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Copyright of Revista de Educación e Investigación en Emergencias is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The establishment of the newborn's intestinal microbiota is a crucial process that occurs during birth and breastfeeding, playing a fundamental role in the development of the immune system and the health of the baby throughout its life. In this short review we present the main components of the neonatal microbiota and give a general overview of their effect on the development of the immune response in the intestine of the newborn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intestinal microflora has living microorganisms that promote the well-being and health of the intestine and indirectly of different systems of the body. When probiotic microorganisms are supplied in the correct dose and in an adequate manner, they contribute to the reduction of acquiring certain diseases; Probiotics have numerous properties that affect the microflora of the body, resulting in benefits mainly for intestinal health and the immune system, which can be supplied by nutraceutical products or functional foods. However, there are limitations in their use because they are sensitive under adverse environmental conditions, they degrade in food matrices under acidic conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, where they must exert their mechanism of action to generate beneficial effects on the health of the host. Therefore, it is important to implement strategies that provide protection to probiotics against unfavorable conditions, to significantly maintain viability during processing and in the digestive system. There are various encapsulation techniques, including ionic gelation and complex coacervation, both methods with great benefits for the protection of probiotic microorganisms and broad advantages for application in different food matrices; These techniques are made with non-toxic, natural materials approved for human consumption. This review aims to present important aspects of probiotic microorganisms in the food industry and the need for protective barriers, focusing mainly on encapsulation techniques by ionic gelation and complex coacervation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Antarctic biota is exposed to stressful factors that can affect the health and physical condition of individuals. Analysis of the immune system allows evaluation of the response of organisms to environmental factors such as the presence of pathogens, contaminants, changes in environmental conditions, and the effects of anthropogenic activities. The aim of this study was to analyze the leukocyte profile of southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, in Potter Cove, Antarctica, at different times of the year, i.e., spring and summer, and its relationship with parasite burden. Juveniles were analyzed during the 2017/2018 field season. Blood samples were taken, lice were collected, and stomach washes were performed. These samples were used to describe the leukocyte profile (total and differential leukocyte counts) and to determine the presence or absence of the louse Lepidophthirus macrorhini (Anoplura: Echinophthiriidae) and the abundance of gastrointestinal nematodes (Ascaridida: Anasakiidae). The results showed that both ecto- and endoparasites did not significantly affect the observed leukocyte levels. However, these values varied according to the season, with higher values in spring than summer. The description of the leukocyte profile is one of the first contributions to the elephant seal breeding colony at Potter Cove. Because Antarctic seals are top predators and sentinels of the ecosystem; this study may be useful for research on the health status of southern elephant seals in the current context of environmental, climatic, and anthropogenic changes in Antarctica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Arbitrada Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Salud & Vida is the property of Fundacion Koinonia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The spleen is the largest intraperitoneal lymphatic organ of the body, presenting two main functions: defensive, through immune response and blood filtration. The objective of the present review was to obtain updated information on the anatomy of the spleen of the albino rat (Rattus norvegicus albinus) and to compare it with the anatomy of the human, dog, cat and pig spleen, representing the main species of importance in medicine, veterinary medicine and biomedical sciences. A search for updated bibliographic material was carried out in different scientific websites. Thus, 71 bibliographic sources were reviewed, mostly scientific articles (31), human and veterinary anatomy books (17), specialized articles (17) and theses (6). In general, there is consensus on the anatomical description of the spleen, which is located in the left hypochondriac region of the abdomen between the fundus of the stomach and the diaphragm, irrigated by the splenic artery and vein. It was evidenced that there are similarities in macroscopic aspects when comparing the spleen of the white rat with the spleen of other species (functionality, relative weight, topographic location). In microscopic aspects, the spleen in humans and other mammals is composed of stroma, in addition to parenchyma, constituted in turn by white and red pulp. In particular, there are differences between rat, human, cat, dog and pig spleens in shapes, sizes and microscopic aspects related to microcirculation and immunity. While there are similarities in pathological processes and responses to pharmacological and clinical treatments. For the above mentioned, it is concluded that