Search

Verticalization refers to a transformation process where high-rise buildings become the predominant typology of urban development, leading to changes in morphology and functional fabric. This article examines the urban growth model based on verticalization in the Metropolitan Area of Concepción, southern Chile’s most significant urban system. It aims to characterize the phenomenon of verticalization using the theory of density anatomies as a conceptual framework and to explain its localization logic from the perspectives of accessibility and urban planning. The methodology involves characterizing the anatomies of density and verticalization in the AMC. The results indicate that verticalization increased residential density, but population density decreased during the analyzed period. The discussion highlights three key findings: (1) Dispersed verticalization and density decrease; (2) Diverse anatomies of verticalization; and (3) Incidental and differentiating factors of verticalization: the silence and delayed action of urban planning. Territorial planning instruments have not played a predominant role in directing verticalization. Additionally, the relationship between verticalization and accessibility to transportation services is unclear, with variations in the location of high-rise residential buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work constitutes the second part of the one carried out in 2021, whose objective was the analysis of the main problems, derived from unplanned urban expansion, that increase the degrees of socio-environmental vulnerability in popular sectors. For this, a matrix was developed considering three dimensions: environmental, spatial-functional, and social. From this matrix, some popular neighborhoods in the city of La Plata were selected, which required more immediate interventions. Within this framework, the objective of this article is to analyze and evaluate the interventions and management instruments carried out in the selected cases, which contributed to promoting comprehensive territorial management. The methodology is based on making the initial analysis matrix more complex, incorporating actions that constitute an alternative to reduce the vulnerability situation of the popular neighborhoods of La Plata. The first results reflect that some of the aforementioned sectors studied have had initiatives to reduce the situation of vulnerability in which they find themselves. However, the general situation in relation to the intervention for improvements in the habitat of the popular sectors, is far from being a comprehensive territorial management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetlands are complex ecosystems featuring delicate ecological balances, with those located nearby urban areas undergoing the strongest pressure, as human intervention can be irreversible. The city of Coronel (Biobío region in Chile) is surrounded by wetlands covering 434,06 Ha of surface area, extending from the Calabozo sector to Boca Maule sector. Along these borders, official urban planning maps label those sectors as residential, likely growing towards covering more of these urban wetlands, despite their limits are not fully known. The goal of this work was to delineate and characterize these yet unidentified urban wetlands sectors. To do so, we applied methods recommended by the new Urban Wetlands Law (2020), using spatial data, GIS procedures, and fieldwork observations. The overlap between the mapped wetlands and the Urban planning map effectively revealed hitherto unrecorded wetland zones labelled as mixed residential uses. Thus, our results suggest that the current urban plan needs to be updated and adjusted to the guidelines of the new Urban Wetlands Law because that is the best way to ensure better environmental management and sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of DYNA - Ingeniería e Industria is the property of Publicaciones Dyna SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbano Regionales is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the article, a review of the concept of urban sustainability is made since it was coined until the present. The introduction mentions the four variables that make cities unsustainable: extraction and processing of natural materials; energy, materials and water required by the urban metabolism; externalities; and spatial occupation. Methodologically, a time window was established covering from 1987 to 2019, and to avoid biases, the search was conducted in nine languages. The results were: i) the review of 51 articles from 26 countries and five continents; ii) 50 factors that strengthen urban sustainability; iii) two matrices that allow us to assess the frequency and importance of these factors globally and for Latin America and the Caribbean; and iv) a concept of urban sustainability applicable to Latin America and the Caribbean is proposed. It is concluded that there are many factors that must include a public or urban policy that aims to strengthen urban sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Arquitectura (1657-0308) is the property of Universidad Catolica de Columbia, Facultad de Arquitectura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of HiSTOReLo: Revista de Historia Regional y Local is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Centro Editorial Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This urban history study reconstructs and explores the focused materialization of the actions of the Ministerio de la Vivienda y Urbanismo (MINVU) and the presence of the housing construction market that, between 1965-1976, participated in the scientific planning and urban metamorphosis of the satellite citie of Maipú. Thanks to the coordination of both actors, this periphery of the capital (Santiago de Chile) was transformed into a pole of urban development. This is analyzed using a mixed approach, from four computer moments (urban project, executors, construction work and inhabiting), and mainly, through the