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Medial tibial stress syndrome is one of the most common causes of pain induced by exercise in the lower extremities among practitioners of physical activities and sports. It is a semiotic event produced by repetitive injury of mechanical stress on the medial aspect of the tibia, frequent among the diseases that affect runners and military training; not usually serious, but if not treated properly it can evolve to disabling injuries such as the stress fracture of the tibia. There are risk factors that contribute to the development of the pathology among which include the type of activity, inadequate training techniques, soil conditions, and the type of footwear used, also abnormal pronation of the subtalar joint, the female sex, a high body mass index, and decreased bone mineral density. The diagnosis is usually established through history and physical examination due to X-rays not providing useful information, they only help to establish the differential diagnosis with stress fractures of the tibia and more expensive radiological exams are not justified. The recovery time for those affected by this disease is quite prolonged, and there is the tendency to quit the therapy, preventing the achievement of the proposed therapeutic objectives, the gold standard treatment is physical therapy, however there are other therapeutic modalities with great prospects for the treatment of this nosologic entity, in which Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy excels, and although there are scientific studies in this subject, there are not enough. Both the pathophysiology, and the prevention and treatment are still unclear. Due to the above, a review of the state of the art of the fundamental aspects of this pathology is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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