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El articulo discute sobre las importantes implicaciones económicas y arquitectónicas de albergar importantes eventos deportivos como los Juegos Olímpicos y la Copa del Mundo. Tambien se destaca sobre los desafíos de gestionar los costos y reutilizar la infraestructura después del evento, La importancia de los modelos de gestión sostenible y la tendencia hacia la utilización de la infraestructura.

The urban expansion on Mapuche communities in Araucanía is contested by the Ignacia Ñeicurrai Indigenous Community in the commune of Padre Las Casas. The Community has been under pressure for a series of real estate and infrastructure projects; however, it manages to sustain the space they inhabit and that makes up their Lof, human and more-thanhuman family relationships. This process highlights the need to think about urban development beyond its modern project and open paths towards ways of thinking about the urban from other ways of dwelling and that allow coexistence between them. Based on documentary information and collaborative work with people from the Community, the text proposes to understand this type of conflict as one of coexistence, providing elements that, besides to identify the continuity in the processes of territorial dispossession, contribute to imagining other urban futures, questioning the colonial categories that sustain urbanism and current planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work reflects on the transformations, continuities, and ruptures that the intervention of the Argentinean State has undergone in infrastructure sectors. The provision and operation of railway, water and sanitation services, and the production of hydrocarbons through state-owned enterprises were justified based on various aspects. These aspects include public health concerns, the need for critical infrastructure construction, and lack of private investment, the necessity to control the production of strategic goods, control of monopolies, income redistribution, and stimulation of industrialization, among others. Building upon this contextualization, the work reflects on a set of contributions made by state-owned enterprises to the economic and social development of the country. This qualitative study systematizes a broad range of documentary sources, including specialized documents from companies and public organizations, regulations, and statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 20th century, there is a gradual emergence of the tourism phenomenon in Peru. The equation that enables this involves state intervention, as well as various actors and factors, including mindsets. From this multifactorial perspective, the primary objective of this research is to approach the understanding of the beginnings of tourism in Piura. The chronological delineation of the period under consideration corresponds to the publication of two traveler's guides that serve as conveyors of imaginaries about the Piura department, allowing us to contrast their continuities, changes, and permanence to the present. The first one corresponds to the «Guías Departamentales del Touring Club Peruano» (1928), and the second one, to the «Guía del Peregrino: Piura en 1960» (1960). This is a qualitative historical investigation involving the study of primary and secondary sources. The results indicate that the improvement of communication infrastructure and state support play a role in awakening the idea of tourism in the region. Both public and private actors converge in its development, and travelers' attention to socio-cultural aspects results in the construction of an image of Piura, translating into a tourism offer for a destination with intangible heritage richness, which is also associated with sun and beach tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes how the processes of construction of the railroad and the Canal in Panama from the mid-nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth, generated migratory dynamics from the Caribbean and other origins, with a historiographical perspective, and also using hemerographic and primary sources, that have been little studied. This study finds that there is a dominant vector of Jamaican migration to Panama, although its magnitude is not easy to quantify. From what can be deduced, this migrant population dedicated itself to construction as skilled and unskilled workers, but also settled definitively on the Isthmus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this research study is to perform a comparative analysis of the growth and coverage of the urban public transport system in the city of Manizales (Colombia) between the years 2010, 2015, and 2021. Geostatistical models are applied as a methodological basis, complemented with coverage and supply change analyses. The results show an increase in travel time between 2010 and 2015, suggesting stagnation in the expansion of the transportation system. There is a significant leap in public transport coverage between 2015 and 2021, which may be explained by transport infrastructure improvements in the city. It is concluded that the dynamics of coverage and access offered by an urban public transport system may be affected by the dynamics of urban growth if substantial and relevant interventions are not made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Argentina, the deployment of unconventional hydrocarbon activity in the 21st century has transformed the Northern Patagonian territories. The State promotes the exploitation of resources through legislation, agreements and production incentives, and companies invest in the development of the Vaca Muerta sedimentary formation in the Neuquina basin. The infrastructure projects needed to mobilize the growing resources and flows are multiplying. The changes in the hydrocarbon networks are creating economic dynamism and socio-spatial transformations. Co-construction in the Northern Patagonian territories becomes a resource through which the actors create synergies between their projects