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The article summarizes the book coordinated by Fernando Arias Guillén and Carlos Manuel Reglero de la Fuente, which compiles the presentations given at an international conference on María de Molina. The book highlights the historical importance of María de Molina in the Kingdom of Castile during the political crises after the death of Alfonso X. It is divided into three parts that address her role as queen, mother, and lady, her relationship with the family and power, and her governance in Castile. The text also analyzes aspects related to the Catalan-Aragonese monarchy and María de Molina's family, using documents from historical archives. The book offers a renewed perspective on María de Molina and her time. [Extracted from the article]

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The letters that María Luisa of Parma wrote from Spain to her third daughter, Infanta María Luisa, who lived in Florence and ruled the territory of Tuscany as Queen of Etruria, constitute a precious historical source of the last years of the reign of Carlos IV. They are also of great interest because of the important information they offer both on the political position of the Spanish queen, who was completely Francophile, and on certain traits of her personality: distrustful, possessive, and controlling, although also intelligent, cunning and well-informed on international politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disinformation is currently one of Europe's greatest challenges. In the past years, the European continent in general and, more precisely, the European Union have been suffering from various disinformation campaigns: such as the one that led to Brexit; the parallel health and disinformation pandemic; or the hybrid propaganda strategy following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In this context, the death of Queen Elizabeth II of England has also been marked by disinformation practices that went viral throughout Europe. Therefore, this research aims to delve into the nature of disinformation regarding the death of the Queen in the timeframe between 8 and 22 September 2022, focusing in three European countries, namely Spain, the United Kingdom and France. For that purpose, the study is based on a content analysis of 76 publications published by fact-checking organisation, as well as open-ended surveys with specialised agents on disinformation. Overall, results show that social networks were the main platform through which misinformative content was disseminated, with Twitter occupying the first position- whereas other previous studies have shown the primacy of Facebook as a source of disinformation. The hoaxes, which generally included images, mainly responded to the typology of misleading and fabricated content established by Wardle (2017). Likewise, the main subject matter of the viral hoaxes was conspiracy theories, focusing on Elizabeth II as the main protagonist. Moreover, the frequency of hoax dissemination was significantly higher during the first week after the death of the monarch and responded to a transnational trend in which the spread of disinformation was adapted to national contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of grave goods provides information about the rituality of ancient populations. The present investigation aspires to broaden the knowledge about the funerary use of spindle whorls among pre-Hispanic Mayas. These objects are generally interpreted as part of the identity of the buried individuals. However, in Palenque, southern Mexico, spindle whorls are deposited in contexts that present evidence of posthumous rituals and secondary manipulation of the skeletal content. In this research, six recently excavated funerary contexts from Group IV, an elite household from Palenque, are examined in detail. These graves are compared with burials of other domestic groups and with an example of the Palenque’s royalty: the Red Queen’s sarcophagus. Iconographic, historical and ethnographic sources allowed to infer that the spindle whorls in Palenque were used to carry out posthumous rites that involved the production of thread to materialize a communication route with the ancestors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article "Queens, Viceroys, and Aristocrats in the Iberian Monarchies. Studies on Women, Culture, and Diplomacy in the Early Modern Period" is a review of a book edited by Ezequiel Borgognoni. The book addresses the history of women in the Iberian monarchies during the 16th to 18th centuries, focusing on queens and aristocrats. The book presents works by researchers from various Spanish, European, and American universities, which enriches the work as a whole. It analyzes the political, social, and diplomatic role of these women, as well as their influence in the court and diplomacy of the time. The death of queens and the power they held in society at the time are also studied. Additionally, the role of viceroys in the American territories is analyzed. Overall, the book offers a broad and diverse view of women in the Iberian monarchies during the Early Modern Period. [Extracted from the article]

