Search

The article titled "Mixed viral infections in vegetable crops: biochemical and molecular aspects" analyzes the co-infections of viruses in vegetable plants, which cause exacerbated symptoms in leaves and fruits. These co-infections can have synergistic, antagonistic, or neutral interactions that affect the severity of symptoms and the spread of infection. The importance of paying attention to possible changes in the transmission dynamics and prevalence of viral diseases in crops due to anthropogenic and natural factors is highlighted. Additionally, the synergistic, antagonistic, and neutral effects that can occur in viral co-infections are mentioned. The article focuses on agro-industrial vegetables such as Capsicum spp., Solanum lycopersicum, and other Cucurbitaceae, and explores the biochemical and molecular aspects of these mixed infections. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted in Montecillo, Texcoco, Mexico, identified two viruses associated with symptoms of viral diseases in bean crops. The detected viruses were Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae and two isolates of Potyvirus phaseoluteum. These viruses present significant differences from other viruses reported in different plant species. This finding highlights the importance of accurate identification for the management and control of these viral infections in bean crops in Mexico. [Extracted from the article]

Phytopathogenic nematodes are a threat for agriculture, they cause plant diseases and economic losses worldwide. Currently, the pursuit of compounds of biological origin for nematode biocontrol has become a priority as an environmentally friendly alternative. Microorganisms-derived compounds have several strategies to reduce the populations of infectious juvenile nematodes. Although microorganisms and their metabolites are the focus of literature reports reviews on nematicidal control, interactions between fungi, bacteria, and nematodes, as well as the compounds that are generated in such interactions, are not highlighted. The aim of this review was to discuss the latest advances on chemical compounds secreted by microorganisms and their interaction mechanisms for biological control of phytopathogenic nematodes. Results were organized based on: i) mode of action, ii) infection process, iii) nematicide compounds, iv) interactions and field applications, and v) current challenges. The scope of this review contributes to a better comprehension of the versatility of bacterial and fungal compounds for their use in the development of management plans for nematode control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the use of intelligent technological platforms in small-scale agriculture, highlighting the importance of integrating visual sensors into IoT platforms. The lack of connectivity in rural areas is mentioned, and alternative technologies such as LPWAN are proposed. Different research related to the use of IoT technologies in agriculture is also addressed, such as disease classification in plants and measuring crop performance using deep learning techniques. The limitations and challenges of LPWAN technologies in remote communication in agriculture are mentioned. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this research is to identify the main pests, diseases, or physiological problems that affect the quality of export mango at harvest and postharvest in the Yautan Valley, Casma Province, Ancash Department. During the 2021-2022 season, mango crop fields were visited to observe health issues, subsequently to the harvest fruits were collected from the following sectors: Valdivia, Señor de los Milagros, Cerro Castillo, Acoshpampa, Canchapampa, Punchayhuaca, Liza Alta, Lagar, Jaihua, and Matua. These fruits were taken to the UNALM Phytopathology laboratory and placed in humid chambers at 21°C for 3 to 4 weeks encourage the development of potential postharvest pathogens. In the field during flowering, fruit setting, growth and development mangoes are affected by Fruit fly (Ceratitis sp., Anastrepha sp.), Powdery mildew (Oidium mangiferae Berthet), thrips, and scales, which affect the size, shape, color, and scarring of the fruit, making them unsuitable for export. Additionally, fruits with "lenticelosis" were found as a physiological disorder. In the laboratory, symptoms appeared on the fruits, were analyzed and fungi were identified: Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. was the most recurrent fungus in phytopathological analyses, causing rotting from the peduncular insertion point at maturity, affecting the entire fruit. Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. caused black necrotic spots and marks, favored by open lenticels, which later led to fruit rotting at maturity. Colletotrichum gloesporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. caused lagoon-like necrotic spots and fruit rot. Other fungi isolated at the genus level included Fusicoccum sp. and Phomopsis sp., causing symptoms similar to Lasiodiplodia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of negative outcomes associated with medication (NOMs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occurring in the emergency department (ED) of a health centre. Method. An exploratory observational, cross-sectional study of patients with NOMs consulting in an ED. According to the variables of interest, the information was collected with an instrument designed and evaluated for this purpose. A multivariate logistic regression model was applied to the NOMs and found the most important variables predisposing to the appearance of NOM. In addition, the avoid ability of NOM (Baena et al. criteria), the severity of NOM (Schneider classification) and the causality of ADR (Naranjo algorithm) were shown. Results. A total of 158 patients were included in the study. The prevalence of visits to the ED due to NOM was 35.0 % (55 patients) and ADR was 5.1 % (8 patients). Overall, 88.0 % of the ADRs were considered avoidable and 74.0 % were of mild severity. On the other hand, 37.5 % (n=3) of suspected ADR were classified as avoidable and 50.0 % as probable. The multivariate logistic model indicates a possible association between NOMs with lower levels of schooling, the use of medicinal plants and the number of diseases. Conclusions. The visit of 1 in 3 patients to the emergency department is associated with a NOM, while 1 in 20 is associated with an ADR. Further studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of knowledge of recurrent diseases, the preventive specificity of plants and the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the leaves are factors that limit the use of medicinal plants in the infusion industry. In this context, the objective of this article is to classify the leaves of medicinal plants suitable for preventing or treating recurrent diseases. The Regional Health Directorate provided six recurrent diseases of the Ucayali Region. Through a survey, the herbs, shrubs and trees that the population uses in the treatment of each disease were recognized. The respondents are generally people with an empirical knowledge of the properties of plants, that is why the survey should be as simple and affordable as possible so that they can answer it effectively. One method that has become important within Computing with Words is the 2-tuple model. It combines the use of linguistic scales with the accuracy of a numerical value. Computing with Words is part of Artificial Intelligence and has as its object the use of words instead of numbers to classify. Because the use of natural language is part of the daily practice of all human beings, this method is relevant to aggregate the survey results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the work was to evaluate the resistance of new tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) hybrids to Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan by incorporating resistance genes from 'Beinhart-1000-1'. Two hundred plants per genotype were included in seedbed experiments, where a randomized block design with three replicates was used. The percentage of plants affected by the disease was evaluated until the susceptible control 'KY-14' reached 100% of diseased plants. For the plantation experiment, 45 day old plants were transplanted from another developed seedbed, and a completely randomized design with two replications was used. Each cultivar occupied a plot with five furrows of 20 plants each. The data on the percentage of diseased plants in both experiments allowed determining the Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) to subsequently perform a Simple Ranked Analysis of Variance, Fixed Effects Model. The AUDPC values were higher (less resistant) at the seedling stage than at the planting stage in both experiments, and it was observed that the hybrids and 'Beinhart-1000-1' showed the lowest AUDPCvalues in the two years of research. The female parents achieved higher AUDPC values (less resistant) and differed from their respective F1 offspring. All five tobacco hybrids showed high levels of resistance to P. nicotianae, exceeding the resistance of the female parents, but not that of the male parent 'B-1000-1'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out in the "La Magela" seedling house module, Quivicán municipality, Mayabeque Province, Cuba, in October and November 2022. The ´Elbita´ tomato variety was planted in polystyrene trays of 260 cells, which were previously disinfected with sodium hypochlorite (1%). A completely randomized experimental design with three replicates (trays) and twelve treatments was used. The treatments resulted from combining the substrates (natural rice husk, solarized compost and residual substrate from previous trays) and the pyrolysis moment (mixing the materials before pyrolysis, or pyrolysis of the rice husk. rice alone and then mix it with compost or residual substrate). Four controls (100% carbonized rice husk, blonde peat, solarized compost and residual substrate) were included. Pyrolysis was carried out in a traditional burner (80 cm in diameter, 60 cm in height) with holes and a chimney. Germination percentage (7 days) and height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root volume and integrity of the root ball (after 35 days) were determined. The plants diseased by "damping off" throughout the period were counted. The Infostat statistical program (free version) was used to perform analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the response variables of the experiment. The Tukey test was used in case of statistical significance. A simple correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the variables root volume and root ball integrity. The variant of mixing 75% rice husk with 25% compost and then carbonizing them together showed the best results in height, stem diameter, and number of leaves of the plants, with less impact by "damping off". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yam Dioscorea spp., Is a crop of economic importance in the Colombian Caribbean, it is part of the food and sustenance diet for the producers. Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is one of the most limiting diseases in the production of yam, with losses between 50 and 100 % being reported in Colombia. The resistance to anthracnose was evaluated in 84 accessions of D. alata and 28 of D. rotundata, belonging to the collection of yam from the University of Córdoba, at 120, 150 and 180 days after sowing DDS, using a severity scale of 0-6. The accessions were classified according to their resistance, using the method of the sum of ranges of the area under the ABCPE progress curve and the method of severity at 120, 150 and 180 DDS. The severity at 180 DDS had a strong linear relationship r = 0,99 with the integral variable area under the ABCPE disease progression curve and the TPE disease progression rate. The classification of resistance by the rank sum method was the most efficient, identifying in D. alata 18 resistant R accessions, 24 moderately resistant MR, 26 moderately susceptible MS and 16 susceptible S. In the species D. rotundata were identified 5 accessions R, 8 MR, 8 MS, 6 S. The yam collection at the University of Córdoba has accessions with resistance to anthracnose, and it is important to start improvement work with these accessions to identify their agronomic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ChatGPT adds to the list of artificial intelligence-based systems designed to perform specific tasks and answer questions by interacting with users (Apple's Siri, Amazon's Alexa, Google's Assistant and Bard, Microsoft's Cortana, IBM's Watson, Bixby from Samsung, among others). ChatGPT works using OpenAI's GPT (Generative Pretrained Transformer) language model and is capable of learning from users' preferences and behavior patterns to customize its response. ChatGPT has the potential to be applied in different fields, including education, journalism, scientific writing, communication, cell biology, and biotechnology, where there is already evidence. The aim of this work was to analyze the possible applications of ChatGPT in the agricultural and livestock industry. First, a scientometric analysis was performed with VosViewer and Bibliometrix (Bliblioshiny). 3 clusters were identified: (a) Main characteristics; (b) learning systems you use; and (c) applications. To the question: What are the main applications in which ChatGTP will revolutionize agriculture (or livestock) in the world? ChatGPT responded: (a) in the agricultural field: improvement of agricultural decision-making, optimization of agricultural production, detection and prevention of plant diseases, climate management, and supply chain management; and (b) in the livestock field: improvement of animal health and welfare, optimization of animal production, supply chain management, detection and prevention of zoonotic diseases, and climate management for animal production. ChatGPT does not scientifically support its answer, but from the analysis carried out, we find that there is enough scientific evidence to conclude, in this case, that its answers were correct. While ChatGPT does not necessarily scientifically substantiate its answers, users should. There is a lack of studies on the use of Artificial Intelligence and its relationship with ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EAFIT University has developed three successful biotechnology projects in Colombia, which include the use of microalgae to capture CO2, bacteria to combat Sigatoka disease in banana crops, and the improvement of natural rubber production in the Bajo Cauca region of Antioquia. These projects demonstrate that biotechnology can be an effective tool for solving social and environmental problems in the country. Additionally, it is mentioned that work is being done to implement a solar-powered oven for rubber drying. Biotechnology has the potential to alter many aspects of human life. [Extracted from the article]

Endophyte microorganisms live in symbiosis inside of plant healthy tissues. These fungi help their hosts to tolerate pathogen affectation, pest damage, and to adapt to extreme conditions of salinity and temperatures. The coffee leaf rust, Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley & Broome, affects coffee crop, and its management is based on chemical fungicide application. In view of the world agriculture challenges, it is necessary to develop sustainable strategies. The endophytic fungi represent a potential for biological control of plant diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mexican Journal of Phytopathology is the dissemination organ of the Mexican Phytopathology Society and publishes articles related to phytopathology. Volume 40, supplement 2022, contains information about the upcoming international and national congress of the Mexican Phytopathology Society, as well as symposiums on phytosanitary issues in bananas and seed pathology. The challenges of early detection and containment of diseases in banana crops, such as Tropical Race 4 Fusarium, are also discussed. Additionally, the importance of phytosanitary epidemiological surveillance in Mexico is highlighted. [Extracted from the article]

Fungal diseases in rice crop (Oryza sativa Lin.) are considered among the main causes of low cereal yields. In this sense, numerous studies indicate that the applications of Trichoderma asperellum Samuels, Lieckfeldt & Nirenberg strains to the soil in fields destined to the cultivation of rice, are promising for the control of numerous phytopathogenic fungi. The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of the Ta 78 strain of T. asperellum against the most important diseases of rice cultivation under field conditions. For this, the strain of T. asperellum was sprayed in a terrace system during soil preparation, and a terrace was used as a production control. The severity and incidence of the main diseases caused by fungi were evaluated at various times and the number of plants, tillers and panicles per m2 was evaluated. R. solani, Helminthosporium sp. and Cercospora sp. were the fungi that most affected rice crop. The incidence and severity of the diseases evaluated in the treatment with T. asperellum, decreased significantly with respect to the control treatment, regardless of the time of the evaluation. On the other hand, the number of tillers and spikes was significantly higher in the plot treated with biological control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of BIOAGRO is the property of Revista BIOAGRO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The results of 12 sugarcane cultivars evaluated