or resolve emerging conflicts. The objective is to understand the changes in the networks and territories in Northern Patagonia, associated with unconventional hydrocarbon activity. At local and regional scales, multiple social, political, and economic challenges arise; at national level, the development of unconventional hydrocarbon resources, mainly shale gas, would contribute to meet energy demands and support a sector and a transition in which Argentina has been a pioneer. The production of unconventional energy and the associated territorial transformations were analyzed based on field work, interviews, bibliographic analysis, and statistical information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Segura River Basin is located in the South-east of Spain and is affected by a situation of structural deficit, due to a very low rainfall (the lowest on the continent). Given the climate change scenarios, this deficit could worsen over the coming years. This situation of scarcity has required the combination of resources from various sources, which can be classified as natural and non-conventional. This action constitutes an attempt to satisfactorily meet demands, mainly the most important due to their volume, such as irrigation and supply. The main objective of this study is the detailed analysis of the deficit based on the information collected in hydrological planning, identifying those areas where it is concentrated, which largely coincide with the irrigation areas of the Tajo-Segura Transfer. As a secondary objective, alternatives are proposed that allow the mobilization of new resources that are able to increase the current supply, specifically, those from desalination. For this, the execution of new infrastructure projects will be necessary, which is already contemplated in the current planning, but which may add new conditions, essentially economic, motivated by the extra costs on the already high price of desalinated water and which would question the economic viability of the dependent agri-food sector of this essential input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, the planning, the financing and the construction of transport and communication infrastructures have been competencies reserved for the nation-state. However, European integration process has also influenced this matter with progress in policies and regulations at the EU scale. The 2011 reform of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), its legal development in two regulations (2013) and the financing mechanism Connecting Europe Facility (CEF, 2014) are new milestones that challenge state sovereignty when planning, building, financing, and managing large infrastructures. In this article, after reviewing the general process that began decades ago and debating its interpretation, we focus on the change marked by the 2013 regulations and, above all, on the December 2021 revision proposal for the TEN-T network, which involves a clear advance in the Europeanization of large infrastructures. In this line, we will also show the important role of European financing associated with the Resilience and Recovery Funds (RRF) against the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020), which is added to the ordinary budgets of the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to analyse the evolution of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) on the Malaga-Seville territorial axis, as well as on public transport policies and on the aspect of territorial cohesion, in particular as regards the rail network. The qualitative methodology used in the article is based on systematic and documentary literature review. The results of the work show that the TEN-T play a decisive role in the objective of territorial cohesion in Andalusia, although there is still insufficient development of these networks and a certain political incapacity persists. It is concluded that the TEN-T have been particularly important for the railway infrastructure of Andalusia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The situation of violence in Mexico shows an alarming trend as the number of committed crimes increased by 10.9% in 2021 compared to 2020. In fact, 75.6% of the Mexican population perceives the insecurity. Due to the above, it is necessary to strengthen public security to combat this trend. However, the resources allocated to the public security in Mexico are limited. Although there are studies that investigate what causes the violence in Mexico, so far there is no study that measures the efficiency of combating the violence related to budgetary, human, and material resources of the public security. This article investigates the efficiency of combating the property violence in 206 municipalities in the Northwest region of Mexico through the Data Envelopment Analysis. The results show a low efficiency (56.67%) with significant differences between the states in the region. Baja California is the state with the lowest efficiency (17.61%), whereas the highest efficiency is found in Durango (67.25%). For the last, the need to carefully plan changes in the police force and the public security infrastructure was noted to improve the efficiency and the level of security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study aims to calculate the territorial accessibility of tourist accommodation in the Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape (CCL). The calculation is based on the premise that touristic potential is directly related to services availability, equipment, and accessibility conditions. Accessibility models based on geostatistical calculations are applied to determine population coverage by assessing the relationship between the location of lodging services and available transport infrastructure through the analysis of average travel time curves. The results show that the Colombian states of Caldas and Risaralda, both located within the CCL, have the best accessibility conditions for hotel facilities. However, economic policies in these states are focused