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In this paper I will reflect on some examples of my activity as a translator guided by the following questions: since translations often broaden the boundaries of language, can we consider the contribution of translated texts to systematic language research? And further, is the meta-translational and metalinguistic reflection of translators important for the study of language? To answer these questions, I will consider the nature of translation and writing as twin operations, and after mentioning synthetically and essentially the theory that guides my translating decisions, I will dwell on some examples concerning the “creative” use of verbal tenses in my Spanish translations of Umberto Eco’s The Island of the Day Before (1995) and The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana (2005). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper focuses on the character of the queen Elizabeth I of England in La española inglesa in contrast to Isabela, her protagonist. First, a critical review of the interpretations of the novel that observe the tolerance of the sovereign is realized. Hereafter, based on the analysis of this character appearances, it proposes that the figure of the queen is not completely positive, but has negative connotations. Finally, it concludes that the principal character it does not build as a direct reflection of the queen, but she develops her female condition, her religiosity, and her sexuality in an opposite manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the "issue of the infant" Ferdinand of Habsburg and the succession of Castile at the beginning of the reign of Charles V. It highlights the use of the title "prince of Spain" by the infant, which evidenced his ambitions to the throne. The objective of the article is to analyze the origin of this issue, the stages it went through, and how it was managed by Charles V's surroundings. It mentions the lack of attention in historiography regarding Ferdinand of Habsburg and his role in the succession of Castile. It also emphasizes the importance of diversifying sources for a more comprehensive study. The article is about the issue of the infant Ferdinand of Habsburg and his succession in Castile. It mentions the birth of the infant in 1503 and the changes in the succession due to the geographical separation of his brother Charles. It highlights the upbringing and education of the infant by the Catholic Monarchs, as well as the tensions and ambitions that arose around his destiny. It also mentions the correspondence between Charles and the infant, as well as the signing of a treaty of alliance between France and Charles that threatened the policy of the Catholic king. The article analyzes the education of the infant Ferdinand of Habsburg and his relationship with his grandfather, King Ferdinand the Catholic. It mentions that the infant received lessons from humanists and showed interest in history. It also highlights the correspondence between Prince Charles and the infant, in which brotherly love is appealed to and inquiries are made about the health of the Catholic king. Additionally, it mentions the signing of a treaty of alliance between France and Charles, which threatened the containment policy of the Catholic king. Finally, it mentions that the king dictated a new will designating the infant as governor in case of his death. The text mentions several documents and authors discussing the succession of Charles V to the throne of Castile and Aragon after the death of Ferdinand the Catholic. It highlights the importance of negotiations between Charles and the dean of Leuven, Adrian of Utrecht, to ensure the succession of the infant. However, tensions and ambitions arose from the infant's surroundings after the death of the Catholic king, causing concern in Flanders. It mentions a supposed secret league to prevent Charles from assuming the government of Spain. The article analyzes the political situation in Castile after the death of Ferdinand the Catholic and the proclamation of Charles as king. It highlights the fragility of the government of Castile and the uncertainty about who would govern in the absence of Joanna, the rightful queen. It mentions the possibility that Joanna could annul Ferdinand's will and assign the governance to her son, the infant Ferdinand. It also mentions the presence of other possible candidates for the throne, such as the infant Fortuna and the Duke of Calabria. Carlos' absence in Spain and the sympathies aroused by the infant further complicated the situation. The text talks about love as an instrument of domination and an incentive for obedience in the political thought of the time. It mentions the reciprocal love between the sovereign and the people, as well as the king's love for the infant Ferdinand. It highlights the general discontent caused by the infant's departure from the kingdom and mentions that both love and lack of love can affect the legitimacy of a ruler. It also mentions Carlos' absence in the kingdom and how this could be interpreted as a breach of the pact between the king and the kingdom. The text talks about the tension and uncertainty that existed around the succession of Castile after the death of King Ferdinand. It mentions that there was a latent danger and cites some negative comments towards the future emperor Charles V. It also mentions the [Extracted from the article]