against sugarcane orange rust disease on the plant strain in two planting cycles (spring and cold) are shown. The number of pustules and the length of the most frequent pustule on leaves +1, +3, +5 and +7 at three, four, five, six and seven months of age were evaluated in a 2 cm² sampling station. The percentage of area occupied by pustules was calculated using a mathematical expression. Data were processed through the SPSS statistical package and analysis of variance and Tukey's test were performed for the sources of variation: leaves, evaluation dates, cultivars and cycles. The results showed differences for all sources of variation, leading to the conclusion that, although the affectations are not of great intensity, there are differences in the manifestation of symptoms in the different cultivars, and that studies to determine the presence of the disease and resistance of the genotypes should be carried out with cold plantings, also evaluating the +3 or +5 leaf when the crop is three and five months old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicinal Cannabis crop is one of the main growing agricultural activities in Colombia. However, the increase in production areas and the intensification of crops brings a greater predisposition to pests and diseases incidence. The objective of this research was to identify the main diseases associated with a high-density commercial Cannabis crop in a greenhouse. Samples of disease symptoms present in the crop during a round year of production were characterized. Samples were taken in different phenological phases and areas of the farm such as: propagation areas, field production and post-harvest. A total of 43 samples were collected among diseased tissue, soil, compost, substrates, and water. Damping off was present in the highest percentage of samples collected from cuttings (28%), followed by samples affected with leaf spot chlorotic halo symptoms (19%). 26 pure isolates of phytopathogenic fungi were obtained, and morphologically and molecularly characterized causing diseases in the crop. They were consistent with Botrytis cinerea (8%), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (15%), Fusarium sp. (46%), Bipolaris sp. (12%), Rhizoctonia solani (8%) and Corynespora casiicola (8%). Symptoms associated with damping off or wilt tissues revealed the presence of Rhizoctonia solani causing strangulation and cutting rot at the base. Three species of Fusarium were reported: Fusarium fujikuroi, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium graminearum, the latter associated with stem end rot. Leaf spot associated with Bipolaris sp. and Corynespora casiicola was present at a high incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is one of the main crops in Latin American and African countries, its almonds being marketed to produce chocolate. However, different biotic factors can negatively affect the crop production, especially on small farms where management by farmers is scarce or nonexistent. Lethal wilt (Ceratocystis cacaofunesta Engelbrecht & Harrington) together with beetle borers (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), continue to be the main problems affecting cocoa. It has been observed that both organisms interact intrinsically inside the trunks of cacao trees. Despite the importance of this interaction, in general, the countless research and review articles carried out to date have focused mainly on studying each biotic factor separately or have been addressed in a general way. Thus, in this review we mainly focus on the interaction between the Lethal wilt and the borer beetles, especially how and which is the insect that transmits the disease in cocoa plants. Additionally, an exhaustive characterization of Xyleborus ferrugineus as a possible vector of C. cacaofunesta in cacao trees has been made. From this review, we can say that Ceratocystis species still need to be fully identified and differentiated, a deeper understanding of the ecology of the scolithid X. ferrugineus, to study the interaction between C. cacaofunesta and vectors from the host response and generate new studies, and the chemical ecology of the fungus-vector-tree still needs to be understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world faces the challenge of improving food systems and ensuring safe and healthy food for all. Currently, the global vulnerability of those systems and the need to make them more equitable, sustainable and resilient in order to feed nutritionally and sustainably millions of people on the planet has become evident. Promoting health, safety and nutrition; preventing and controlling zoonoses and antimicrobial resistance and protecting farmers' livelihoods from the effects of plant and animal diseases; as well as ensuring sustainable agricultural practices, is an essential element in the radical transformation of agri-food systems. One of the tools that can help address these threats is the application of the One Health approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Avances en Ciencias e Ingeniería is the property of Avances en Ciencias e Ingenieria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Cuba, sugarcane brown rust (Puccinia melanocephala) is one of the most important diseases and orange rust (Puccinia kuehnii) is considered a potentially dangerous disease. The objectives of the present investigation were: to quantify the development of brown and orange rust; to determine the influence of the planting time and age of the plants on the severity of these diseases; and the period in which the levels of both rusts are the highest. It was found that the months of planting have a very similar influence on the manifestation of the symptoms of both rusts with greater affectation in the plantations that were carried out from July to December and in the month of April. The severity of brown rust was significantly higher from