on strengthening commerce and industry, undermining the need of strengthening their touristic sector, including their quantity and quality of tourist accommodations. It is concluded that the main challenge that CCL faces is to improve the operability and infrastructure of transportation, especially in the state of Quindio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the concept of urban mobility and the socio-territorial inequalities associated with it. Based on a case study of the Metropolitan System of Tucumán, daily mobility in contexts of vulnerability is analyzed from a theoretical-methodological approach, using quantitative-qualitative techniques and instruments. Opportunity structures (public transportation and care infrastructure); household assets (social plans, vehicles, and driver's licenses); and mobility practices (trip generation rate and travel modes) are characterized. The data from the Origin and Destination Survey for Tucumán (2012) are used as quantitative inputs and interviews are conducted in a neighborhood representative of high vulnerability in the city, as a source for qualitative analysis. This approach enables an intersectional analysis, insofar as it facilitates an analysis disaggregated by socioeconomic levels and gender. From the analysis of mobility in relation to productive and reproductive spheres, reflections emerge regarding the concept "care mobility". Finally, after applying an intersectional perspective, the results show differential patterns according to gender and a high vulnerability in women's mobility. This text is a contribution to the inclusion of a gender perspective in the public policy agenda related to mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the relationships between mobility, care, and gender through the concept of "landscapes of care". To this end, the theoretical contributions of feminist geographies of care and the theoretical tradition of the social construction of the landscape are taken up. The objective of the article is to understand the spatial-temporal dimensions that make up such landscapes and their impact on women's urban lives. The methodological strategy is mixed, as it puts in dialogue qualitative and quantitative research techniques, a mobility survey, and mobile ethnographies with women in their daily movements. The study context was three Modal Transfer Centers in Mexico City. The main conclusions show how caregiving practices can be present in the daily journeys of women living in the Mexican capital and that transportation territories and infrastructures can be understood as spaces for caregiving that shape the experiences of caregiving on the move. In this sense, investigating landscapes of care entails making visible realities that otherwise go unnoticed, as these landscapes are present in daily journeys -principally of women-through the city, though other inhabitants may not be aware of them or observe them directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of public constructions started in the second half of the 19th century generated important economic, political, and cultural transformations in Peruvian society. Among them, it created a professional class composed of experts in the planning, execution and administration of infrastructure projects and exploitation of natural resources. This article analyzes the professionalization of engineering in Peru as part of a broader process that begins with the State’s search, with the collaboration of some sectors of civil society, to modernize production structures and form a capable leading class to lead the national modernization projects. The agency capacity of this professional sector is also considered to develop its own professionalization strategies aimed at legitimizing its discourse and its professional practice beyond the state sector. Finally, it examines how both processes previously described influenced the formation of a social concern in the engineering union, which led to the generation of technical proposals for modernization of a nationalist and pro-industrial nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the role of the auditor in the contracts done in Valle del Cauca, in a period after the issuance of the Anti-Corruption Statute. A total of 64 Merit Contest contracts signed were reviewed. The study revealed that there is a variety in the scope of performance of the financial auditor in contracts with similar contractual objects, the gaps in the current legislation and inconsistencies in financial requirements. General recommendations are also included on appropriate procedures for contracting auditing. The role of the auditor in Colombia as overseer of the terms agreed in public infrastructure contracts is essential for the fulfillment of the contractual object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores in detail the transfer and investment components of the General Budget of the Nation, whose composition is complex to evaluate due to the nature and variety of its items. For the study of these items, the literature on the political economy of the budget and the budget process in Colombia is considered. The transfer and investment items represent about 60 % of the General Budget and have great inflexibility of public spending, due to the diversity of appropriations with legal backing, especially in the transfer's item. The investment is made up of a wide range of social programs, subsidies, and infrastructure projects, which in some cases correspond to commitments acquired in previous terms, through the so-called future terms. The rigidity of the budget deepens with the frequent approval of laws that generate additional spending on a temporary or permanent basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that in Barcelona there is a multiplicity of innovative projects and experiences that go beyond Henry Etzkowitz and Loet Leydesdorff's (2000) "triple helix" model of innovation. The research results point to the coexistence of dominant innovation practices and emerging innovation practices. Both