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Cuba has worked on the development of photovoltaic energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The residential sector has embraced the modality of installing solar panels on the roofs of their homes in order to reduce their rates. Unconsumed energy can be sold to the national electrical grid. In the study, through scenario analysis, with the Homer Pro, the approximate time to recover the initial investment and obtain profits was determined by evaluating its technical-economic viability with the objective of recovering the investment in 7 to 8 years. At provide a clear vision of how the study, when considering local conditions and needs, offers specific recommendations on adjusting tariffs to encourage investment in solar energy and highlights its relevance within the Havana context, so that prosumers can recover their investment in solar energy less time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to know the evolution of purchase prices of advertising slots in conventional media in the last decade and discover the conditioning factors that facilitate a good advertising negotiation. A double methodology is used: quantitative by analyzing secondary sources and qualitative through a panel of experts. The results show a decreasing amount for the purchase of advertising slots, despite the increase in official rates and the scope of the medium or support. Profitability and management time are the determining factors of a good advertising negotiation. We also noted a change toward a more flexible purchase focused on results beyond brand visibility. The research shows the shift from all-media marketing toward a purchase similar to the programming used online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the time trends of mortality attributable to malnutrition in Colombia in the period 2005- 2019, overall and disaggregated by age and sex. Methods. Ecological study based on secondary data on mortality due to undernutrition as the underlying cause of death according to vital statistics. Crude, age- and sex-specific, and age-standardized annual mortality rates per 100 000 population were calculated. The direct method was used, and the reference population was that proposed by the World Health Organization for 2000-2025. A segmented linear regression or changepoint analysis was performed. Results. A total of 26 200 records of deaths due to undernutrition were analyzed for the study period, which corresponds to 0.84% of the total number of deaths in Colombia. The mortality rate in the 0-to-4-year age group was 9.9 per 100 000 population; in the 85-and-older age group, it reached 137 deaths per 100 000 population. All significant adjustments had a negative impact on the model trend, indicating a reduction in mortality rates. The annual percent change was significant for the period 2007-2017, when the mortality rate decreased 2.8% in men (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: -4.3, -1.3) and 3.2% in women (95%CI: -5.0, -1.4). Conclusions. The overall prevalence of mortality attributable to undernutrition in Colombia is low, increasing at the extremes of age, and has been following a downward trend, especially among younger age groups and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several factors interact controlling ammonia (NH3) volatilization contributing to the variability of results reported in the literature. In the milkmaid basin of Santa Fe there is no information on nitrogen loss through NH3 volatilization from dairy cattle slurry (DCS) applied to soil. The objective of this study was to quantify NH3 volatilization from application of different rates of dairy cattle slurry in winter and summer in a soil in the central region of Santa Fe (Argentina). A field experiment was carried out and four treatments were applied. The treatments included the application of three different doses of DCS: D1 = 60 m³ ha-1, D2 = 120 m³ ha-1, D3 = 180 m³ ha-1 and a control treatment without application (D0). The experiment was conducted in summer (February) and winter (July) in a randomized complete design with two replications. The NH3 volatilization was significantly higher in the summer than in the winter. The volatilization initial rates were not affected by the DCS rates applied in the different seasons of the year. The decrease in NH3 volatilization rates was related to the season of the year. The NH3 volatilization rates decrease faster in DCS treatments compared to control. This study demonstrated that NH3 volatilization was strongly related to the season of the year and to a lesser extent with the DCS rates applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the weaknesses currently identified in the Cuban economy is the theoretical advance on local development and its measurement. Even when it has been gaining space through different experiences throughout Cuba, it must continue to be enriched; that is why this research will address local development in La Isla de la Juventud and its measurement, from different Cuban experiences, assuming as a general objective: to diagnose local development, based on the Municipal Advancement Index, the Municipal Development Index and the Human Development Index in La Isla de la Juventud, in the period 2011- 2015. The calculation and analysis of these three indices allowed to know that the territory has had a retrocession according to the Municipal Advancement Index, the Human Development Index and the Municipal Development Index, placing the municipality in a medium development; The figures confirm the economic situation as one of the weaknesses that affect the decline of the pine economy, accompanied by the demographic issue and living conditions becomes a fatal triad to ensure the social welfare desired by people from that region, after being a pilot space to implement development plans aimed at food self-sufficiency, import substitution, promotion of exports, employment generation, development of industry, etc., and everything, as a whole, implies a better quality of life for its inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foundation: Data about mortality are tools to assess the risk of death in a population and the disease repercussion on health, therefore they constitute essential information for the analysis of the situation of health and surveillance in public health. Objective: to describe the behavior of mortality at the Cienfuegos province. Methods: cross-descriptive study which analyzed the total of deceased (N=10 558) in the period from 2013 to 2015, according the selected clinical- epidemiological variables. Data was obtained through the Automatic System MortaPro y Mortagen, at the Department of Medical Registration and Statistics of the Provincial Health Office. Triennial rates were calculated and the reason for masculinity. Results: there was an increase in general mortality by 3.4% in the period studied and a male over-mortality. The municipality with the highest mortality rate was Cienfuegos, followed by Cumanayagua and Cruces. The