Search

Copyright of Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this article is to research the meanings given to gourmet gastronomy in two popular neighborhoods of Buenos Aires, as part of a broader study on processes of commodification and de-stigmatization in urban community tourism projects. The methodology is based on ethnography that includes participant observation and interviews with owners and managers of the gastronomic spaces, visitors, and government officials involved in the promotion of these spaces. The analysis is complemented by the study of press materials and social network publications in order to observe broader implications. In conclusion, although the urban community tourism projects in the neighborhoods studied have developed unevenly, the gastronomic attractions stand out in both proposals. The findings do not offer definitive conclusions on the following issues: 1) the correlation between the growth of these new ventures and 2) the real threats to the revaluation of the spaces where they are located due to the multiplicity of actors involved, the processes of varying duration associated with the socio-spatial imaginaries attributed to popular neighborhoods, and the dynamics of urban cultural consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cincinnati Romance Review is the property of University of Cincinnati, Department of Romance Languages & Literatures and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Arquitectura (1657-0308) is the property of Universidad Catolica de Columbia, Facultad de Arquitectura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista AUS is the property of Revista AUS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Memorias is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Question (1669-6581) is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The context of the COVID-19 pandemic has limited access to and use of urban public spaces because of the confinement measures implemented to prevent contagion. However, this limitation was not homogeneous because it presented different characteristics between men and women. In this sense, this study seeks to identify the role of gender in the experiences of young people in urban public spaces in the city of Talca, Chile, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A mixed methodology was used to collect and analyze both quantitative and qualitative data from surveys and semi-structured interviews. The main results highlight the following: i) there were differences at the level of practices, that is, in the attendance and types of activities carried out by young men and women; ii) these differences in practices are based on urban imaginaries that, in the case of young women, are characterized by feelings of fear; and iii) the context of COVID-19 made visible and intensified such imaginaries and certain practices of caution in urban public spaces. Thus, it is concluded that there are gender-differentiated urban spatial experiences revealed by the pandemic, which respond to sociocultural contexts and influence the way of (co)-living in a given space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nueva Revista del Pacífico is the property of Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista: Módulo Arquitectura CUC is the property of Corporacion Universidad de la Costa, CUC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Procesos Urbanos (2500-5200) is the property of Corporacion Universitaria del Caribe (CECAR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Walking down a street is not the same as going out for a walk. One of the differences is that by going out for a walk it is possible to empathize with the city façades. Through a qualitative and comparative analysis of the perceptions and urban imaginaries of young adults, we propose to analyze how they understand walking through the different streets of the Lima neighborhoods of Lince, Jesús María, and Santa Beatriz, which are experiencing physical changes in their streets due to the expansion of the real estate market. It was revealed that the disposition to empathize with façades was related to an idea of life that was used as a differentiating factor, and which included attributes of location, visibility, variety, sense of community, and historicization. Therefore, when there was greater disposition to empathize with the streets, walking acquired a new character and people did go out for a walk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The urban paradigm no longer constitutes the central or priority challenge for theological reflection and practice. It is not the decisive or fundamental challenge, as it was from 1960 until the emergence of cyberspace. With the rise of the phenomenon of globalization, the delimitation of the urban and non-urban has been blurred and relativized. The relations between the city of Modernity and Postmodernity and religions are much more complex than some secularization theorists had prophesied, who predicted the progressive decline and disappearance of religions in the secular city. The return of the sacred in the post-secular city is a fact attested to by most of today's sociological, philosophical, psychological and theological studies. Since we are citizens of the global village, most theologies of the city or from the city, tend to identify city with globalization. The research presented here offers a typology of urban theologies and shows, from the analysis of the databases of the bibliographical sources in the publications of greater scientific impact, how the same theologies of the city recognize in their conclusions that it is not the city, but secularization and socio-cultural pluralism--propitiated by urban development--the priority places in theological work. This article proposes to advance towards a theology from the globalized city, assuming the opportunities of the universal cyberspace and avoiding the risks of a homogenizing globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sea is an element that decisively composes the geography of Valparaíso, determining ways of inhabiting the territory, the