three to five months of age after planting, however, in orange rust the severity remained above the average observed until seven months. The severity of orange rust increased with the age of the plants in the plantations that were carried out from January to April. Unlike brown rust, regardless of the age of the plants, the severity of orange rust can be increased when favorable environmental conditions exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Colombia, the citrus industry is at risk since 2016 due to HLB (Huanglongbing) disease. The Ponedera municipality (Atlántico) is one of the most affected by the disease; however, there is little information about the impact of HLB on the citrus production system. With the purpose of categorizing the farmers, identifying their conditions, and assessing HLB impact, a semi-structured survey with 79 questions on socioeconomic, environmental, and agronomic aspects, with emphasis on knowledge of the disease, was applied to 134 farmers. Through descriptive analysis and multiple correspondence, variables with the highest contribution level to producers categorizing were selected. Five groups were chosen according to training attendance, citrus species, origin of plant material, key lime age (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle), and Tahiti lime age and planting frame (Citrus ×latifolia Tanaka ex Q. Jiménez). The study found that between 2016 and 2020, more than 85% of farmers lost at least 50% trees due to limitations such as lack of: irrigation (67,6%), fertilization (75,4%), Asian citrus psyllid management (76,9%) or HLB (87,3%) management. Likewise, it evidenced the devastating effect of HLB disease on crops. The producer characterization established training as a differentiating variable, a result that will serve for developing technological offers, agricultural extension, and productive clusters formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the effects of climate change is the rise in temperature that favors the appearance of diseases and mutagenic changes in some of them. As a consequence, cultivars have a variable response of their resistance. The high genetic diversity of the fungus Pyricularia oryzae makes it necessary to periodically evaluate resistance to this pathogenic microorganism in infection beds where there is a high inoculum pressure. The objective of this work was to evaluate in infection beds the response of rice cultivars currently used in the municipality of Los Palacios, in the province of Pinar del Río, Cuba, to the attack of this disease. It was obtained as results that all cultivars were resistant, but with different degrees of infection. Thus, a methodology with high genetic diversity and inoculum pressure in infection beds should be established to evaluate resistance to P. oryzae in the municipality of Los Palacios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is traditionally propagated by rhizomes and can carry diseases that decrease production. In vitro propagation allows healthy seed to be obtained, in high volumes and in less time. The objective of this work was to present a protocol for the in vitro propagation of Z. officinale via organogenesis. Procedures for in vitro establishment from axillary buds of primary rhizomes of field-grown plants are included. In addition, the in vitro multiplication and planting in the ex vitro acclimatization phase with high survival rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bactericera cockerelli Sulc, the potato / tomato psyllid (Solanum tuberosum and S. lycopersicum), is recognized as a threat to the production of solanaceous crops because it is an efficient vector of the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CaLso) in the American continent, Europe, and New Zealand. The biological and genetic characteristics of the insect make its management difficult, and so do the high number of host, refuge. and feeding plants in which it can be found. Furthermore, the influence of climate change has caused psyllid populations to establish and colonize new areas and countries. At present, the psyllid vectors of microorganisms that cause diseases in plants are widely distributed, and studies are being carried out to understand the impact of their populations on intensive agricultural production systems. In the last decade, studies on the application of new biological control and management techniques have also increased aiming to count on fast and efficient alternatives for reducing the effects on crops and economy. A total of 74 scientific papers related to the host plants of these insect vectors, their biological and chemical control strategies, and the novel alternatives for their management were analysed. In order to maintain surveillance over the vector, the present status of the identification of these species in Cuba, the situation concerning the presence of the cultivation system. -psilid-CaLso in the world and the American and Caribbean regions, as well as the possible implications of the presence of these species for the Cuban agriculture were studied in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The weed community associated with agricultural systems undergoes changes in its diversity, composition and abundance due to climatic variations, edaphic properties, crop cycles, and mainly, management practices. These changes can be expressed by the arrival of new species to the community, the disappearance of some pre-existing species or the evolution of biotypes with greater competitive capacity, affecting the stability of the system. For these reasons, it is necessary to define adequate management strategies based on ecological principles, i.e., to recognize weeds as members of the agroecosystem, to understand the behavior of their communities, dynamics of change, including evolutionary aspects and distribution, and also to analyze their potential to provide