formats shape relationships between policy, technologies and market, deploying differentiated, but not opposing, innovation practices. Combining concepts from actor-network theory, ethnographic observations and network visualization techniques, we propose an approach to innovation that is more inclusive of the diversity of collective formats that create and manage socio-material arrangements or innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to determine the efficiency of the international trade logistics network of nineteen of the APEC region by the year 2016. We work towards this goal using the methodology of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Network. In the instrumentation of the network, two nodes are considered; in the first one, the inputs are the infrastructure and the transport services, and the outputs are considered to be the logistics services, the costs and the execution time. The outputs of the first node constitute the inputs of the second, while the outputs of the second node are the volume and value of exports. The results show that none of the countries studied were efficient in their international trade logistics network. The six countries with the highest scores during the review period were China with 0.65, Vietnam with 0.56, Peru with 0.35, Russia with 0.35, Republic of Korea with 0.33 and Singapore with 0.32. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

e aim of this paper is to propose a unified model for the definition of Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS). In the first place, we offer a survey of different definitions of KOS and the resulting typologies. We summarize what we consider certain theoretical weaknesses contained in the available bibliography, in order to point out that there is a need to draw attention to the different theories of meaning underlying in the different conceptions of KOS. Based on the criticisms and problems raised, a definition of KOS is proposed. In this new definition, KOS are understood as social infrastructures of symbolic mediation differentiated from other social devices due to their systematic and formal character. Likewise, the notion of cognitive authority is established as an organizing factor in the spectrum of types of systems for organizing knowledge. Finally, based on the model proposed, we offer a spectrum of types of KOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study aims to determine the impact of implementing a new bicycle route network proposal on the operability of private vehicles in the city of Manizales (Colombia). Road infrastructure interventions, associated with the implementation of sustainable autonomous transport systems, affect the operability of automotive transport modes because of structural requirements for both safety and operation. The methodology includes applying transport infrastructure supply models as an evaluation basis. This is supported by geographical accessibility, coverage, and geospatial impact analyses. The results show that implementing the proposal generates up to a 3% variation in average travel times for private vehicles. It is concluded that accessibility conditions do no change significantly for private vehicle users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the construct validity and reliability of the instrument "analytical rubric for the comprehensive diagnosis of development levels in rural communities". The instrument was applied to 351 inhabitants of rural communities, using exploratory factorial analysis. Findings show that the factorial model consisted of four dimensions: i) organizational, economic-environmental, and educational access conditions; ii) infrastructure; iii) governance; and iv) social and cultural conditions, which account for over 58% of the differences. Regarding reliability, an optimal value was obtained globally (Cronbach's alpha: 0.800) and was also significant across all dimensions. The article concludes that the instrument accurately measures the objective construct, demonstrating its usefulness in using local populations' perceptions to provide valid and reliable assessments of development levels in rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discute nuevos proyectos de infraestructura en Venezuela con un enfoque en actividades económicas, proyectos de infraestructura existentes y proyectos ferroviarios modernos entre El Silencio y Bello Monte. El artículo también se centra en medidas para la mejora de la infraestructura, la reconstrucción institucional y el apoyo a la infraestructura por parte de organizaciones internacionales.

Introduction Research has shown that the profile of tourists with special abilities seeks tourist destinations with accessible and inclusive services and infrastructure; however, many areas such as the one under study do not meet all these requirements. Objective Knowing the needs and desires of a person with special abilities, to help strengthen and adequately plan tourist destinations Method The nature of the research is qualitative and quantitative, which allowed us to quantify and analyze the results obtained through a survey. Result The results of the research were that people with special needs would be willing to develop tourism in natural areas such as Yacuri National Park, as long as they have both the ideal conditions of accessibility and the necessary requirements to develop tourism: accessible bathrooms, lodging services, food services, transportation, and recreational and leisure activities. Conclusion Research on the profile of tourists with special abilities is strategic for public policy to build actions and consider projects for the implementation of services and infrastructure in natural areas, thus reducing inequality gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization requires transportation systems that allow a rapid and massive exchange of goods in the face of new patterns of production and consumption. Air transport is essential for the rapid distribution of freight, where airports serve as connecting nodes