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The following article analyzes the situation of the province of Esmeraldas, located in the northeast of Ecuador and populated by afro-descendants and indigenous Chachi people. This province is one of the most affected by the high frequency and intensity of floods that cause innumerable material, economic and human loses. The objective of this research is to acknowledge the situation of the mentioned populations, identify their practices and representations, analyze how conditions of vulnerability related to the risks caused by floods are generated, and pinpoint the guides governmental institutions have used to develop their prevention and adaptation policies about this type of disasters. This study uses a qualitative methodology that is exploratory and descriptive in order to provide an account of the issue, showing that these populations recognize the level of vulnerability and risk in the area, but maintain their way of life because their actions respond to their own socio-cultural and economic constructions. In this sense, the conclusion of this study indicates that the preventative state measures, with relocation projects of the populations, are skewed, segmented, and authoritarian. The lack of communication, respect, and understanding for the forms of interaction of the community can be pinpointed as the reason for the failure of these initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a review of the pollution of water, air and the effect of climate change on the health of the Peruvian population. A major air pollutant is particulate matter less than 2.5 u (PM 2.5). In Lima, 2,300 premature deaths annually are attributable to this pollutant. Another problem is household air pollution by using stoves burning biomass fuels, where excessive indoor exposure to PM 2.5 inside the household is responsible for approximately 3,000 annual premature deaths among adults, with another unknown number of deaths among children due to respiratory infections. Water pollution is caused by sewage discharges into rivers, minerals (arsenic) from various sources, and failure of water treatment plants. In Peru, climate change may impact the frequency and severity of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which has been associated with an increase in cases of diseases such as cholera, malaria and dengue. Climate change increases the temperature and can extend the areas affected by vector-borne diseases, have impact on the availability of water and contamination of the air. In conclusion, Peru is going through a transition of environmental risk factors, where traditional and modern risks coexist and infectious and chronic problems remain, some of which are associated with problems of pollution of water and air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]