the albino rat constitutes a good biological model, specifically in microscopic anatomical aspects of the spleen of immunological type. While the pig spleen is comparatively better in macroscopic anatomical studies of surgical type, both are extrapolable especially to human medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Tecno Lógicas is the property of Instituto Tecnologico Metropolitano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Heat shock proteins (HSP) were first described as a cell response to heat stress. However, over time, it has become clear they have multiple functions inside and outside cells, and that they actively participate in different physiological and pathological processes. They perform functions related to their cellular location or physiological moment, which is why they have been called multi-use proteins or "moonlighting proteins". Furthermore, HSP activity is associated with different structural conformations, from peptides derived from them or as dimers or multimers, to mention a few. This article describes these functions and their relationship with the immune system, and their relationship with viral infection, particularly with inflammatory processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Penaeus vannamei suffers a number of high-mortality diseases that cause enormous economic losses. Aim. To stimulate the immune system of Penaeus vannamei shrimps following non-lethal heat stress (NLHS). Materials and methods: Two NLHS conditions (acute and chronic NLHS) were developed. The acute challenge lasted 30 minutes, along which samples are collected at different intervals (0,30min, 3, 6, and 12 h). The chronic challenge lasted 5 minutes and took seven days. The samples were collected (0 and 7d) to evaluate the immunological response and osmotic stress resistance. The shrimp at 28 °C made the control group. Results: An acute challenge ANOVA showed that NLHS in culturing conditions P. vannamei was 37°C. The ANOVA (double) and HSD Tukey detected an increase (P<0.05) in enzyme phenoloxidase at 6 and 12 h after NLHS (0.04593 and 0.05268 x 10-1 mg), when compared with 30 min and the control (0.0003037 and 0.001217 x 10-1 mg). The chronic NLHS showed high phenoloxidase stimulation (P<0.05) at 7 days (4.233 ±10-1 mg). Meanwhile, the control showed 1.392 ±10-1 mg. Survival against osmotic stress at 0pmm (T-Student) was high (85%) in the NLHS group (P=0.05), when compared with the control (20%). Conclusions: The results show that NLHS at 37 ℃ stimulates the immune system and increases survival against a salinity challenge at 0 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There are some studies on the benefits of ZhiNeng QiGong, but still very few in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and related to holistic care. Objective: To describe the benefits of Zhineng Qigong in the comprehensive health of practicing adults during COVID-19. Method: Exploratory descriptive qualitative research. The sample was non-probabilistic for convenience, achieved by the saturation technique and data redundancy, 13 practitioners of the third International Certification of Zhineng Qigong participated, with prior informed consent. The information was collected by online interview and processed according to content analysis. Results: Five categories were found: physical health, mental health, social health, spiritual health and ecological health, where positive changes were found for strengthening and individual healing with irradiation towards their family and social environment. Conclusions: All Zhineng Qigong practitioners experienced physical and emotional healing, improvements in their family and work relationships. Likewise, they feel vitality, inner peace, connection with the universe and nature. Most indicated that they did not contract COVID-19 because they improved their immune system and breathing with the practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The autoimmune diseases include many in which the immune system is directed against the host, leading to lifethreatening destruction of organs. The origin of autoimmune disorders can be multifactorial and, there are no specific therapy for these diseases. Primary immunodeficiencies are a group of immune disorders that affect different components of the innate and adaptive responses. Interestingly, patients with primary immunodeficiencies have an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and non-infectious complications including allergies, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases. The molecular mechanism for development of autoimmunity in immunodeficiencies is unclear. The study of the complex immune regulatory and signaling mechanisms is revealing the relationships between primary immunodeficiency syndromes and autoimmune diseases. Newly, it has been demonstrated that a deficient maturation of immune cells; the deficiency of proteins important for T and B lymphocyte function and impaired signally pathways that include key molecules in regulation and activation of immune cells are associated with the development of autoimmunity in patients with primary immunodeficiencies. The aim of the present work is to review the evidence available to date regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development of autoimmunity in patients with primary immunodeficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río is the property of Editorial Ciencias Medicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of INSPILIP. Revista Ecuatoriana de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovacion en Salud Pública is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigacion en Salud Publica (INSPI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Galicia