documents of the CORVI fund of the ARNAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eutopía: Revista de Desarrollo Económico Territorial is the property of Eutopia: Revista de Desarrollo Economico Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Quito's 2011 urban plan incorporated the zoning "Landslide Risk Zones", banning new buildings. This policy, with weak technical backing, had inaccuracies that impacted households' safety and their economies. After ten years of implementation and reforms, this policy still does not solve the problem. This analysis proposes lessons for the future and for similar contexts. This case study reviewed plans, urban regulations, and municipal studies on landslide risk since 1990. This input was triangulated with interviews with municipal officials and the analysis of land management data. To contrast this, layers of risk zones, the 2005-2017 period events, and areas highly susceptible to landslides were spatially overlaid. For ten years, 81% (644 hectares) of highly hazardous areas were not protected as risk zones, leaving risk generation unchecked. Conversely, 25% (218 hectares) of the risk zone area did not present high susceptibility to landslides, affecting landowners. Recently, the 2021 urban plan updated an affectation layer of 260 thousand hectares of the highest landslide-susceptible areas in Metropolitan Quito, where only 27% of the 2005-2017 events coincided with this highest landslide-susceptible areas. This latest plan opens the possibility of specifying preventive planning with planning instruments for smaller territory scales, and a master plan for risk management is expected. The 2011 zoning for landslide risk prevention, the objective of which was landslide risk reduction, had inaccuracies that left territories with high landslide-susceptibility unprotected, and affected the owners of risk-free properties. Although there were mid-term studies with better results, the policy was not updated until 2021. However, the new layer barely covers 27% of the damaged sites, and future plans of smaller city scales are scheduled to detail the risk zoning, while more events continue to occur, with extreme climatic variability becoming more frequent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this critical review we comment on two books that examine the conditions that promote community vitality in urban contexts: Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs, and The Great Good Place by Ray Oldenburg. Based on urban planning experiences, community life is more likely to flourish in small-block neighborhoods, with high population density and a mix of old and new buildings. In addition, those places that facilitate accidental meetings between neighbors normally act as catalysts for integration and a sense of belonging in the community. To illustrate it, with the case of a particularly active avenue in the city of Seville, we show the confluence of social factors and urban design in achieving high levels of community vitality. The case highlights the community value of small businesses and behavior settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ería is the property of Universidad de Oviedo, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The covid-19 pandemic deepened the crisis and structural inequalities that the Latin American region and Argentina in particular were going through. This article addresses its impact on the real estate market activity and on the dynamics of residential urban expansion in the La Plata district. The research methodology combines quantitative and qualitative techniques, based on an analysis of urban land prices and supply during the pandemic, semi-structured interviews with key informants and a survey of newspaper articles. The research shows the oscillations suffered by real estate activity, as well as an extraordinary decrease in land prices in dollars and an oversupply of real estate for sale. In the dynamics of urban expansion, there was an increase in the demand for land in the periphery and for larger housing units, together with an increase in land acquisition as the only alternative to access land in the face of the housing urgency, the lack of income caused by the crisis and the preventive measures of contagion. However, despite the decrease in prices and the oversupply of real estate, the possibilities of access to land continue to be reduced for broad social sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad & Divulgación Científica is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of REDER: Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos sobre Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres is the property of Corporacion Gestion de Riesgos y Desastres (GRID-Chile) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anales de Investigación en Arquitectura is the property of Universidad ORT Uruguay, Facultad de Arquitectura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Arquitectura (1657-0308) is the property of Universidad Catolica de Columbia, Facultad de Arquitectura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The accelerated demand for space for new urban and industrial developments has generated large uncontrolled agglomerations as anonymous or undifferentiated urban fabric, which as modern urban processes only know how to grow, but lack the "intelligence" to organize their development. In this way, being a Smart city entails a high economic cost, impossible in an economy, where the benefit of an investment is not discussed but the efficiency with which it is generated, to move the resources to another point. This research develops an analysis about the perception of Spanish and Mexican undergraduate and graduate students, regarding the characteristics of a Smart city, with the aim of providing references for new urban projects and generate changes in current cities, to turn them into more humans, sustainable and intelligent places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper knowledge of the spatial