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European integration questions the relationship between nation and state. It undermines the traditional sovereignty and weakens the need for statehood. Minority nationalist movements have in many cases adopted the European theme, adjusting their ideology and strategy accordingly. Some have used "new regionalist" themes to construct new systems of action below and beyond the state. Europe provides opportunities for territorial movements and grants some minority protections. There are differences between Western Europe and Central and Eastern Europe because of the evolution of state structures. The prospective European constitution risks formalizing the European Union as a two-level game of states and the Union, with little room for regional and minority claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of Western medicine since World War II has resulted in the emergence of new practices based on the direct interaction of biology and medicine. The post-war realignment of biology and medicine has been accompanied by the emergence of a new type of objectivity, regulatory objectivity, which is based on the systematic recourse to the collective production of evidence. Unlike the objectivity forms that emerged in earlier eras, regulatory objectivity consistently results in the production of conventions, sometimes tacit and unintentional but most often arrived to, by means of concerted programs of action. The conventions produced by regulatory objectivity create the conditions for a clinical objectivity that relies on the existence of entities and protocols produced and maintained far outside the intimate encounter between doctor and patient. By establishing endogenous forms of regulation, regulatory objectivity operates on a different level and in a different mode from those suggested by analysts who treat all regulation as a form of rationalization imposed upon medicine from the outside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of Western medicine since World War II has resulted in the emergence of new practices based on the direct interaction of biology and medicine. The post-war realignment of biology and medicine has been accompanied by the emergence of a new type of objectivity, regulatory objectivity, which is based on the systematic recourse to the collective production of evidence. Unlike the objectivity forms that emerged in earlier eras, regulatory objectivity consistently results in the production of conventions, some times tacit and unintentional but most often arrived to, by means of concerted programs of action. The conventions produced by regulatory objectivity create the conditions for a clinical objectivity that relies on the existence of entities and protocols produced and maintained far outside the intimate encounter between doctor and patient. By establishing endogenous forms of regulation, regulatory objectivity operates on a different level and in a different mode from those suggested by analysts who treat all regulation as a form of rationalization imposed upon medicine from the outside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to identify the technology components used in livestock systems with Tropical Dairy Creole (CLT) Reyna and socioeconomic characteristics of farmers who use this race. The study was conducted in the provinces of Cartago and Guanacaste, Costa Rica in May-July 2011. We interviewed managers of dairy modules at Experiment Station Alfredo Volio Mata (EEAVM) at the University of Costa Rica and the Tropical Agricultural Research and Education (CATIE) plus five independent producers. Variables analyzed were social, technological and commercial awareness as well as the use of this breed. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and cluster analysis using SAS version 8.0. There were four groups called G1: Guanacaste producers, G2: EEAVM, G3: Cartago producer and G4: CATIE. The surface for these groups was 60±31.6, 24, 57 and 46 hectares with a united animal per hectare (AU ha-1) 0.6±0.1, 2.6, 0.7 and 4.1, respectively. Race Reyna is mainly used to establish Bos taurus and/or Bos indicus crosses in order to obtain adaptability and resistance to the environment. However, its use and management has been undermined by institutional policies, both legal and productive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]