Clínica is the property of Sociedad Gallega de Medicina Interna and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Argentina de Antropología Biológica is the property of Revista Argentina de Antropologia Biologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the possible use of breast milk as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent in infants under 6 months of age with conjunctivitis. Breast milk contains components that regulate the immune system and protect babies from various diseases. Some studies have shown that topical application of breast milk can prevent neonatal conjunctivitis and improve eye discharge in babies. However, breast milk is not effective against all bacteria that cause conjunctivitis, so close monitoring of symptoms and seeking medical treatment if they persist or worsen is recommended. [Extracted from the article]

Pig production in Argentina is constantly growing. Reproductive management is essential to achieve optimal birth rates that translate into greater profitability and investment efficiency. Prenatal losses limit pig production. Alterations in the migration of the embryos, elongation, immunological recognition of pregnancy by the mother and embryonic competition for the implantation site can arise in this process. In a successful pregnancy, the dialogue established between the conceptus and the endometrium involves, among others, the immune system and its main molecules called cytokines. Cytokines are a group of low molecular weight proteins that mediate complex interactions between different cell types. Numerous studies describe the role of various cytokines that are involved in the regulation of the inflammatory process characteristic of the fetus/maternal interface throughout the normal pig pregnancy. This review describes the main cytokines that act during pig pregnancy, both in the early gestation period and in the late pregnancy period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple mathematical model is presented that consists of a system of two ordinary differential equations (ODEs), applicable to the interaction between cancer cells, the immune system and a photodynamic therapy based on the previous observations of the Physicochemical Research Group of Bio and Nanomaterials of the Universidad del Valle (Basante et al., 2016, Basante, 2017) where an exponential effect is assumed. The consequences of the treatment are analyzed based on the stability analysis of the dynamic system, finding that it is possible to find adequate conditions for the elimination of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río is the property of Editorial Ciencias Medicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Endocrinología, Metabolismo y Nutrición is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista El Directivo al Día is the property of Centro de Informacion y Gestion Tecnologica (CIGET) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The immune system can be affected by different factors, so sometimes the use of medicinal plants is an effective remedy to stimulate the defenses and prevent colds. With the arrival of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for these herbal medicines has increased significantly, making it necessary for community pharmacists and other health professionals to be aware of them. Method: A bibliographic review has been carried out on different plants that act at the level of the immune system in different databases, specialized journals and books. Results: Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. y Maxim. and Pelargonium sidoides DC. have demonstrated their immunostimulating activity, indicated for the prevention of mild respiratory diseases. On the other hand, different plants possessing vitamins and minerals that can exert immunomodulatory effects are distinguished, as well as different recent studies on possible preventives against SARS-CoV-2 by some plant drugs such as the bulb of Allium sativum L. (garlic), the bulb of Allium cepa L. (onion), the rhizome of Curcuma longa L. or the bark of Uncaria tomentosa (Will.) DC. Conclusions: Although some plants have demonstrated their action on the immune system, more research is still needed to learn more about the different properties and mechanisms involved in acting on the immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Analyze the leukogram of meat-type quail inoculated in ovo with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and lauric acid (LA) while exposed to a sanitary challenge. Material and methods. The drinking water was placed seven days before the arrival of the quails and it was only refilled throughout the experiment. The treatments were applied on 480 fertile eggs in the 7th day of incubation: Negative control: not perforated; positive control: injected with the diluent (corn oil; CO); CLA120: 120 mg CLA /CO; CLA240: 240 mg CLA /CO; LA60: 60 mg LA /CO and LA90: 90 mg LA /CO. A completely randomized design with four replications was used. Total leukocytes and the differential leukocyte count were evaluated at 21 and 36 days of age. Results. No statistically effects (p>0.05) of any inoculations were observed in the parameters evaluated. We observed an average of 10927.1±2933.6 cell/µl, 61.6 ± 7.31%, 32.0 ± 7.13% and 0.57 ± 0.21 for leukocyte count, lymphocyte, heterophile and heterophile/lymphocyte ratio, respectively, at 21 days. At 36 days, we observed an overall average of 13291.7 ± 3559.0 cell/µl, 65.0 ± 9.29%, 29.3 ± 9.93% and 0.50 ± 0.24, for those same variables, respectively. Conclusions. The in ovo inoculation levels of CLA and LA did not affect the leucogram of meat-type quails raised in sanitary challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The hepatitis C virus has the ability to replicate in lymphoid cells, producing immune alterations that can be seen reflected in multiple extrahepatic manifestations, among these the ocular ones, such as keratitis, scleritis and retinopathies. CLINICAL CASE: A 61-year-old male patient with scleritis of 2 months of evolution that did not respond to conventional treatment; this was the only manifestation of a hepatitis C virus infection in a patient in the seventh decade of life, with risk factors for infection by that virus. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of manifestations of hepatitis C virus at ophthalmological level may help in the early detection of this infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The spread of shrimp diseases worldwide during the last two decades increased the study of factors that modify the immune system. Aim. To review the main factors that modify the immune system of penaeid shrimp. Development: The factors that affect the immune system of shrimps are classified into abiotic and biotic. Among the abiotic factors are temperature, salinity, the pH, and the presence of nitrogenated compounds in the culture environment. Among the biotic factors are the characterization of external and internal microbiotas of animals, the analysis of bioactive compounds found in the habitats, and the development of sustainable culture methods, such a as the utilization of probiotics and the biofloc technology. The immune system is particularly susceptible to environmental changes. The microbiota and bioactive components can be important tools to enhance the immune system; however, little is known about how this could be used in practice. Conclusions: The utilization of probiotics and the biofloc technology can be very useful to enhance the response of the immune system in practice, and to produce sustainable culture, even when the mechanism activated to produce this effect is unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Arbitrada Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Salud & Vida is the property of Fundacion Koinonia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new variant of concern for SARS-CoV-2 has emerged, the effects of which on the evolution of the pandemic appear uncertain. However, evidence has begun to emerge regarding viral behavior in terms of its transmissibility, receptor binding on the host cell, and escape from the immune system. We present an updated review of the existing data in the literature regarding the microbiological and epidemiological aspects that can help us understand future research on this variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The progression of systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIAs) to the different forms of presentation of inflammatory bowel disease is extremely rare. We present the first report of a patient with SJIA that progressed to Crohn's disease in which mutations have been detected in genes responsible for the adequate regulation of the innate immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immune system is a complex and integrated system whose main function is to protect the body from external aggression by microorganisms, allergens, or toxic agents. Different studies show that maintaining optimal amounts of different nutrients in the body is essential to ensure the synthesis of different factors related to the immune system. Most interesting nutrients and bioactive compounds include: vitamins A, B6, B12, C, D, E, folic acid (B9) and biotin (B7); minerals such as zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium and copper; proteins (lactoferrin) and bioactive peptides; omega-3 fatty acids; and other nutrients and bioactive compounds such as fiber, polyphenols, carotenoids, probiotics, etc. Following a varied and balanced diet, including the servings recommended by food guides for each food group, is essential to achieve nutrient requirements. Food groups to which special attention should be paid are: fruits and vegetables (because of their high content in micronutrients and antioxidant compounds), fatty fish (because it contains omega-3 fatty acids), and dairy products (because this group contains a large number of nutrients). In particular, milk–especially enriched milk–contains many of the nutrients mentioned above. Moreover, their daily consumption, within a balanced diet, can help significantly cover their nutrient reference values. Finally, it is important to consider enriched kind of milk as a good dietary alternative to increase the intake of some important nutrients for the proper functioning of the immune system, most especially some of them such as vitamin D, since a large percentage of the population have nutritional deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D has acquired importance due to its transcendental role in the metabolic functions of the human body, particularly in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis and bone health. Its deficiency causes secondary hyperparathyroidism, accelerated bone turnover, bone loss or alterations in mineralization leading to osteoporosis or, in the case of a long-lasting and severe deficiency, osteomalacia. Vitamin D also has effects on the immune system, the microendocrine system of the vasculature and in the prevention of various types of cancer. Its deficiency is associated with cardiovascular, autoimmune, oncological and infectious diseases and with complications in pregnancy, congenital alterations and poor results in assisted reproduction. The evaluation of vitamin D concentrations in high-risk populations and the treatment of hypovitaminosis are measures that should be carried out by physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la