between global and regional scales. The specificities of air cargo are shaping an airport network composed of a limited number of specialized terminals that concentrate the majority of the cargo volume. Due to the lack of studies on this matter for Spain, this paper aims to characterize whether Spanish airports are also joining the global air cargo dynamics. For this, an updated functional hierarchical relationship of airports is proposed through an analysis of conglomerates or clusters. The results show the concentration and specialization of air cargo in only four airports (two hubs for passengers and freight and two specialized cargo airports), according to the global processes of air freight transportation. This fact redraws the traditional airport hierarchy of freight transport and contributes new elements for the planning of transportation infrastructures and logistic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nueva Agenda Urbana commits countries to the implementation of housing policies that incorporate participatory planning. The proposal proposes the participation of the populations in the management of urban infrastructures and services, promoting their involvement in inclusive urban policies and promoting sustainable urban and territorial development. In particular, it promotes participation in habitat management processes and in the implementation of public policies oriented to the sector. In this framework, the work reflects on the challenges that these guidelines pose for the processes of housing production (in particular, that destined to the lower-income sectors) and of habitat management in the cities of Latin America and the Caribbean. To do this, it asks what are the forms of participation that can be observed in the popular habitat management processes? What participation scenarios are configured around popular habitat management in Latin American countries? How do these scenarios favor (or not) the effective involvement of communities in habitat management? It is a descriptive study that is based on the bibliographic review of works published in national and international journals and in books in the area of public policy and urban planning. The work with the bibliography was articulated with the results of own investigations that had and / or have habitat production policies as a privileged object of analysis. The analytical strategy was supported by the recovery of cases documented in the publications, based on which typical habitat management scenarios that incorporate participatory components were reconstructed. The mention of experiences from countries such as Argentina, Chile, Ecuador or Mexico is due to the recurrence with which they are treated in the bibliography. In this way, it seeks to account for the features and characteristics that define the logics of participation, investigating the forms and degrees of involvement of the different actors in the implementation of public policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extremadura has been receiving Leader Method investments for 25 years, aimed at maintaining the population and complementing agricultural income in rural areas. One of the activities that has been most promoted has been tourism by creating an offer (accommodation and catering services), which serves as a support to meet the needs of a growing demand. However, the study of the maintenance of these infrastructures has hardly been analysed within the scientific community, and therefore this study aims to analyse the success and permanence of accommodation and catering companies in two of the Extremadura region's leading groups with the greatest investment: Sierra de Gata and Valle del Jerte. All this, by means of different statistical and correlation analyses that allow not only to check the degree of success, but also which context variables are favouring the maintenance of these companies. The results obtained indicate, on average, that 50% of co-financed tourism businesses are still active, with differences between the two territories studied and that variables such as the old age index, the size of the population, income per household or the investment made directly affect the survival of the infrastructures financed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 2018, the Government approved the National Competitiveness and Productivity Plan, in order to delineate the paths to follow to increase the population's welfare based on economic growth. Within this Plan, key elements are the deployment of quality economic and social infrastructure as well as the development of an adequate business environment, closely linked to the procedure for the issuance of building permits whose regulation has been affected by Ordinance No. 2087-MML, through which the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima regulates the approval procedure of Road Impact Studies. As explained below, although various aspects of this Ordinance have already been declared bureaucratic barriers, there are still tasks to be accomplished to achieve an efficient and effective procedure in accordance with the current legal framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In August of 2017, as part of the Peace Accords with the Colombian government, the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) presented an extensive list of assets to be destined toward the victims of the armed conflict. It included approximately 3,700 kilometers of roads, most of them located in areas of influence of this guerrilla group. In this article, we investigate the type of actors, collaborations, power relations and technologies that made the construction of roads possible in Puerto Guzmán, an Amazonian municipality with a prolonged FARC presence. We argue that the construction and transformation of these infrastructures over time enables us to understand the state as a co-production involving different dynamics and actors, including some antagonistic to the state order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the default probabilities in infrastructure projects. For that, we analyze the exposure of the lenders to a state of default. This application is made by assuming the debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) dynamic itself and the payment profile determined by the available cash flow of the project, where these are stochastically modeled following the same assumptions of the valuation theory of options developed by Black and Scholes (1973) and Merton (1973). In this way, through the adaptation of structural models developed for illiquid assets, as an extension of the credit risk models of Merton (1974) and KMV of Moody's, the probability, exposure and loss components of the lenders are analyzed in scenarios of default. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present article, social capital is analyzed as entrepreneurship factor across OECD countries. The databases of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and the World Values Survey (WVS) are used. Entrepreneurship variable is obtained from GEM, and social capital variables are obtained from WVS. Confidence and to belong a social group are considerate as social capital variables. A panel model with random effects is used. The results suggest that social capital variables have a positive impact on entrepreneurial activity, increasing their probability of success, not only in the initial phase but also in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The musical practices of Hispanic origin that arose in Spanish-American colonial cities, whether in the institutional sphere or in everyday life, were determined by the initial social conformation and the spatial and infrastructure development of cities. This article aims to present how some of these practices were established in Asunción, Paraguay, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, taking into account the socio-cultural and physical structure of the city to question the existent tension between models, regulations and their adaptations in complex and distant scenarios such as the one studied. In the framework of Cultural Urban History, and through the analysis of Council records and judicial processes, among others, the musical negotiations that affected the soundscape of the city in public and private festive contexts are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local tourism constitutes a complex phenomenon that presents elements, actors, and connections that intertwine each other. The systems analysis integrates theories, models, methods, and methodologies to study social systems according to a holistic perspective. In this work, a dynamic conceptual model is proposed and illustrated in the case study of a magic town in Hidalgo, Mexico. The results show the context, the loop relationships, and the conceptual definitions of the system. We conclude that the combination of a dynamic conceptual model is convenient to mechanize the visual context and to concept the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquakes of 1 to 3 magnitudes eventually reaching up to 8, take place in Cuba and adjacent areas. Although those with a magnitude greater than 3 are generally perceptible, the ones usually causing damage are those with a magnitude greater than 5; however, its negative impact largely depends on the state of the built infrastructure and the hypocenter. This essay is a contribution to risk perception in Cuban population and it introduces the concept of cities in seismic alert, which is based on the principle that where destructive seismic events occurred in the past it is very likely they will be repeated in the future, unless the infrastructure be substantially improved. A set of recommendations is also proposed for Cuban cities defined in seismic alert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La inversión en investigación y desarrollo (I+D), infraestructura y tecnología constituye una alternativa posible para los países en desarrollo que desean acelerar su trayectoria de crecimiento. En el caso del Brasil, reducir la brecha tecnológica requiere modificar la estructura productiva y aumentar la productividad, mediante la endogenización del progreso tecnológico. Definir los factores que determinan la inversión en absorción de conocimiento externo es fundamental. Para ello, se realizó un análisis multinivel basado en microdatos de la Pesquisa Industrial Anual-Unidade Local y la Pesquisa de Inovação-PINTEC (2008, 2011 y 2014) del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE). Los resultados sugieren que los determinantes internos de las actividades innovadoras de las empresas, se comportan conforme a la teoría. Los determinantes municipales serían coherentes con la literatura solo para los gastos en "máquinas y equipos" y "capacitación", mientras se observa la falta de influencia del espacio diversificado en la determinación de los gastos en I+D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrastructure is one of the essential factors for advancing a successful productive transformation agenda. Cuba, which has achieved relevant results in the midst of serious economic difficulties, still has a considerable gap in the provision of services such as telecommunications and transport. This paper aims to analyse the country's situation in these areas and to study public-private partnerships and their possible application in Cuba as a solution to infrastructure deficits and fiscal restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El sistema educativo venezolano enfrenta cinco desafíos críticos impostergables: 1) estancamiento de la cobertura, 2) incremento del rezago escolar, 3) défcit de personal docente, 4) défcit de infraestructura, equipamiento y dotación, y 5) bajo nivel de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ante la creciente importancia del estudio del capital social como componente institucional y la escasez de estudios empíricos a menor escala y fuera de los Estados Unidos, este trabajo pretende identificar algunos de determinantes observables del capital social en los municipios y comarcas