different ecosystem services. Weed ecology deals with the study of the interactions between weeds and the environment, with special emphasis on the adaptive mechanisms that allow them to survive in agriculturally disturbed environments. Such studies may focus on individual organisms, groups of individuals of the same species (population) or groups of concurrent populations at the community level. Under this approach, which is assuming an increasingly prominent role in weed science, we have approached the study of the flora associated with banana crops in the department of Magdalena, where the persistence of highly competitive species and restrictions on the use of pesticides has attracted the attention of banana growers, who hope to improve weed management to comply with international Fair Trade policies and ensure profitable and sustainable production. In this dissertation I present the advances achieved in the study of the ecology of plant communities associated with banana crops, which have allowed us to understand their attributes and dynamics of changes, fundamental to define adequate management practices. Previous efforts aimed at identifying species potentially usable as cover crops in commercial banana plantations, allowed us to know the plant complex associated with the plantations1, becoming a reference to observe changes in the weed complex over time. Recent studies of the flora associated with the crop carried out in the four production zones in the department determined a heterogeneous floristic composition, represented by 204 species belonging to 143 genera and 54 families. Poaceae, Fabaceae and Asteraceae were the families with the greatest specific richness. Species richness was found to be similar among the four production areas, while community composition varied. In general, the weed complex was characterized by a greater number of perennial grasses, with a predominance of native species. In all areas there was the presence of species reported as weeds of worldwide importance, some of them hosts of crop pests and diseases, highlighting the presence of several species that did not appear as weeds in the region. The phytosociological analysis of the plant communities associated with the crop showed that the Commelinaceae family was the most ecologically important, in terms of infestation levels, followed by Poaceae and Cyperaceae. The species with the highest importance index were Commelina erecta, Axonopus compressus, Melothria pendula and Murdannia nudiflora. It was also possible to determine that the structure and diversity of the weed community differed between zones and by the effect of the control method used on the farms. Few species were very abundant and frequent, which indicated low diversity. Considering the field observations related to the loss of sensitivity of some weeds to glyphosate, as well as their prevalence in the plantations, the evolution of the weed community was evaluated by identifying biotypes resistant to this herbicide most frequently used on the farms. The results confirmed herbicide tolerance in populations of Commelina erecta and Syngonium podophyllum and resistance in populations of Erigeron bonariensis. The invasion risk analysis for the early detection of introduced weeds that are potentially risky due to their invasiveness, made it possible to categorize 24 species associated with the crop as high invasion risk, which suggests taking actions for the prevention, management and control of these weeds to avoid their spread in banana plantations and other surrounding ecosystems. These studies have made it possible to understand that the flora associated with the banana agroecosystem in the department of Magdalena presents a dynamic of change on a temporal and spatial scale, influenced by environmental factors specific to each production zone, the heterogeneity of the landscape and the weed control practices used on the farms, determining changes in the composition, structure, diversity and evolutionary aspects of the communities at the regional and local levels. The ability of the most important species to adapt to different environmental conditions, as well as to reproduce sexually and vegetatively, would explain the level of infestation of these species in the plantations. Likewise, the repetitive use of a single weed control method explains the dominance and prevalence of a few species. The confirmation of glyphosate tolerant and resistant populations on farms where the herbicide has been applied continuously for at least ten years as the only control method demonstrates that selection pressure has been generated leading to the evolution of biotypes with greater competitive ability. The potential use as cover for some species, in addition to expanding the options for control tactics, can provide ecological services, e.g., reducing soil erosion. These advances support the need to diversify the techniques used for weed control, seeking integrated management for crop sustainability. In general, we must understand that weed communities change rapidly and adapt to management practices, therefore, their assistance in agricultural systems must be permanent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualization: Fusarium wilt is the most important pea (Pisum sativum L.) disease in Pamplona, where indiscriminate use of chemicals is applied. Knowledge gap: There are no scientific reports of application or efficacy of biocontrollers for Fusarium wilt in pea in this municipality. Purpose: This research aimed to evaluate biological alternatives for the control of Fusarium wilt in pea cultivation in Pamplona, Norte de Santander in order to give recommendations to farmers about its possible use and to project future research. Methodology: An experimental design was carried out where six treatments were evaluated: three with biopreparations commercialized by the Association of Agricultural