Search

The article summarizes the book edited by Manuel-Reyes García Hurtado, which examines the conflicts and tensions in the port societies of the northern Iberian Peninsula during the 16th-19th centuries. The book includes fifteen contributions that address topics such as the adaptability of the elites in the Basque Country and Galicia, controversies in the port of Pasajes, the salt monopoly in Aveiro, conflicts in Galician brotherhoods, smuggling in Bilbao and Galicia, the work of pilot guides in the ports, and a project to build a naval arsenal in Santoña. The conflicts and resistances in Betanzos, A Coruña, and Pontevedra are also analyzed, as well as violence against women and the issue of abortion and infanticide on the Galician maritime facade. These studies offer a detailed view of the conflicts and social relationships in Galicia during that period. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the end of the 20th century, despite the crisis in the fishing sector in Spain, there has been a significant growth in fishing ports. This is partly due to the fact that the requalification of ports has been an objective of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) since the mid-1990s. The aim of the paper is to analyse the impact of this policy, as well as to observe the integration between port and city linked to social demand which makes it possible for fishing uses to coexist with other recreational, sporting or commercial uses. The case study focuses on the ports of Muros and Ribeira (Galicia), based on a combined quantitative and qualitative analysis, using statistical and cartographic sources (SIOSE programme and photointerpretation) and fieldwork. The results show a significant growth and diversification of port uses, at the same time as a reduction in the number and power of the fishing fleet (SGP, 2021). The authors highlight the absence of a master plan to guide investments at regional level, and, in general, of sectoral and urban planning instruments to harmonise these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Virtual Archaeology Review is the property of Virtual Archaeology Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The housing complexes built in the Chilean Great North during the 20th century constitute project and experiential experiences defined by a desert landscape. The study of housing complexes built under the protection of public, private, and mixed institutions, allows us to understand their role in the development and consolidation of the port cities of Arica, Iquique, Tocopilla and Antofagasta. Taking as a case study the housing complex Remodelación El Morro in the city of Iquique, built by the Housing Corporation (CORVI), this article seeks to determine how the urban-architectural characteristics of the housing complexes in these cities contributed to their progress, and in the development of a modernity in the aridity. Through planimetric analysis, the project strategy, and the historicalurban construction based on the bibliographic review, it is possible to begin to determine their role in the city and how they acquire new functions and dimensions until becoming significant examples of modern architecture and collective housing in the country’s far north. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Legado de Arquitectura y Diseño is the property of Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Documenta & Instrumenta is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of En la España Medieval is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Aura. Revista de Historia y Teoría del Arte is the property of Aura Revista de Historia y Teoria del Arte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A crisis of port and urban governance can be observed in the Bay of Pasaia (Gipuzkoa-Basque Country). This work aims to analyse the trajectory of the port-city relationship by observing the conflict between the different actors in the territory. In addition to the field work and the different contributions of the bibliography, the methodology is based on local press cuttings as a source of information. This type of research makes it possible to characterise these actors, their expectations and interaction processes, and to quantify the intensity of the disputes according to the different episodes in the sequence. The effectiveness of the Landlord Port model, conflict and actors in land management is discussed. The main conclusions of this study point out that all the actors involved in the conflict are legitimised to act, despite the fact that citizens are not in the decision-making spheres. Therefore, the analysis leads to the recognition that the main difficulty is observed in the inability of the actors involved to consider the city-port interface as a common good and not as a potential resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of On the W@terfront is the property of University of Barcelona, Centre de Recerca POLIS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El Grau de València is an old independent municipality annexed to València at the end of the 19th century following the dynamics of other peripheral nuclei of the cap-i-casal. That annexation meant a drastic change in its administrative history, but it also completed a process of urban development of the town and its relationship with the port that had begun in the mid-nineteenth century. New neighborhoods and new communication routes substantially altered the traditional landscape that surrounded El Grau, which had remained practically unaltered from the 16th century. The Turia river, the coastline and the horta, wetlands and ditches and related canals defined the landscape of El Grau for centuries. Thanks to the cartography and the existing views and engravings from the preindustrial period, we can reconstruct that landscape that the political and urban processes of the 19th century completely altered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sea is an element that decisively composes the geography of Valparaíso, determining ways of inhabiting the territory, the character of its inhabitants, modes of speech, production systems and social networks. It is a presence of an elementary type that integrates and generates what could be considered as the central imaginary of the culture of a port city. This article aims to offer a panoramic view of the influence and symbolic representation of the sea in Valparaiso´s literature, through a comparative analysis of two moments of its narrative production: 20th century and 21st century. It is proposed that the link between Valparaíso's literary production with the oceanic component configures an aesthetic whose evolution is It can explain from the relationship that the inhabitant establishes with its coastal edge. The presence of a maritime imaginary is then verified that in the fictional discourse experiences a process of location and displacement, which reflects the physical transformations and the political-social disputes that have occurred within the territory, identifying in its symbolic recreation a stage of urban imaginary with very defined attributes, which later leads to another