de Cataluña, así como su relación con los niveles de capital social y su distribución territorial. Esto se consigue mediante el uso de la participación electoral, la densidad asociativa y las donaciones de sangre como variables de capital social. Usando datos de corte transversal y de panel y mediante regresiones por mínimos cuadrados ordinarios y de efectos aleatorios respectivamente se encuentran efectos relevantes sobre el capital social del grado de movilidad residencial, la densidad de población y asociativa, el régimen de propiedad de la vivienda, la renta, el nivel educativo y la edad. En ciertos casos las relaciones se corresponden con las encontradas en la literatura existente. Además, extrayendo sus componentes principales se elabora un índice de capital social, con el cual se observa una distribución geográfica desigual del atributo, penalizando el Área Metropolitana de Barcelona y la costa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present the results of a survey applied to a sample of municipal officials about the 2014 Reform of the Social Infrastructure Fund (fais). The questionnaire was applied during the second quarter of 2015. We found that the majority of city officials considered appropriate the new rules of operation of the fais. Their concerns relate to the possible reduction of resources allocated, and the further complication to access the funds. It is recommended to disseminate the reform to get city officials familiar with it, and implement a user-friendly operation for municipal administrations, that is also consistent with the objectives of transparency and focalization reflected in the reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El debate sobre el impacto en el empleo de las transformaciones tecnológicas en curso se caracteriza por un elevado grado de incertidumbre, que se revela en las amplias discrepancias de las estimaciones sobre la posible destrucción de empleo. Aquí se revisan los aportes al análisis sobre la reestructuración de los mercados laborales y las proyecciones respecto de la destrucción, generación y transformación de empleo, y se argumenta en favor de un enfoque "contextual condicionado". Se enfatiza que, en comparación con los países desarrollados, en América Latina el impacto de las nuevas tecnologías estaría mediado por la estructura productiva y laboral, el desarrollo de la infraestructura, así como por las capacidades correspondientes. Finalmente, se analizan los desafíos en dos áreas clave para aprovechar el potencial de las nuevas tecnologías para el desarrollo sostenible con igualdad, a saber, las habilidades y competencias y la regulación de las relaciones laborales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Analyze the potential of the Municipality of Cuitláhuac, Veracruz, to develop rural tourism. Methodology: A situational diagnosis was made through the application of a questionnaire to 75 producers in five locations, a survey of 15 municipality visitors and a semi-structured interview to seven key informants. An inventory of infrastructure and tourist services available was made. Results: Four routes are proposed, two associated with sugar cane and two with Persian lemon, for a total of 16 possible activities. Based on the findings, it is proposed to train farmers on agritourism through local organizations and establish a series of projects and dissemination programs to encourage rural tourism - given the cultural traditions, natural attractions and agricultural activities within the municipality-, as well as work in together with government at different levels on resources management to improve infrastructure and quality of tourism activities in the municipality. Limitations: We can say that there is insecurity in Cuitláhuac´s neighboring municipalities; in addition, no previous contact with respondents limited their participation and the reliability of the information they provided about their properties and belongings, coupled with little or no knowledge about agritourism in the communities. Conclusions: The Municipality of Cuitláhuac, Veracruz has potential to develop agritourism, but an integrative proposal is required to promote it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world spread of COVID-19 has had severe economic effects in the infrastructure sector in Colombia. However, the budgetary insufficiency, the legal boundaries on contractual extensions and additions, as well as the lack of strength of ordinary legal tools have impaired the duty of public officers to grant compensatory measures to address the shortages of cash and the traffic risk that suffered by private party concessionaires. What can we foresee for the infrastructure industry in Colombia after COVID-19? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the emergency conditions of two regional identities that established the physical dimension of South American integration between 2000 and 2015: the Initiative for the Integration of South American Regional Infrastructure (IIRSA) and the South American Council for Infrastructure and Planning of the Union of South American Nations (COSIPLAN-UNASUR). To do this, a sociosemiotic study was carried out incorporating elements of poststructuralist analysis, which exposed the discursive ideological devices that operate as legitimators of the integration and development models in dispute in the region. Three moments are identified in the constitution of these identities: a founding moment, a transition moment defined by ruptures and continuities, and a third moment of att empted hegemonic construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies from a law and economics perspective the compensation of damages caused by public constructions. Using the Pareto and Kaldor Hicks economic efficiency criteria the paper concludes that compensation constitutes a Pareto improvement because public infrastructure construction improves society well-being while no one is worse off due to the compensation paid to who initially was affected. Additionally, some normative recommendations