Producers (ASPAGRO), separately and in combination, a commercial antagonist (Trichoderma harzianum), a chemical treatment with benomyl, and a negative control. Fusarium oxysporum was identified as the causal agent of pea wilt in Pamplona. The commercial product based on Trichoderma harzianum was shown to reduce the incidence of the plant disease and the Area Under the Curve of Disease Progress (AUCPD) of Fusarium wilt in pea was similar to Benomil. Results and Conclusions: The analysis of variance for the incidence of wilt showed a difference between the treatments, the evaluation moments and between the interactions of the treatments and the evaluation moments, as well as between treatments for the incidence and the AUCPD at the end of the crop c ycle. Compared to negative control, ASPAGRO's biopreparations of Caldo Rizósfe- ra and Microorganismos de Montaña reduced the incidence of the disease and the AUCPD. The three biopreparations achieved to reduce the incidence of wilt. Nevertheless, the yield decreased by values close to 10, 25, and 30% in the treatments with Trichoderma, Caldo Rizósfera, and Microorganismos de Montaña, respectively, in comparison of benomyl. Therefore, the first two biological means are considered the best options for the control of Fusarium wilt in peas in Pamplona, however research should be carried out to validate them in larger areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigación Agraria is the property of Investigacion Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The nutrition of the plant has an important function in the appearance and susceptibility of the crop. The present work intends an analysis of the state of the art regarding of the effect of the mineral nutrition, in particular the primary macroelements about the susceptibility to diseases. The revision behaved by means of the study of original scientific articles and bibliographical revisions, published in Cuban and foreigners; as well as the works carried out as thesis in universities of the region and of the world. Although there are some contradictions, the primary macroelements can affect tolerance and / or resistance to plant diseases caused by various pathogens. The most observed effect is the decrease in the symptoms of the disease except for the nitrogen, the one which in excess or deficit leads to higher incidence in the increase of susceptibility. An appropriate supply of the fertilization that promotes the good growth of the plants is an element to consider for the resistance to diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work came true for the sake of determining the infiuence that exercises the passage of time of hydrothermic treatment in the seed reproduced by cuttings in the variables percentages of brotation, production of cane and in disease control, for what refused to compromise an experiment in the Basic Seed Bank (BSB) of Cienfuegos in November 2017. In the study they were once three treatments were evaluated hydrothermic (50,5 °C 3 hours (Test), 50,5 °C 2 hours and 51 °C 1 hour) in five cultivars. The studied variables were percentage from brotation at 60 days of planted, diagnostic for UMELISA in front of the scald foliating, tinction of the vessels of the xylem (diagnosis officially), agricultural performance and its components, at ten elderly months. He used the random block design with three repetitions and came true analysis of variance, simple and bi-factorial, try comparative of stockings by means of Multiple proof of rank with test of Tukey and the Analysis of Conglomerates (Cluster Analysis). The results made an offer that the treatment of 51 °C surpassed in the percentage of brotation and in the sugarcane production to the two remainders and that there were no differences in the diagnostic for UMELISA. In the diagnosis officially in all the samples they presented more of an 85% aptitude of the xylem vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), main sugar crop worldwide, is affected by multiple pathogens. One of the most important viral diseases in this crop is mosaic, caused by Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). This research was conducted with the objective of demonstrating the ability of two bioproducts to induce defenses response against this virus. The first based on the encapsulation of the endopolygalacturonase enzyme of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus CCEBI 2011 and another whose active principle is constituted by phenolic compounds produced by sugarcane in temporary immersion bioreactors. SP70-1284 cultivars susceptible to SCMV and resistant C323-68 were treated with the bioproducts and inoculated with SCMV. The severity of the infection, the accumulation of superoxide radicals and the expression of 10 defense-related genes were evaluated. The resistant cultivar did not show symptoms of infection during the development of the experiment, while in the susceptible the application of both bioproducts decreased the severity of the infection between 38.9 and 44.4% with respect to the control. The presence of superoxide radicals was observed in the first hours of sugarcane-SCMV interaction, while at 28 days' post inoculation, a differentiated expression of three genes related to antiviral defense was observed. The ability of both bioproducts to induce defensive responses in sugarcane against SCMV was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Biológico Agropecuaria Tuxpan is the property of Revista Biologico Agropecuaria Tuxpan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on a historical study of the combat of locust plagues in Mexico and Central America in the first half of the 20th century. The southern and southeastern Mexico share the same agricultural pests with the countries of Central America. The most important locust for its habits and its destructive capacity of the vegetal cover is Schistocerca piceifrons.