with characteristics of an urban ghost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Atacameños is the property of Estudios Atacamenos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Terra: Revista de Desarrollo Local is the property of Terra: Revista de Desarrollo Local and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ería is the property of Universidad de Oviedo, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the fourth decade of the 19th century, Colonel Juan Yáñez, alias Relumbrón (the one who shines), then a close subordinate of a Mexican president, was tried and sentenced for various crimes. Then officer headed a group of bandits who robbed the properties of prominent and wealthy people, churches, convents and businesses in the capital of the country, as well as travelers on the roads, mainly the route from Mexico City to the port of Veracruz. This ringleader occupies a central role in one of Manuel Payno's memorable novels, Los Bandidos de Río Frío (The bandits of Río Frío). Typical of the writer's pen, the novel is an invaluable source for the social and cultural history of Mexicans. The purpose of this article is to unveil the historical profile of the colonel, through the reconstruction of his family environment and the excerpt of the judicial process to which he has subjected, to which the novelist did not have access. The infamous figure of Relumbrón could only be preserved through literature, otherwise he would have been submerged in the annals of crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manzanillo is a city of great relevance in Mexico, the port of the same name, the most important in the country, registers an economic dynamism derived mainly from its port activity of international scope and to a lesser extent from tourist, gas, mining, energy, and thermoelectric; which altogether has generated the arrival of people in search of work and originated a spatial growth that has culminated in an irregular reconfiguration, environmental and social problems. The research is based on Location Theories and the Economic Base. The purpose of the work is to measure the spatial transformations of the port city and the relationship with the demographic increase and economic activities. A mixed qualitative--quantitative methodology is applied to obtain cartographic inputs to fill the lack of these, which allow to objectively show spatial changes and have elements to explain the various logics expressed; expansive process analyzed by decades from 1980 to 2010 of each one, significant aspects are exposed. It is concluded that conflicts have originated fundamentally in the unbalanced spatial growth of the city, congestion in roads where the railway is the protagonist and pressure from the port to expand the enclosure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay proposes to reflect on the reading possibilities offered by historical sources based on the review of two communications regarding the repartimiento and their prohibition made by the Ordenanza decree of 1786. The first document studied is a report from the Intendente of Veracruz and, the second, is a request from the merchants of Cosamaloapan, both documents from 1790. As the background of this debate are the attempts of the commercial elite of the city and port of Veracruz to participate in the trade boom of cotton, for which it was required to have farmland that until moment was in the hands of large landowner families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we investigate the situations experienced by seafarers during the pandemic in the port city of Puerto Madryn. We worked on the conflict led by the United Maritime Workers Union (SOMU), during the months of June and July 2020, which paralyzed the fishing activity in Madryn for weeks, affecting other port cities in Argentina. We analyze the demands raised by the union and the workers, the position of the business chambers and the role assumed by the State. This process was developed during the COVID-19 pandemic, in the strictest quarantine phase. We propose to know: the forms assumed by the demands and struggles of the sailors, the particularities imposed by the context of pandemic and quarantine, and the negotiation or imposition processes that were generated. We work with journalistic sources in Chubut and key informants who carry out their tasks as sailors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia y Sociedad (01218417) is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nueva Revista del Pacífico is the property of Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Realidad Economica is the property of Realidad Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista AUS is the property of Revista AUS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro is the property of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Universum is the property of Instituto de Estudios Humanisticos Juan Ignacio Molina, Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The port city of San Carlos de Matanzas was founded in October 1693 with primarily, a military purpose. The construction of its main fortification, the Castillo de San Severino, took priority over the city and urbanization processes. Although the history of the foundation is satisfactorily understood, the pre-foundational processes are not. Based on new documental and archaeological evidence, we discuss and analyze the reconnaissance and transformation of the site planned for the city, and its fortification, between 1681 and 1695. Our findings reveal that the Castillo was not built were strictly ordered by the crown and the city did not follow all the urbanization laws and royal decrees, thus allowing for a deeper understanding of the local conditions before and after the foundation of the city, plus the social mechanisms that such endeavors required in colonial Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quaderns de Recerca en Urbanisme is the property of Grup d'Investigacio en Urbanisme and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SituArte is the property of Universidad del Zulia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Amauta 'Todo lo Humano es Nuestro' is the property of Universidad del Atlantico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of F@ro: Revista Teórica del Departamento de Ciencias de la Comunicación y de la Información is the property of Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of CLIO América is the property of Universidad del Magdalena and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Comechingonia: Revista de Arqueología is the property of Comechingonia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Trabajos y Comunicaciones is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent decades, many port cities have become actively involved in regaining their waterfronts. This article critically analyzes the contemporary study of coastal changes so that it might contribute to the debate on intervention policies of these spaces. It uses primarily qualitative methodology that draws on a critical - interpretive analysis of case studies. Findings show that those city-water front sites