deaths occurred mainly at home. Heart diseases, malignant tumors and cerebrovascular diseases occupied the first causes of death, respectively. The mortality of children younger than a year was related to the conditions originated in the perinatal period and among them intraventricular hemorrhages. Maternal deaths were due to direct causes. Conclusion: in the province of Cienfuegos there was an increase in mortality in the period studied. Chronic, non-communicable diseases were those that contributed the greatest number of deaths, which draws attention to the need of maintaining vigilance over these [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The sudden cardiovascular death represents a major health problem. Objective: The main objective of the study was to apply the standardization technique of rates to the cause of sudden cardiovascular death. Method: Information was gathered through the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics, regarding the number of sudden cardiovascular deaths that occurred during the years 2005 and 2010, for each state of the Mexican Republic, and crude rates were calculated, which were ordered by ranges; subsequently, the standardization technique was applied, using the direct method, where the number of expected deaths was obtained in order to calculate the standardized rate, before which the results obtained were rearranged, by means of ranges, and maps with priority regions were generated in both cases. Results: With the data obtained, the states of the Mexican Republic were mapped, through the use of crude rates, and it was relevant that the states of the northern border strip were located with low and medium-low rates, and only one of them with a high rate, the Federal District. After the standardization, the entire northern border strip was located between medium-high and high; the rest of the country was also at a higher level in its rate, except from two states located to the south, Quintana Roo and Chiapas. Conclusions: The standardization technique of rates allowed to establish a different level of prioritization regarding the occurrence of sudden cardiovascular deaths by states of the Mexican Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax resources are of great relevance in the sustainability of public finances. The Unified Predial Tax (UPT) is one of the main sources of income of the Barranquilla district and its collection is affected by direct and indirect influences. This research identifies the elements that have a significant interference on the collection of the UPT. To achieve this, we used as a methodological instrument a linear regression model with time series. The model was fed with the data taken from budgetary executions during twentythree years (1990-2012). The results established that the collection of the UPT, is influenced by variables property tax revenue, which is different from the effective rate of revenues, the cadastral valuation of the property and the average tax rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article underlines the expertise of Spanish companies and the correct public administration of the water sector in Spain, in spite of the added difficulties posed by the climate and terrain in this country, in conditions that are generally far more severe than those of other European countries. This expertise and correct administration has all led to lower prices and quality levels well over the European average. The article emphasizes the importance of efficient management over and above any public/private debate, and indicates the potential risks implied when water rates do not completely cover the necessary service costs and the investment required to ensure sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prognosis is the prediction of the evolution of a given disease or event of interest and the frequency of occurrence of specific outcomes. The ideal study design to assess prognosis are cohort studies. However many prognostic studies have case-control or case series designs. Prognostic studies should include all participants with the event of interest of a determinate geographical region, to avoid bias. The measurement precision and exactitude of intervening variables and outcomes, the identification of confounding variables and an adequate follow up period, have a great influence on the methodological quality of prognostic studies. Prognosis is usually expressed as survival, disease free or remission free rates. This article provides basic methodological concepts that should be considered when evaluating a prognostic study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present article is expose the history, the structures and the applications of the psychological studies around the sustainability of the design of tariff systems of the service of potable water. We are considered two tendencies of the state of the question: conservationism and communitarism. The conservationists' investigations are analyzed in four structures: validity, covariance, prediction and disturbance. Finally, it provides a synthesis of the conservationists' investigations for their application in the design of quote systems in the supply and water consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study is to know the incidence Caesarean in the Hospital Integral de la Mujer del Estado de Sonora (HIMES), its tendency in the last years and their relation with the rate of caesarean at National level, Secretaría de Salud (SSA) and State of Sonora. To determine which were the medical indications of the caesarean ones. To apply a control chart to monitor the rates of caesarean of the HIMES. Methods: Study of retrospective collection of data, of registered obstetrical events in clinical file and biostatistics of the HIMES from 1995 to 2005. The rate of caesarean was observed, its impact and their indication reasons why the caesareans were made in 2005. Results: Of 1995 to August of the 2006, 64,008 obstetrical events were taken care of in the HIMES, of which 44,932 were vaginal childbirths and 19,076 were caesarean. The rate of caesarean in 1995 was of 24.93% and the reported one until august of the 2006 was of 32.30%. In the year of 2005, 6927 obstetrical events were registered, of which 4833 were vaginal childbirths y 2094 were caesarean operation. The indications by which caesarean operation was made were caesarean previous with 43%, preeclampsia 7%, pelvic presentation 5%, cefalopélvica disproportion (DCP) 5%. The reported rate of caesarean in 2005 at National level was of 35.71%, in the Secretaria de Salud (SSA) it was of 30.92% and the reported one in the state of Sonora was of 27.79%. Conclusions: The tendency of the rates of caesarean of the HIMES has increased. The rate of caesarean of the HIMES is below of the National one, nevertheless HIMES was above of the Sonora rate and the double of the rate of caesarean that the WHO proposes (15%). The process of caesarean of the HIMES was monitored applying a control graph of proportions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]