Wilt is the most destructive disease of naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.), because cause important losses, including the dead of almost 80 % of the plantation. In this investigation was determinate the incidence of this disease in this plant by means of surreys realized in several commercial farms located at the Pastaza province in a period between October 2017 and January 2018. The results showed a media value of 17 % of the wilt disease, observing that the variety "naranjilla común" was the most susceptible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivation of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) is the fourth agricultural row of Pamplona province; however, research results on plant pathology issues are scarce. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence DAP (Days after Pruning) on the seasonal dynamics of main diseases of the peach tree in the municipality of Cacota. Plots with three pruning moments of the "Gran Jarillo" cultivar were selected to evaluate the incidence percentage, severity and the AUDPC (Area under the Disease Progress Curve) of the main foliage and fruit diseases. Plots were evaluated for an 11-months period, considering the farm environmental conditions. At the end of the production cycle, a statistical analysis of mean comparison was performed for unrelated samples according to the Z test (p <0.05) for each variable. Statistix (V4) and SPSS 23 statistical software were used. Results showed that Taphrina deformans affects mainly leaves and Sphaerotheca pannosa fruits. T. deformans is evident from the moment the first leaves unfold and reached its maximum incidence between 57 and 99 DDP for pruning in November and March, respectively. S. pannosa obtained its highest incidence (98.76%) at 166 DDP in November; for this same treatment Monilinia fructicola reached its highest incidence at 260 DDP and only affected fruits in a ripen state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosols of biological origin (bioaerosols) are an important fraction of the complex of particles suspended in the air. Propagules such as: pollen grains, fungal spores, algae or dinoflagellates cysts, also with bacteria and viruses, can be transported long distances, causing diseases in plants, animals and humans with consequences for agriculture and health. Moreover, in their atmospheric transit they often act as condensation or ice nuclei, affecting the hydrological cycle or the climate. Despite the numerous works related to these issues, the processes by which they are emitted, interact or are removed from the atmosphere, are poorly understood. This paper presents a comprehensive review about the study techniques, the knowledge of processes and interactions among bioaerosols, atmosphere and surfaces from which they are emitted or deposited, as well as the effects on agriculture, health and the role of bioaersols in the climate system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disease called vascular wilt is a problem that causes production losses in the Caesalpinia spinosa "tara" crops. The objective of the research was to identify the causal wilting agent t and to determine the antagonistic effect of Bacillus spp. and Trichoderma sp. strains. Tara plants with symptoms of the disease and from the soil were sampled. We isolated 27 strains of filamentous fungi that were identified by the Pitt method based on taxonomic keys. The antagonistic effect was achieved through in vitro pairing in Papa Dextrose Agar medium, facing strains of Fusarium spp. with two strains of Trichoderma sp. and 18 of Bacillus spp. as potential antagonists. The results showed that the strains of Fusarium spp. are the cause of the progressive vascular wilting in tara. The evaluation of in vitro antagonism by direct contact, indicated that strains of Bacillus spp. TBa 4, TBa 6, TBa 9, TBa 11 and TBa 18 had a greater effect reaching between 88.9% and 93.3% inhibition of Fusarium. In the tests of antagonism in dual cultures, they showed that the strains TBa 4, TBa 6, TBa 11 and TBa 18 reached the highest levels of inhibition of the pathogen, fluctuating between 92.2% and 90.0%; meanwhile, strains of Trichoderma sp. and T. viridae they obtained 77.8% and 74.4% inhibition of the pathogen, respectively. The degree of in vitro inhibition achieved by Bacillus spp. strains makes it possible to consider them as potential biological control agents against Fusarium spp. in tara cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is one of the most important agricultural products in the world, since more than 56 countries are dedicated to its cultivation and it is the main agricultural commodity since the period 1962-1989 and coffee orange rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley & Broome) is the most devastating disease for this crop. In Central America, the losses caused by this pathogen were up to 50% in the 2011-2012 production cycle. Coffee production in the state of Veracruz decreased by 8% since 2011 due to rust infestations, consequently research has been carried out on beneficial microorganisms that provide tolerance to the pathogen, whose obtaining and application does not represent a risk of deterioration of the soil resource. Therefore, the endomycorrhizal meet these requirements, however it is necessary to know the diversity and conditions of association with the agricultural species of interest so that the management is effective. The objective was to characterize endomycorrhic populations present in coffee plants (C. arabica L.) Typica variety with and without signs of rust infection in Ixhuatlán del café, Veracruz. We identified 37 species that correspond to 14 genera of endomycorrhizal, being the most common Acaulospora and Rhizophagus, the latter being the most frequent in plants without signs of rust infection. A higher percentage of root colonization and spore density was also found in plants without signs of infection (7.70% and 661.68 spores / 100 g of soil, respectively) but the Shannon (H) diversity index and the Simpson (D) does not indicate that the endomycorrhizal populations found are diverse. These results show that the plants that interact in symbiosis with mycorrhiza are able to tolerate better the biotic and abiotic stress, besides the prevalence of certain endomycorrhizal genera in coffee plants with particular physiological characteristics gives a guideline to deepen the study of the established differential symbiosis between plants and microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo se centra en la deficiencia de fósforo en las plantas de fresas cultivadas en Pamplona, Colombia. Los temas discutidos incluyen la consideración de fósforo como macronutrientes, enzimáticos valor en fósforo, otras enfermedades en las plantas de fresa, propiedades organolépticas de fósforo y su severidad en las plantas.

Wilt is the most destructive disease of naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.), because cause important losses, including the dead of almost 80 % of the plantation. In this investigation was determinate the incidence of this disease in this plant by means of surreys realized in several commercial farms located at the Pastaza province in a period between October 2017 and January 2018. The results showed a media value of 17 % of the wilt disease, observing that the variety "naranjilla común" was the most susceptible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]