character of its inhabitants, modes of speech, production systems and social networks. It is a presence of an elementary type that integrates and generates what could be considered as the central imaginary of the culture of a port city. This article aims to offer a panoramic view of the influence and symbolic representation of the sea in Valparaiso´s literature, through a comparative analysis of two moments of its narrative production: 20th century and 21st century. It is proposed that the link between Valparaíso's literary production with the oceanic component configures an aesthetic whose evolution is It can explain from the relationship that the inhabitant establishes with its coastal edge. The presence of a maritime imaginary is then verified that in the fictional discourse experiences a process of location and displacement, which reflects the physical transformations and the political-social disputes that have occurred within the territory, identifying in its symbolic recreation a stage of urban imaginary with very defined attributes, which later leads to another with characteristics of an urban ghost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nature reserves within urban areas provide ecosystem services to the population. They have great importance to achieve urban sustainability. The objective of this article is to analyze how these protected areas are understood by the inhabitants of the city, taking as a case study two reserves located in general Pueyrredon, Buenos Aires, Argentina: "Reserva Natural Puerto Mar del Plata" and "Reserva Forestal Bosque Peralta Ramos". In order to recover the urban imaginaries that guide the practices of people, the research bases on aqualitative research methodology, employing primary and secondary information sources, such as indepth interviews and official documents. The fear associated with the "wild" nature, the search for control and order, the tranquility of moving away from urban centers and taking refuge in peri-urban places and the different perceptions about urban nature management in public and private spaces are some of the imaginary addressed. Taking into consideration the conservation problems faced by urban protected areas, it is important to study how these spaces are understood, for proper urban environmental management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nueva Revista del Pacífico is the property of Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Miradas is the property of Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Arquitectura (1657-0308) is the property of Universidad Catolica de Columbia, Facultad de Arquitectura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Arquitectura (1657-0308) is the property of Universidad Catolica de Columbia, Facultad de Arquitectura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is a reflection on the imaginaries and practices of public space. The Rosario's Fiesta de Colectividades allows reconstructing the agents and the figurations that imagine the public space in the terms of a duality. The first figuration is based on an imaginary of closure, linked to design and gubernamentality, imagines the public space as a meeting place for equals and privileges uniformity through regulations and security devices. The second is based on an imaginary of openness and difference that promotes the production of events and multiplicities. This work analyzed the encounter, the frictions, the conflicts and the assimilations of these two figurations produced by the design and the uses of public spaces in the intermediate territory that constitutes the Fiesta de Colectividades. Through an argument that combines the theoretical debate, a hermeneutics of the official and journalistic discursive on the public space and an ethnographic approach to the collective fair, the article explore the processes of securitization and commodification, the expression of social relations in the exhibitions spaces and the imaginary and practices of consensus and dissidence projected on the public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the range of urban social actors that prevail in cities, informal workers occupy a relevant place mainly because of the level of extension they have over public space and the capacity of appropriation over it based on their organizational and mobilization capacity social. They denote a type of urban imaginary that tends to justify their stay in public places, which affects their labor and organizational practices whose objective is permanence in public space despite the implementation of a policy of gentrification of the historic centers on the part of local governments, as is the case of the city of Queretaro, whose process, in part, is reported in this document. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the relations between Locative Art and the interpretation of the tangible and intangible heritage of the cities. The discussion anchors in the analysis of Rider Spoke artwork and in the artistic practice of adding personal stories to the urban environment as a layer of digital information. The author points to the symbolic aspect of urban memory, nourished by the memories of its citizens and constructed by the stories lived and shared in these spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Miradas is the property of Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Arquitectura (1657-0308) is the property of Universidad Catolica de Columbia, Facultad de Arquitectura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the "spontaneous drawing" of different age groups in public spaces in the city of Guanajuato, Mexico; with the intention of establishing how the urban imaginaries in relation to the socio-spatial elements, are presented as modes of cultural expression. Through the application of techniques of qualitative research, such as the ethnographic observation and analysis of "mental maps" we can established how "the urban imaginary" could express experiences of life in urban spaces (in the consciousness of the person), and how them could be reflected in spontaneous drawings. On the other hand,the