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Copyright of Revista ADM is the property of Asociacion Dental Mexicana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The case report of an 18 years adolescent is presented, who had an accident in a motorcycle and she was referred to the Dental Medicine School of Torreón city, Coahuila State in Mexico, for the placement of dental implants. The orthodontic treatment included 2 phases: initial, with the installation of a removable, provisional and corrective partial denture, where an upper and lower fixed appliance was placed using the Roth technique. Malocclusion, tooth absence and bone loss were corrected with this treatment. A dental transmigration was achieved and after 22 months of evolution, the patient achieved a functional occlusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biprotrusion, defined as the protrusion of the incisors and labial prominence, requires a personalized clinical approach to address both oral functionality and facial aesthetics. Historically, treatment strategies have varied between extraction and non-extraction, highlighting the importance of accurate diagnosis to guide current therapeutic approaches. Therefore, the goal was to conduct a narrative review on the dental and skeletal characteristics of patients with biprotrusion. From a literature search, 352 articles were obtained from January 1, 2018, to February 29, 2024, with 8 selected based on selection criteria and availability. In conclusion, studies reveal discrepancies between Caucasian cephalometric norms and the dental and skeletal characteristics of Afro-Brazilian, Saudi, South African, and Indian populations, emphasizing the need to adapt orthodontic practices to ethnic diversity and to thoroughly review the aggravating characteristics of biprotrusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Avances en Odontoestomatologia is the property of Ediciones Avances SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río is the property of Editorial Ciencias Medicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Mini screws are devices used to optimize anchorage in orthodontics, and are fixed in the bone structure. Case of report: We present the case of a patient who came to the oral and maxillofacial surgery office due to the accidental introduction of a mini orthodontic screw into the maxillary sinus; a tomographic evaluation was requested, determining the thickening of the Schneider membrane and the presence of the foreign body inside it. The Caldwell-Luc surgical technique was performed and the mini screw was located and removed. Subsequent complications were pain on touch and paresthesia; a laser therapy with photobiomodulation was performed, and both pain and paresthesia were resolved. Conclusion: One year after surgery, the patient was asymptomatic and without paresthesia, the control tomography verified absence of Schneider's membrane thickening and permeable anatomical repairs of the left maxillary sinus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Salud Uninorte is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Antioquia is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Religación: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades is the property of Religacion: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Religación: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades is the property of Religacion: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Opuntia Brava is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Pedagogicas de Las Tunas, Centro de Documentacion e Informacion Pedagogica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Advances in technology and the application of lasers in some areas of dentistry have increased over time. The low power laser has become an effective method for the relief of discomfort in orthodontic treatments. The objective of this research is to determine the usefulness of the therapeutic laser as a tool in the management of pain in orthodontic treatments. A search for scientific articles that mainly covered this topic was carried out in the databases: Google Scholar, Elsevier and the digital journals, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tamé, the Angle Orthodontics in the period of January 2018 to March 2022. 1410 articles were found, of which 34 studies were chosen that included the use of laser in orthodontic treatments. Of the total selected, 13 were bibliographic review articles, 20 clinical trials and 1 case report. It was determined that the recommended wavelength for a favorable and relieving result to exist, in the areas of pain where the laser is applied, is 810 nm (nanometers) and that the laser sessions can be applied daily or intermittently. with a maximum irradiation of 10 seconds in each area of pain. A maximum of 20 sessions are indicated for the combination of laser orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Medicas de La Habana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article highlights the facets and substantial contributions of personalities that added with their efforts to the beginning of orthodontics teaching process and the training of new specialists. The main contributions to scientific, educational and investigative literature, either in the country or abroad are emphasized. Finally, it is sought to summarize the growing development of orthodontics in the 50 years of academic training in Santiago de Cuba, with new professionals able to conserve the principles and ethical values promoted by their predecessors, with evident scientifictechnical results and quality in professional performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Salud Uninorte is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Entramado is the property of Universidad Libre Seccional Cali and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Odontológica Colombiana is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of INSPILIP. Revista Ecuatoriana de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovacion en Salud Pública is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigacion en Salud Publica (INSPI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Avances en Odontoestomatologia is the property of Ediciones Avances SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. Mini implants are devices that resemble a simple screw; made of titanium, stainless steel, or a combination