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This paper focuses on the work that Louise Rosenblatt and her followers in the United States have done to improve the teaching and learning of literature at all educational levels. Although these researchers have focused almost exclusively on the use of literature in the native language, the paper uses transactional theory as a basis for teaching and research in the field of English as a Second Language. After summarizing the most important concepts from Rosenblatt's work, the paper describes some of the research done by the Center on English Learning and Achievement (CELA) and the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE), as the research provides practical advice for using the transactional approach to literature in the classroom, whether it be in the native language or a second language. Contains 31 references. (LH)

This discussion briefly surveys the development of the immersion method of second language teaching, outlining the central program strategies and characteristics using Curtain's and Pesola's descriptions. An overview of recent research focuses on error correction and feedback studies as an example of pedagogical-methodological evolution in this approach. (CNP)

The pragmatic expressions of Argentine Spanish (e.g., "bueno, viste, no? mira") are defined as deictic signals. They are deictic because they indicate elements of the communicative situation: transitions between text segments, conversational roles, or the social relationship between participants. They also signal contextual suppositions and help the hearer derive specific inferences. The basic simultaneous localizing and signalling functions on discursive and interactional planes are illustrated with "che." This expression is shown to act at three planes of text organization: the ideational (e.g., marking a topic change), sequential structure, and speech act planes. In turn-initial position, it is used to get the turn at talk and to define the hearer as addressee. It is normally a mark of intimacy or solidarity, but can evoke familiarity simply to reinforce an authoritarian tone when there is a marked asymmetrical relationship between participants. "Che" is also applied to indicate a change of time frame: specifically, a return to an activity that has been temporarily interrupted. Contains 19 references. (Author)

This document is one of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken by the Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Guarijio, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken in Arechuyvo, Chihuahua. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. To gather data, questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of the language were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. Contains four references. (CK)

This document is one of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken by the Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Acatec, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken along Mexico's southern border. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. To gather data, questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of the language were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. Contains three references. (CK)

This study investigates the application of Krashen's Input Hypothesis, studying the relationship between exposure to the target language and language acquisition within the context of the English-as-a-foreign-language secondary classroom in Spain. The project studied the effect of additional reading instruction with emphasis on reading for pleasure. Series of graded readers were made available to students in the experimental group who were asked to turn in short reports on which they received teacher feedback. An average of 15 hours of after school reading was completed by students in the experimental group. Student achievement was evaluated via the short form of the English Language Skills Assessment (ELSA), a multiple-choice cloze test, a dictation test, the Spew test (vocabulary), and a self-assessment measure. The difference between control and experimental groups was not significant. The following possible explanations are provided: reading does not correlate with greater achievement in a second language; the treatment provides either inadequate or insufficient input to support Krashen's hypothesis; the length of the study was insufficient to show significant results; the measurement tools used were inadequate to capture differences. (SR)

This document is one of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken by the Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Totonac, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken in Papantla, Veracruz. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. To gather data, questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of the language were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. (CK)

This document is one of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken by the Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Tlapanec, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken in Malinaltepec, in the state of Guerrero. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. To gather data, questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of the language were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. Contains two references. (CK)

This document is one of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken by the Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Mayo, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken in Los Capomos, in the state of Sinaloa. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. To gather data, questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of the language were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. (CK)

This document is one of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken by the Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Otomi, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken in San Andres Cuexcontitlan, in the state of Mexico. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. To gather data, questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of the language were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. (CK)

This document is one of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken by the Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Huave, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken in San Mateo del Mar, in the state of Oaxaca. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. To gather data, questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of the language were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. (CK)

This document is one of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken by the Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Nahuatl, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken in Acaxochitlan, in the state of Hidalgo. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. To gather data, questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of the language were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. (CK)

This document is one of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken by the Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Chocho, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken in Santa Catarina Ocotlan, in the state of Oaxaca. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. To gather data, questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of the language were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. (CK)

This document is one of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken by the Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Chontal, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken in the mountains of Oaxaca. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. To gather data, questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of the language were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. (CK)

This document is one of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken by the Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Chinantec, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken in San Juan Lealao, in the state of Oaxaca. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. To gather data, questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of the language were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. (CK)

This document is one of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken by the Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Mixe, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken in Tlahuitoltepec, in the state of Oaxaca. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. To gather data, questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of the language were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. (CK)

This document is one of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken by the Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Zoque, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken in Chimalapa, in the state of Oaxaca. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. To gather data, questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of the language were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. (CK)

This document is one of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken by the Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Mazatec, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken in Chiquihuitlan, in the state of Oaxaca. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. To gather data, questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of the language were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. (CK)

This document is one of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Mixtec, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken in Santa Maria Penoles in the state of Oaxaca. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. Questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, the vocabulary, grammar and syntactic material were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. (CK)

This document is one of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken by the Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Trique, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken in San Juan Copala, in the state of Oaxaca. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. To gather data, questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of the language were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. (CK)

This document is the first of 17 volumes on indigenous Mexican languages and is the result of a project undertaken by the Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. This volume contains information on Zapotec, an indigenous language of Mexico spoken in the Isthmus region of Juchitan, Oaxaca. The objective of collecting such a representative sampling of the linguistic richness of the region was to store it for typological and historic comparisons. To gather data, questionnaires designed to elicit responses that would reveal the linguistics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of the language were administered to the indigenous people of the area. This work is the first systematic attempt to create source material of such magnitude. Basic information has been collected that is directly useful and will serve as a departure point for detailed study. Each volume deals with the phonology, morphophonemics, grammar, and vocabulary of the language. Literature is included with Spanish translations, as is actual dialogue. Numerous sentences are analyzed. (CK)

Notes that the employment of databases to the study of the history of a language is a method that allows for substantial improvement in investigative quality. Illustrates this with the example of the application of this method to two studies of the history of Spanish developed in the Language and Information Seminary of the Independent University of Barcelona. (35 references) (Author/CK)