuelan waters. These species are currently considered threatened in many localities of the Caribbean, Brazil and Colombia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe their population density, size distribution and population structure in Cubagua Island. During 2008, 52 stations located around the island were evaluated using band transects of 50m². Each organism was counted and measured (maximum radius), and its size was compared to the maturity length reported in the literature. The results for O. reticulatus include: 167.3ind./ha; 33% juveniles and 67% adults; average size of 10.7±5cm (range: 2.2-21cm); a wide distribution around the island, with higher densities in the Eastern and Southwest areas. The 50% of the specimens were found in seagrass beds, 25% in sand, 16% in areas covered by decomposed seaweeds, 9% in oyster beds and 1% coralline patches. The densities of O. reticulatus were higher than those reported in the Caribbean, Panama and Puerto Rico, but lower than Venezuelan National Parks: Mochima and Morrocoy; as well as in the Virgin Islands and Belize. For L. senegalensis we found an average density of 40ind./ha; 95% exceeded the reported size at maturity, with mean length of 12cm±3.5cm (range: 3.5-22.3cm); they were found only in 15% of the stations of which 92.5% were sandy bottoms and the other 7.5% oyster beds. The degree of aggregation of L. senegalensis was greater than O. reticulatus, with an estimated k of 0.06. However, it was not possible to compare the densities of L. senegalensis with any other study. For both species is recommended to carry out reproductive studies and to monitor their population densities to infer temporal variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holothurian populations in the Caribbean have been significantly depleted in some areas, and others are still in danger to satisfy international markets. In Venezuela, this marine resource has been illegally exploited since the early 1990s. To contribute with their management and protection, this work analyzed the distribution, abundance and population structure of two commercial holothurians Isostichopus badionotus and Holothuria mexicana in Cubagua Island shores. A total of 52 stations were studied around the island during the year 2008. Surveys included visits to each station, for which a band transect of 50m² with four replicates were carried out. The results show that I. badionotus has a higher distribution on the East coast of the island, and is found over Thalassia testudinum beds or bivalve molluscs aggregations, with an average density of 0.011ind/m², C.I. 95%=0.005-0.017, n=122, and a general abundance estimated in 117ind/ha. H. mexicana has been practically depleted (0.001 ind/m² C.I. 95%=0.0002-0.0013, 7.7 ind/ha, n=8). We recommend the maintenance of the total ban adopted in 1997 to assure the protection of these species, mainly because no previous data supported the start of the fishery, and also, because the current densities are still very low when compared to other areas in Venezuela and the Caribbean. These are animals easy to catch, susceptible to overfishing, and with a very low recovery rate; thus, more control is required from the local authorities. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (2): 843-852. Epub 2011 June 01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]