distribution of the different urban land uses is essential for their planning and management, and for that purpose, information sources with a high level of detail are required. In this context, the Cadastral Classifier (CC) plugin has been developed for QGIS. It analyzes the cadastral information to produce urban land use classifications with different level of detail. CC allows to perform three types of classifications, from a basic one with 6 uses and an intermediate one with 14, that include mixed uses, to an advanced one, with as many uses as the user defines. To validate its performance, the resulting classification of a municipality in the Madrid Region was analyzed to compare it with cadastral information and fieldwork. It is observed that there is a high degree of fidelity to reality, except for green areas, which require additional information sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of information, consultation, and communication in Romanian Local Public Administrations within the Online Sphere, where digital transition supplements traditional methods and introduces new opportunities and challenges. The focus is on public engagement in online communications, especially concerning public consultation invitations from local administrations. Data from Facebook posts by the municipalities of Constanta and Cluj-Napoca was analyzed using FanPageKarma and RStudio, providing insights into public participation. The research underscores the importance of online platforms in promoting transparency, citizen engagement, and collaborative decision-making in open governance. It reveals that despite the number of public consultation posts being relatively low, they affirm the commitment to participatory governance. Interestingly, posts not explicitly inviting public consultation saw higher engagement rates, suggesting the necessity of appealing content and audience understanding. The study also found that urban planning posts had lower engagement, indicating a potential need for simpler communication strategies for technical topics. The findings highlight that while digital platforms have been used effectively for citizen engagement, there is a need for continuous improvement and adaptation to maintain transparent and inclusive governance. The research adds to our understanding of the strategies employed in digital transitions and the importance of gauging public perception of online communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process described in this paper aims to improve the urban mobility analysis and planning, such as revealing levels of equity and inclusion of a part of the city and identifying deficiencies in the accessibility to urban facilities related to settings systems of land use and transport. Therefore, a Social Sustainability of Urban Mobility (ssum) approach and Open Source Geographical Information System are applied. The methodology sets two urban facilities' analyses of levels of services to different scales. First, using the Central Places theory, the Metropolitan San Salvador Area is the first scale to analyze. Secondly, it studied the accessibility condition to urban facilities in San Salvador Municipality (Capital city of El Salvador) from Optimal Location Models (olm). Those models allow spatial equity and efficiency indicators. Results are implementing the ssum approach, applying technics of multiscalar analysis, and setting a metropolitan organizational structure which categorizes municipalities by urban facilities' levels of services. In addition, the characterization of municipal accessibility with proxy indicators to vulnerable groups and identifying areas to take action to improve daily mobility have been developed. Finally, a discussion is opened to identify the following steps to improve this research and strength future planning processes in the scarcity context of the global south. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the cooperation between the Institute of Architecture and Urbanism Theory of the University of the Republic and the Municipality of Maldonado in Uruguay between 1975 and 1977. During this period, an urban plan was developed for Punta del Este amidst the military dictatorship and university intervention. The article examines the tensions between planning technocracy and local government due to the increase in real estate investments in the resort. The study highlights the crisis of Western urbanism in the 1970s from a Latin American and Rioplatense perspective. [Extracted from the article]

The first announcement of the start of construction works of the urban renewal project "Ciudad Paraíso" in Cali, Colombia was communicated to the public in the second half of 2011, a decade later, in 2021, construction has not yet begun on private land of the new buildings that will give an urban transformation to the center of the city. During these ten years, a series of benefits and difficulties have arisen around the implementation of Ciudad Paraíso, which are generally analyzed and explained in this article from the perspective of urbanism, thus promoting a critical and reflective vision of this type of projects that are spreading throughout the large cities of Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Vivienda y Urbanismo is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Psicologia em Estudo is the property of Universidade Estadual de Maringa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigium IRE: Ciencias Sociales y Humanas is the property of Editorial Institucion Universitaria Centros de Estudios Superiores Maria Goretti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista: Módulo Arquitectura CUC is the property of Corporacion Universidad de la Costa, CUC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigaciones Turisticas is the property of Investigaciones Turisticas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quaderns de Recerca en Urbanisme is the property of Grup d'Investigacio en Urbanisme and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)