ALAD is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Orinoquia is the property of Universidad de los Llanos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Arsenic (As) is an environmental toxic widely spread throughout the world. Various organs and tissues, in men and animals, are targets of its deleterious effects, including those of the immune system. Objective: To establish acute arsenotoxicity in tissues and target cells, by development of an in vivo methodology. Materials and methods: Balb/c mice (n=3) were intraperitoneally (ip) injected with 9,5 and 19 mg/kg/day of NaAsO2, or an equivalent volume of physiological solution (Control). After 30 minutes, the animals were sacrificed obtaining splenocytes and spleen, thymus, liver, kidneys and blood. The concentration of As, polyphenols and iron was determined in each sample, and oxidative markers [peroxides, advanced products of protein oxidation (PAOP) and free sulfhydryl groups (SH)] were evaluated. In splenocytes, cell viability and mitochondrial potential were further determined. Results: Exposure to NaAsO2, in acute dose, reduced the mitochondrial function of splenocytes, which resulted in cell death. Simultaneously, the presence of As confirmed in spleen samples and the resulting cytotoxicity occurred with a decrease in polyphenols, SH and an alteration in the content and distribution of iron, but did not increase the production of peroxides. Conclusion: These findings provide scientific evidence about the changes in biomarkers involved in the immunotoxicity of arsenic and also offer a methodology to test possible treatments against the deleterious action of this compound on the immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the integration among the skills of argumentation and the explanation of scientific phenomena, during decision making about vaccination. An analysis method has been developed adapting tools from the literature. The written productions and oral discussions made by 72 Elementary Preservice Teachers who took part in the activities have been analyzed. It can be observed that they have improved their competence for argumentation in several ways, and that those who expressed a more complex immune system model argue better. However, less than 30% have referred to the model in their arguments, 15% in the case of social repercussion decision making. It is concluded that the integration between the skills is improvable and that it is necessary to analyze what makes it difficult to use the scientific knowledge in the socioscientific decision makings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the relation between the nutritional and immunological status of the stingless bee livestock in two provinces of Cuba. Materials and Methods: Sampling was carried out in July and December, 2019, in the 24 randomly selected beehives, 12 in each locality, in the Matanzas and Mayabeque provinces. From each of the beehives new rearing boards were extracted, from which six third-instar larvae were collected, as well as the corresponding larval food, in order to determine the nutritional and immunological status of the stingless bee livestock from both localities. The analysis and interpretation of the biological and climate variables was done depending on the purpose of the research through variance analysis, analysis of principal components and cluster analysis. Results: The best results in the studied variables were obtained in December for the stingless bee apiaries located in both provinces. The existence of two components was identified, which explained 69,49 % of the variability of the data set. The first one of these components (PC1) explained in itself 50,72 %. In the clustering process three groups were formed. The analysis allowed to identify group III as the one with the best performance. Conclusions: The relation between the nutritional and immunological status of the stingless bee livestock of Matanzas and Mayabeque was proven through the variables selected for this study. In addition, the evaluation period was the indicator that marked the behavior adopted by these animals and not the locality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Cuarzo (REC) is the property of Fundacion Universitaria Juan N. Corpas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus appears to be less aggressive in the pediatric population in comparison to the adult population. Yet, most recently, as the number of diagnosed pediatric patients with COVID-19 has increased, clinicians have observed the development of a multisystemic inflammatory response syndrome that is potentially associated with COVID-19 in the pediatric population. Our objective was to retrieve and synthesize the reports that have described the multisystemic inflammatory response syndrome potentially associated with COVID-19 in the pediatric population. We conducted a narrative review of scientific literature reported in PubMed from January 1st to June 30th, 2020, with the terms multisystem inflammatory syndrome, Kawasaki, children, COVID-19. This new syndrome has been associated with greater difficulty in treating children with COVID-19 and some deaths have been observed as a result. On the other hand, innate pediatric immunity, primarily driven by IgM, and the rapid immune response to generate germ-center dependent and non-dependent memory B cells as it has been hypothesized for other authors could largely explain the behavior and incidence of the new SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pediatric population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infection with the new coronavirus (sArs-cov2) is a challenge for any immune system since, as it is a novel entity, individuals have no