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The article presents the portrait of Queen María Luisa of Parma, painted by José de Madrazo, which was bequeathed to the Royal Academy of History. The portrait was acquired by the academic Carlos Seco Serrano, who decided to leave his belongings to the Academy as a gesture of gratitude. The portrait of María Luisa of Parma is a prominent work of Spanish Neoclassicism. The article describes the acquisition of a portrait of Queen María Luisa of Parma by Carlos Seco in an auction in 1976. The portrait was painted by José de Madrazo and depicts the queen in her Roman exile, wearing a garnet velvet dress and jewelry. The portrait is considered an interesting addition to the collection of royal portraits preserved in the Royal Academy of History. It is also mentioned that the queen's portrait is a pair with the portrait of her husband, King Carlos IV, painted by Madrazo at the same time. The article talks about two canvases painted by José de Madrazo in Rome that represent Carlos IV and María Luisa. These paintings are the only known reminders of the two legendary figures painted by Madrazo, as the originals were lost in a shipwreck in 1818. Although the original portraits were praised in their time, the preserved canvases show an idealized version of the kings. The portrait of Carlos IV was owned by his son, while the portrait of María Luisa remained in the possession of Madrazo in an unfinished state. The article describes the portrait of Queen María Luisa of Parma made by José de Madrazo. The portrait shows the queen with stylized and refined features, and stands out for its careful execution. This portrait is compared to a preparatory study by Madrazo, in which the queen appears in a similar dress but with a more listless expression. It is mentioned that the queen's arms in the portrait seem unfinished and it is suggested that they could have been completed by another member of the Madrazo family of painters. The article also highlights the influence of the Neoclassical style and the morbid softness of Antonio Rafael Mengs in Madrazo's work. It is mentioned that this portrait is one of the few testimonies of the iconography of Queen María Luisa during her exile in Rome and that its acquisition by the Royal Academy of History is a tribute to the legatee of the portrait, Professor Carlos Seco Serrano. [Extracted from the article]

The reproduction process of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) occurs in defined congregation areas where natural mating occurs and males and unfertilized queen bees from different colonies converge. This work focused on the identification and characterization of a congregation drone zone in a biogeographic region of the low montane dry forest corridor, in the upper Andean valley of Sugamuxi-Tundama, for the density of bee colonies established there, considering the climatic factors of the environment and the description of biometric characters of bees and drones collected, and which constitutes the first report of a congregation zone for Colombia. In the study area, dry summer periods predominate alternating with short winter, cloudy days, and intense cold, with thermal sensations between 8 to 19°C. The drone movement route was established with an unmanned flight vehicle, through the interaction between the vehicle and bee specimens. The path of movement of drones was established operated between 10 and 60 m in North-South direction. Specimens of worker bees were collected identifying African, European, or Eastern European lines and drones of two types, yellow and black, evaluating biometric parameters and estimating the discriminant factor. The activity of the drones, occurs in two periods of 10:00 to 12:00 hours and 15:00 to 17:00 hours, flying regularly between round trips up to a 1 km radius. This work describes a methodology for monitoring congregation areas and consolidates itself as a tool for beekeepers for the conservation of regional ecotypes through bee reproductive planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to contribute to the studies of the queens starting from a relational history that allows approaching a perspective that leaves aside those interpretative models, which place the male as the only actor of power seeking to contribute to the realization of a more complex history and relational; therefore, show the plurality of experiences and experiences that accompany men and women. In this opportunity we will take the figure of María de Portugal, Reina de Castilla to analyze the political context and the construction of feudal power through complex patronage networks and we will use the concept of regality that will allow us to focus on the study of the "power of the queens"; highlighting the exercise of power together (and in relation) to the King. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article is about the extramarital offspring of Queen Doña Urraca of Castile and León. It mentions the historical background and talks about the daughters of Alfonso VI, including Urraca as the heir. It also mentions the other daughters of the king and indicates that they did not have prominence at that time. The text talks about the succession and marriages of Queen Urraca and her descendants. It mentions that Count Enrique was Urraca's first cousin and married Doña Teresa. It also mentions that the princesses Sancha and Elvira married Count Rodrigo González de Lara and Roger II, Duke of Apulia and King of Sicily, respectively. Additionally, it mentions that there was no Navarrese dynasty in León and that the throne of Aragon was occupied by Alfonso I. Finally, it mentions that the widowed queen Doña Beatriz married the Count of Maine, Helías de la Fleche. The text mentions several influential characters in different regions of Spain during the 12th century. Among them are Oveco Sánchez, Fernando Fernández, Pedro Froilaz de Traba, Fruela Díaz, Suero Vermúdez, Rodrigo Muñoz, Gómez González, Pedro Ansúrez, Enrique de Borgoña, Álvar Fáñez, and Pedro González. It also mentions the marriage between Alfonso and Urraca, and the discord that arose between them. Alfonso was known as the Battler and had military experience, while Urraca was the queen of Castile. The marriage had problems and the Galician nobles supported Urraca, while the Castilians supported Alfonso. The text mentions the Battle of Candespina that took place on October 26, 1110. It mentions that Kings Alfonso and Urraca separated on several occasions, but then reunited. However, in December 1110, they separated again, this time definitively. The exact causes of these disagreements are not known, but it is mentioned that both had different personalities. Additionally, it mentions that Queen Urraca had illegitimate offspring once separated from her husband. The text informs about Queen Urraca's relationship with Counts Gómez and Pedro, as well as their common offspring. It mentions that the oldest testimonies speak of the relationship with Pedro, while later ones add the relationship with Gómez. The life and children of both counts are detailed, as well as their participation in the Battle of Candespina. Additionally, it mentions that Pedro was one of the dissatisfied magnates with the Battler and died in Bayonne. The text deals with the donation of Count Gómez González and his wife, Countess Urraca. Several documents confirming the relationship between Count Pedro González and Countess Eva are mentioned, as well as Ava's relationship with García Ordóñez. Donations from Queen Urraca to different monasteries, confirmed by several counts, are mentioned. The illegitimate children of the queen are mentioned, including Elvira, María Petriz, and Fernando Petriz, and speculation is made about the relationship between Count Pedro González and Queen Urraca. The legitimate children of Counts Pedro and Ava are mentioned, including María Pérez, Manrique, Álvaro Pérez, Nuño Pérez, Countess Doña Elvira, and Milia Pérez. The importance of these children in the Castile of their time is highlighted. The text talks about Countess Doña Elvira Pérez, daughter of Pedro González and Queen Urraca. It mentions that she had two marriages, the first with Count Bertrán de Risnel and the second with Don García Pérez de Traba. From the first marriage, she had two children, Doña [name missing]. [Extracted from the article]