are suggested to assure that the compensation is paid by an administrative agreement in order to internalize the externalities created by the constructions and to avoid judicial claims which lead to a deadweight loss due to its costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este trabajo se presenta un análisis comparativo y econométrico de la competitividad en los países en desarrollo y se indican sus determinantes y fuentes de variación. Se utiliza la metodología de análisis envolvente de datos para generar medidas de competitividad. Se obtienen los determinantes de la competitividad mediante el empleo de un modelo Tobit sobre la base del enfoque de competitividad sistémica. Visto el bajo nivel medio de competitividad, los principales resultados indican que gran parte de los países de la muestra mejoren en términos de asignación de recursos. Además de factores empresariales como la innovación y la sofisticación del ambiente de negocios, algunos aspectos estructurales, como el tamaño del mercado y la calidad de la demanda, y factores sistémicos como la infraestructura, la salud, la educación, la capacitación de la mano de obra y el ambiente macroeconómico, son condiciones importantes para aumentar la competitividad de los países emergentes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In January 1979, the then rector of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, Guillermo Soberón, announced the program of celebrations in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the university autonomy. Each month of that year a celebration event took place, culminating in December with the inauguration of the Biblioteca Nacional and the Hemeroteca Nacional de México [National Library and the National Newspaper and Periodicals Library of Mexico] building. The context in which this happened will allow us to observe how the influence of political and economic events and the power networks of the 1970s promoted and guided a social spending policy that favored the construction of educational and cultural infrastructure, which made possible the construction of the University Cultural Center. Within this project, the building of the Bibliographic Unit was considered, which would provide the conditions to install the National Newspaper and Periodical Library and National Library of Mexico, on the threshold of the modern library. By itself, the inauguration event was a significant event for the librarian community, but addressing the political context highlights the fact that building infrastructure to preserve historical memory does not respond exclusively to the need for its conservation and dissemination, although in this case and in the end, it resulted in the improvement of the preservation conditions for the most important historical bibliographic heritage of Mexico. This contribution aims toward a reflective genealogy about librarian institutions, far from being perceived like solemn monuments to knowledge, in order to discover the conditions that gave birth to these and explain the reason of their presence and permanence through time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The execution of high level design policies, over IT infrastructure is an effective method to enhance ITbusiness strategic alignment. This is not an easy process because these policies must be translated into rules that can be interpreted by the managed resources and, in addition, an effective feedback of the impact of their fulfillment must be guaranteed. In this paper we present a system that includes a procedure for executing the organization's policies on IT infrastructures and, as part of it, an architecture based on PBNM for the automation of its execution. Through the integration of policy-based management and service level agreements, this system addresses the following: the implementation of the organization's policies, which are automated on IT infrastructures and the evaluation of compliance with themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to determine the efficiency of the international trade logistics network of nineteen of the APEC region by the year 2016. We work towards this goal using the methodology of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Network. In the instrumentation of the network, two nodes are considered; in the first one, the inputs are the infrastructure and the transport services, and the outputs are considered to be the logistics services, the costs and the execution time. The outputs of the first node constitute the inputs of the second, while the outputs of the second node are the volume and value of exports. The results show that none of the countries studied were efficient in their international trade logistics network. The six countries with the highest scores during the review period were China with 0.65, Vietnam with 0.56, Peru with 0.35, Russia with 0.35, Republic of Korea with 0.33 and Singapore with 0.32. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this project is to describe and analyse the cooperative associative practices in the Argentine agricultural sector, especially from the perspective of the new economic growth pattern of post-convertibility. Such practices are analysed from the contributions of the theory of collective action and studies of cooperative institutionalism on the basis of a representative case study of Argentina's agricultural cooperativism: Unión Agrícola de Avellaneda CooperativaLimitada, in the period 2002-2013. Our hypothesis stands that the entity promotes a macro-cooperative organizational model whose associative practices combine the satisfaction of common material interests and the social capital reproduction of the associated group while ensuring the producers' individual interests to encourage cooperation. As a result of research, a continuity in the composition of the agricultural cooperative associative practices between the social regime of accumulation of convertibility and the new growth pattern of post-convertibility is recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]