immunological memory and it has meant a paradigm shift in the way of addressing viral infections. our immune system is capable of orchestrating an innate response that can contain the virus through Pattern recognition receptors (Prrs) and a large number of cytokines such as InF-γ, Il-1, Il-6, Il-12, Il-18. and tGFβ as well as chemokines (ccl2, cXcl10, cXcl9 and Il-8) that are capable of activating the inflammosome to organize the inflammatory response and, on the other hand, to activate the acquired immunity with activity of lymphocytes with th1-type response and B lymphocytes that produce functional antibodies against the virus. however, it has been evidenced in a group of patients, especially the elderly or patients with comorbidities, that the number of lymphocytes may be lower, which is correlated with greater morbidity and fatality. on the contrary, children have a greater quantity of lymphocytes, which could explain why the disease is less severe in the pediatric age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was first reported on December 2019 and ultimately declared as a pandemic in March 2020. Since then, there has been a lot of information released about the possible mechanisms associated with disease in COVID-19. Several components have been proposed, such as direct viral cytophatic injury, disregulated activation of the immune system and coagulation pathways. These events ultimately lead to multiple organ failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Based on reports of large series of patients with the disease it has been shown that certain biomarkers (e.g. ferritin, D-dimer, IL-6, etc.) correlate with disease severity and outcomes. A review of the main biomarkers and their pathophysiology are reviewed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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AFTER SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic that started in 2019, it has been observed that the vast majority of people have a mild clinical picture or are completely asymptomatic. However, around 15% of affected people will have a severe, potentially fatal clinical course associated with hyperinflammation, similar to the macrophage activation syndromes. Individuals with mild clinical COVID-19 have an efficient innate immune response and an adaptive response that kills virus-infected cells leaving immune memory. Severe symptoms occur in individuals with proinflammatory stages who have a late innate immune response, hyperinflammation and "cytokine storm" phenomenon induced by the innate immune system and associated with defects in adaptive immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blastocystis spp. it is a controversial parasite that has undergone multiple reclassifications and whose pathogenic role for man remains uncertain. To relate the presence of Blastocystis spp. in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, in the absence or presence of symptoms, morphometry and number of parasites in individuals were evaluated, from the of the University Hospital "Antonio Patricio de Alcalá", Cumaná, Sucre state, with prior informed consent, during the months September to December 2018. Each fecal specimen was analyzed by direct examination, the semi-quantification of the chromist was done in ten consecutive fields of 40X, the morphometric analysis by means of fecal smears stained with Giemsa observed at 100X and micrometry. Of the total number of patients evaluated (n = 162), the chromist ranked first in prevalence in immunocompetent (32.86%), of the immunocompromised group the most affected were malnourished patients (8.02%), followed by oncological and with HIV/AIDS infection with 5.56% and 1.85% respectively. In both groups, symptomatic patients were presented, the most common clinical manifestations being abdominal pain, diarrhea and flatulence; with respect to quantification, it was possible to show that a small group of cancer patients with malnutrition who presented symptoms had counts of less than 5 parasites per field. When performing the morphometric analysis, the central body shape was the only one identified in both groups, coinciding with the results obtained in the direct examination, the evaluated morphotypes presented diameters >10 µm, being larger in immunocompromised patients than in immunocompetent patients (p <0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humankind is currently facing a challenge that distinguishes no borders, ideologies, socioeconomic systems, ethnic groups, religions or cultures. It is a war that unites us as a biological species, in which the main weapons come from research aimed at improving health systems. In this war, governments and international health organizations define the strategy; and health systems and law enforcement agencies, together with citizens' support, carry out actions and fight the battles. However, the most important battle is fought inside each of us. Just like Perseus fought against Hades in a battle of titans to prevent the Earth from turning into hell, the immune system activates a powerful machinery in which molecules and cells of the innate and acquired immune system jointly act to defeat SARS-Cov-2: a machinery that follows a script written by evolution, and that will leave in our immune system a memory that will strengthen us as a species to face future Hades. This work summarizes valuable information published in recent months regarding the interaction between SARS-Cov-2 and the immune system. It also includes aspects related to the detection of the immune response as a tool for the diagnosis of this infection, as well as the manipulation of the immune system to prevent or treat the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]