of both. They are considered devices that generate maximum anchorage, which causes multiple benefits for orthodontic treatment. Objective. To compare the palatal bone thickness in men and women for the placement of mini-implants in the palate. Methodology. The universe of study was 1159 orthodontic pre-treatment cone beam tomographies of patients who attended the Orthodontics postgraduate course at the Autonomous University of Nayarit. A VATECH PAX-i3D tomograph was used. 90 scans of each gender were randomly selected. Results. Each of the values obtained in women were compared with those in men using a student's t test, finding that there are significant statistical differences in 24 of the 36 measurements used. In most of the values found, the thickness of the palate was greater in men. Conclusions. The palatal thickness in the male gender was greater than in the female gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencias de la Salud is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista ADM is the property of Asociacion Dental Mexicana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Odontología Vital is the property of Universidad Latina de Costa Rica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Neutrosophic Computing & Machine Learning is the property of Multimedia Larga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Investigación en Salud VIVE is the property of Revista de Investigacion en Salud VIVE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The fundamental esthetic objective in the orthodontics services is to get a balanced smile, because it has an important function in the appearance and facial expression. Objective: To make a guide of esthetics evaluation of the smile starting from the diagnosis of inadequacies in the clinical parameters and from perspectives of the satisfaction of patients and orthodontics professionals. Methods: An investigation of technological development, with mixed approach, was carried out in Victoria Teaching Stomatologic Clinic of Santa Clara in Villa Clara province, from 2017 to 2019, in a non probabilistic intentional sample that was conformed by the patients and orthodontists that fulfilled the established inclusion approaches to such an effect. Results: The specialists expressed an opinion on the existent parameters to evaluate the smile and revealed dissatisfaction with the evaluation that they carried out; also, they considered that this valuation is necessary for the diagnosis and planning of the treatment. Equally, the esthetic perception of the patients was determined. All this information allowed to carry out the design of the guide, which was valued by expert professors in the topic who agreed with the nine proposed parameters, so that it was accepted for its later clinical application. Conclusions: The guide elaborated to evaluate the esthetics of the smile contains clinical parameters that satisfy the necessities of patients and orthodontics professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología is the property of Fundacion Salud, Ciencia y Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Medicas de La Habana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Avances en Odontoestomatologia is the property of Ediciones Avances SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Asociación Odontológica Argentina is the property of Asociacion Odontologica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: to quantify the correlation between the orthodontic and medical diagnostic criteria in patients with Class II skeletal síndrome characterized typically by a retrognathic or convex profile due to a mandibular retrognathism or maxillar prognathism; attend to is commonly difficultto diagnose. Materials and methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carrie dout in patients with Class II skeletal síndrome from the Teaching Provincial Dental Clinic "Mártires de Moncada" of Santiago de Cuba from January, 2018 to January, 2020. They were studied by Orthodontics and different selected medical specialties, 18 patients from 8 to 18 years of age were diagnosed clinically and cephalometrically with Class II skeletalsyndrome. Results: the level of agreement between orthodontics and the medical specialties was por with Ophthalmology, considerable and aceptable with Orthopedics, moderated with Gastroenterologyc, aceptable with Otorhinolaryngology and with Allergology (Kappa's values from 0,00 until 0,73, results statistically significant). Conclusions: It is evident the marked coincidence between orthodontic and orthopedic diagnosis, different from therest of the medical specialities; probably associated to the non-standarized clinical evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The need for orthodontic treatment modalities that provide maximum anchorage control, but with minimal patient compliance requirements has led to the development of implant-assisted orthodontics, introducing the use of mini-screws. Objectives: The main objective was to analyze the success rate of miniscrews placed in the maxilla with respect to those placed in the mandible. As secondary objectives, the analysis of the success rate based on different variables studied has been proposed. Material and methods: 24 patients of both sexes and varied ages were studied, in which a total of 45 mini-screws were placed in different locations and with different characteristics, placed by students of the University Master of Orthodontics of the UAX following the protocol reviewed in the literature. Their success rate at 6 months was studied evaluated using the Chi Square test. Results: The general success rate of the miniscrews was 71.1% at the 6th month of follow-up, with a percentage of 69.2% in those placed in the upper arch and 83.3% in the lower arch. however, this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: No significant differences were found in the success rate of the miniscrews according to the location, or in terms of diameter and length and the sex of the patients. On the contrary, age showed significant differences, finding a higher success rate in those placed in patients younger than or equal to 20 years and older than 40. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the moment, the present forms of the teaching-learning process in orthodontics have been affected by the world epidemiological situation. To such effects we propose an alternative for the adaptation of this process from a virtual environment, is proposed. The first year of the specialty was selected, because it is more complex as for this modality. In this proposal the forms of organization of the teaching, abilities and evaluation that can be carried out in the virtual classroom are shown. Also, some alternatives are offered for filling in the abilities card. This proposal includes the performance of most of the essential aspects to reach for this level, which could guarantee the continuity of the professional training able to solve health problems in an independent and creating way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Odontológica Colombiana is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Odontológica Colombiana is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of CES Odontología is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of CES Odontología is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To compare the perception of the occlusal plan canting in a frontal smile picture, among patients treated with metallic braces, aesthetic braces, and transparent aligners. Methods: A survey was performed with five randomly distributed photographs of a female smiling and presenting a canting of the occlusal plane of 0-degree, 2-degrees, 4-degrees to the left and the right. Photographs were scored by all the participants (50 adult patients: 36 females and 14 males mean age 33,9 ± 13,2 years old), distributed into three groups: patients treated with metaliics braces (30 patients), patients treated with transparent aligners (10 patients), patients treated with aesthetic braces (30 patients). Data were analysed with ANOVA. Results: Patients tend to score lower deviations of 4-degrees. There is no difference in score between 0 a 2-degrees cant (p > 0,05). The photograph with the worst score is 4-degrees right cant (p < 0,01), followed by the 4-degree left (p < 0,05). No statistical evidence to suggest that patients with aesthetic braces or transparent aligners have a worse perception of smile (p > 0,05). Gender was not influencing in the perception of occlusal plan canting (p > 0,05). Conclusion: Occlusal canting of less than 4-degrees angle are not perceived unaesthetically by patients regardless of their treatment. Gender did not seem to have a role in this perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For years, the relationship between the effects of cross bite treatment with conventional rapid palatal expansion (RPE) on the maxilla and adjacent craniofacial structures, as well as on palatine suture, has been studied. Due to the controversy over the effects of conventional rapid palatal expansion and the age at which they are effective due to the closure of the middle palatine suture, RPE anchored to mini screws have been proposed as a treatment alternative. It is not proven whether due to its mainly skeletal anchorage, the same effects are observed at the dentary and skeletal level as with conventional RPE whose anchorage is dental. The objective of this study is to know the effects that the MARPE technique produces on the craniofacial structures and the circummaxillary sutures. According to the PRISMA guidelines, a search was carried out in the electronic databases: Pubmed, Scopus, Virtual Health Library and Cochrane Library. 17 articles were analyzed: 6 prospective, 10 retrospective, and one systematic review. MARPE produces almost parallel medial palatal suture separation with stable separation of the pterygoid processes, zygomatic-maxillary and naso-maxillary sutures. MARPE achieves transverse maxillary to dentoalveolar and skeletal expansion in adolescents and young adults, minimizing the undesirable effects of rapid palatal expansion as gingival recessions or fenestrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río is the property of Editorial Ciencias Medicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dental implants are an option of cosmetic, functional and harmonic repairs whose rate of success is higher than 95 %. The case report of a 24 years patient is presented. She was assisted in the Orthodontics Service of Mártires del Moncada Teaching Provincial Stomatological Clinic in Santiago de Cuba and was referred from the Stomatological Prosthesis Service, with the purpose of achieving the appropriate space to place an implant, because she had lost a tooth due to dental decay since she was approximately 12 years. The prosthetic repair by means of dental implant provided an excellent result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CES Odontología is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Face masks are an effective shield against the spread of coronavirus. Although some controversy and politicization persist, experts have proven their value for both the wearer and the community, thereby discrediting detractors. Like all healthcare professionals, we dentists must vigorously defend face mask use in accordance with the guidelines of health authorities. However, the widespread and long-standing use of face masks has some undesirable psychological effects that are also noticeable in orthodontics: 1) By concealing a person's face, masks hide malocclusions and dentofacial deformities and can make patients less motivated to seek orthodontic treatment. 2) Face masks also hide esthetic improvement produced by treatment, which can mitigate its psychotherapeutic effects. 3) Masked faces are a reminder of the widespread risk of contagion, which may discourage potential patients from scheduling appointments with any dentist. In COVID-19 times, orthodontists must be able to enhance patients' motivation and highlight the biopsychosocial benefits of treating malocclusions or dentofacial deformities. They must further allay patients' fear of contagion and make the case that masking poses an opportunity for orthodontic treatment during a time when the appliances will go unnoticed under the face mask. Once the pandemic is over, the restored smiles of orthodontic patients will help soften its emotional aftermath in our post-COVID 19 society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Asociación Odontológica Argentina is the property of Asociacion Odontologica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista ADM is the property of Asociacion Dental Mexicana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Nacional de Odontología is the property of Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)