results of this research allowed us to understand which urban and architectural elements present in public spaces are significant for the inhabitants of the city, as well as their level of identification with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although photography and cities have been close companions, there has been no tradition of the study of cities based on photographic evidence in the social sciences. It is true that in recent decades, history and other disciplines have provided legitimacy to the use of images as a valid research source, and important insights have been used from philosophy and art history so as to refine appropriate methodologies in accordance with their use. However, neither in studies of contemporary cities, nor in historical studies, is it common to see the use of images to question, argue, or interpret urban realities. This paper explores the concept of the panorama -a form of representation widely disseminated as of the end of the 18th Century-, explains its adaptation to the photographic format and, through the analysis of a few exceptional testimonies registered in Mexico prior to 1910, it also reflects on the distance between the purpose of capturing a "totality" within an image and the possibilities for the researcher to interpret from them the nature, layout and shapes of cities. The paper also contributes to the abundant discussion, from a little-known format, on the photographic document and on the scientific status of truth that their creators pursued. Moreover, the methodological proposal for the use and advantages of the photographic medium is delved into within the field of social research, as is how to come to justifiable results regarding the study of urban history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociology & Technoscience / Sociología y Tecnociencia is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Escuela Universitaria de Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociology & Technoscience / Sociología y Tecnociencia is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Escuela Universitaria de Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: In the article analyzes the use of ABM to study urban imaginaries. Is analyzed the role of urban imaginaries theory to understand the phenomena of identification between urban societies with iconic objects. Also studies the process of construction of cultural meanings, that societies assumes and how this process maybe is the manifestation of another that is mediatized by the presence of iconic objects. These relations are analyzed in the frame of theory of complexity that serves now as general frame to analyze our cities. Describes the evolution of complexity analysis and the creation of many models that uses the electronic computation as their main support, which culminates with the creation of ABM. Method: Is described the functioning of ABM and describes in detail the design of an ABM designed by authors called Elkin World. Are described the results obtained in silico experiments considering 3 main variables: Population, Interest and Attraction in a dinamic and stocastic correlation that is described as: SSI ↔ I A ≥ CI = MV. Results: Diverse initial balances of the variables Population, Interest and Attraction generates different morphologies, are discovered for diverse main variable balances, specifical critical masses that motivates the emergence of social and spatial patterns. Conclusion: Is promising for the study of urban imaginaries the use of ABM, because shows that in scenario of social interaction to learn about the urban media, merge physical configurations that later construct the image of mental processes for the construction of social meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the concept of urban imaginaries, the influence that the defunct Magazine Estadio left in the wanderino imaginary of Valparaiso is explored. In order to do this the relationship between urban imaginaries and football, the Estadio hegemonic position in his time of publication, and aspects linked to the founding era of Santiago Wanderers, symbol of Valparaiso are reviewed. Then this article pretends to analyze the construction of the style of play and the figure of the idol, both represented through the work of Estadio. These representations give character, are updated and persist until our time in the wanderino imaginary of Valparaiso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Arquitectura (1657-0308) is the property of Universidad Catolica de Columbia, Facultad de Arquitectura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urban planning is an hegemonic discourse in the process of production, reproduction and institutionalization of images of the city and its spatiality. In this article we are interested in establishing the way these discursive artifacts define public space, the way they represent its patterns, how do they imagine their addressees and which expectations rest on coastal areas of the city. The methodological approach combines the analysis of urban imageries through specific practices promoted over the city area along with a discursive analysis on prevailing signifiers at the documentary corpus which make evident the changes in strategic and urban planning in Rosario (Argentina). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nueva Revista del Pacífico is the property of Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Postmodernism and urban imaginaries are aspects that contribute to the city's hegemony over the countryside. An important agent in this process is tourism, and two important aspects of it are second home and nature based tourism. However, their relationship is not clear. The concept of urbanization of the countryside is employed here as a base for understanding the cultural and material conditions that leads the progress of these two aspects of tourism in the Mexican countryside. Then, a cross sectional study referred to subzones of local geography of Mazunte, Oaxaca was applied to illustrate their articulation and close relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]