engaged in a public planning process that spans multiple levels of government will have better protected waterfronts Local communities and civic groups play a vital role in ensuring these transformations. Different interests, -- even when they are contradictory --, can be integrated into the planning process in order to safeguard local identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is a case study which aims to disseminate the educational, urban and geographical value of the territory which now houses the old "Storage Tax" of Valparaiso, to raise awareness in the national community and, specially, in universities and academic of geographical, environmental and historical sciences that social and economic development of the port city of Valparaiso is inextricably linked to its spatiotemporal evolution on seaboard of "Puerto" district and around the base of the current hills "Artillería" and "Playa Ancha". Also to make clear that the current buildings of Supply Center of Valparaiso -old General Stores of the nineteenth century- are a historical piece and an engineering work of post industrial revolution unique in its kind and logistical role, used for supplies and services within the Latin American Pacific west coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of the environmental diagnosis carried out in Puerto Cabello port, as a component of investigations that were conducted through the technical advisory of the advisory Bolivarian Ports S.A. of Venezuela. Studies are intended to explain the situation in the Port, related to the management of solid waste, for which are classified as inert, assimilable to common solid waste and hazardous, categorized these last ones, according to the Basilea Convention. Also are determined generation sites within the port area and are quantified by weight. The reports for the 6 areas that comprises the port, summed up a monthly generation 115.3 tons of solid waste with varied composition, consisting of organic, paper, cardboard, plastics, nylon, wood and metal, among other components. This resulting value is obtained from the apparent density, obtained through the solid waste contained in properly calibrated weighing containers, and knowledge of the volume generated at each facility. Furthermore are reported at the same time, the generation units and weight per year of major hazardous solid waste produced in the of repair and maintenance workshops. The existing facilities in Marine Garbage Collector PC, C.A., the unique institution existing in the country, that treat domestic waste generated in ships according to annex V of Marpol 73/78 Convention. Finally are proposed viable solutions with implementing periods for short, medium and long term, in order to minimize or eliminate the negative environmental impacts generated by an incorrect disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A retrospective sight into the different stages of the Port-Urban Interface in the City of Barranquilla (Colombia) provides a frame of analysis to the current situation in which the city has consolidate hat we in this article as "maritimidad fluvial"; however despite the fact of its former state as an important development engine, currently it is very far from being a potential for development. The question is identified through the fact that the port itself is actually seen as an engine for economical development. While «Maritimidad» is seen as the effective and efficient relation between a city and its port; and the port must get involved in all levels of development in the city. In the case of Barranquilla it does not seem to be clear although this is a special, industrial and port district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Havana is a city with a strong maritime condition that holds potentiality for tourism development. This economic sector has experienced significant growth in the last 20 years, and it is estimated that it will keep growing in the future. This paper aims to characterize the tourist activity in the country and in Havana specifically, the most outstanding aspects of the relationship maritime-tourism in this city. Bibliographical revision, the synthetic method and the primary observation in the fieldwork were used. As a result, it contributes to the knowledge of the existing relationship among most of the coastal Cuban settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, based on a study carried out by CETRA, suggested by the Direction of Science and Technique of the Ministry of Transport, has as its main objective, to elaborate a proposal for updating the loading system of bulk sugar, taking into account the more integral logistic scheme between suppliers and haulers for vessels over 40 000 DWT. In order to achieve that, it was realized an analysis of four export ports (Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Guayabal y Carúpano), of the location scheme of 56 sugar mills and their links with the port terminals to which they supply, the transportation volume, the throughput and the mean distance by road transport, so as the necessary investments of every elements which are involved in that logistic chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a process of socio-spatial transformation related to the implementation of a large scale project (Lins Ribeiro, 1999, 2006), from a communicational perspective that implies semiotic discursive analysis. We inquire into the relationship established between the mobilization of symbolic resources with power effects and the physical processes of transformation experienced by the relevant territory. Our goal is to examine the construction of meaning that the current redevelopment interventions in Posadas, Misiones, Argentina, imply; a construction of meaning which tends to legitimate a new status of centrality for the coast. This process is bound to a discursive formulation of the notion of development whereby ideological components configure or mold the representation of the coastal space and have in turn a bearing on the reticular expansion of these same ideological components into different spheres of social life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cities which are linked to the sea throughout the history, have developed supporting infrastructures for the international trade. From the XIX century, in Cuba, the cities located near the ports incorporated to their architectural repertoire deposit warehouses. Those of San Juan's river port, in the city of Matanzas, represent a very particular typology inside that industrial patrimony. Its layout like an urban setting and its marked neoclassical view make it an invaluable treasure for our national architecture. To show and reveal its history is the objective of this investigation and it will be the first step to carry out correctly the urgent rehabilitation that this city deserves . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Varia História is the property of Varia Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Escuela de Historia is the property of Revista Escuela de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Memorias is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)