In the first four months of 2023, elections were held for the Board of Directors of the Royal Academy of History, resulting in the election of several positions, including the vice-director, the secretary, the vice-secretary, the censor, the treasurer, the vice-treasurer, the librarian, and the associate members. Additionally, it was reported that a new academician had been admitted and the death of two corresponding members was mourned. The presentation of the Hispanic History portal of the Royal Academy of History was also highlighted, in an event attended by the King and Queen of Spain and other prominent figures. Lastly, the signing of a collaboration agreement between the Royal Academy of History and two American educational institutions was mentioned, as well as the start of a lecture series on the independence of the United States. [Extracted from the article]

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The article provides information about the Fuero de León, a set of decrees promulgated by King Alfonso V and Queen Elvira in an assembly in the city of León. The Fuero de León is important in the political and social organization of the Christian kingdoms during the Reconquista and in the formation of their Law. Different versions of the Fuero de León are mentioned, such as the Bracarense text and the Ovetense text, and the confirmation of the Fuero by Queen Doña Urraca is highlighted. The Fuero de León was a set of laws that governed the kingdom of León, also encompassing Asturias, Galicia, and Portugal. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "KNOWLEDGE, CULTURE, AND PATRONAGE IN THE CORRESPONDENCE OF MEDIEVAL WOMEN" analyzes the correspondences of women in medieval Europe, specifically in the Crown of Aragon. The MISSIVA 2 colloquium, held in Madrid, focused on reflecting on the knowledge, culture, and patronage in these letters. The monograph collects the interventions of eleven researchers and is divided into four parts that cover different production contexts, from the 11th century to the 15th century. The article examines a collection of 347 royal letters related to death and belonging to the Archive of the Crown of Aragon, highlighting the role of queens Violante de Bar and María de Castilla as the main senders of the letters. It also addresses topics such as the use of a specific language depending on the recipient of the letter and the political role of the queens, as well as the commercial correspondence of a Florentine merchant named Monna Duccia Dei and the letters of women from the Acciaiuoli family in Florence. The book offers new perspectives for studying medieval women and their epistolary practices, and suggests future areas of research in this field. [Extracted from the article]

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