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Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of monkeypox (mpox) among the insured population of La Libertad at Seguro Social de Salud (EsSalud - Social Health Insurance System). Materials and methods: A descriptive study, whose data were collected from clinical-epidemiological records and medical records; the cases with symptoms and positive PCR results were considered. The study variables were signs and symptoms, duration of the disease, medical history, sex, age, sexual orientation and place of contact with someone with mpox. Absolute and relative frequencies and confidence intervals were calculated. Results: Mpox was developed by the insured population between July 15 and December 31, 2022, and 48 cases were reported. The clinical characteristics were fever (54.17 %), asthenia and lymphadenopathy (52.08 %) (in the inguinal [25 %], cervical [12 %] and axillary [5 %] areas), myalgia and back pain (43.75 %), sore throat (37.50 %), chills (5 %) and polymorphous and centrifugal rash (100 %). In addition, there were complications (6.25 %) and one person died (case fatality rate 6.25 %). HIV immunosuppression, history of syphilis, genital herpes and genital warts occurred in 23 (47.92 %), four (8.33%), three (6.25 %) and two (4.17 %) cases, respectively. It affected 47 men (97.92 %), including 28 homosexuals (58.33 %), 13 heterosexuals (27.08 %) and seven bisexuals (14.58 %). Ten of them had contact with someone with mpox at home (20.83 %), seven at work (14.59 %), five at a party (10.42 %) and two at a bar (4.17 %). Conclusions: Mpox occurred mainly in homosexual and bisexual men not vaccinated against human smallpox. The most common symptoms were fever, asthenia and lymphadenopathy, mainly in the inguinal area. Moreover, all cases developed polymorphous rash, the duration of the disease was 17 to 45 days, complications were exceptional, 50 % of the cases had HIV immunosuppression and the case fatality rate was 6.25 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice of insecticides used in agriculture profoundly impacts the relationships established in crops. Considering the above, this study examines the configurations of human and non-human relationships generated by two types of insecticides: chemical and biological. For this, I implement experiments in plant physiology, interviews, and participant observation in rice fields of Cauca and Valle del Cauca, Colombia. This study reveals the complexity of the relationships between insecticide choice and its consequences. Although both insecticides promote caring relationships with plants, their approach and results differ. The chemical insecticide, which contains cypermethrin, focuses on the indiscriminate elimination of organisms and the flattening of relationships, with adverse effects on plant, human, and ecosystem health. This logic suggests a view of agriculture as a practice that seeks to eliminate "obstacles" and isolate plants. In contrast, the biological insecticide, which contains the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, fosters specific insect-killing relationships and facilitates interspecies cooperation. It even enables the generation of hybrid beings, called "planterias", and promotes an approach to agriculture as a collaborative and sustainable practice. It highlights that the ethical and environmental implications of decisions made in conventional agriculture go beyond technical considerations. The article invites reflection on the need to adopt more sustainable and responsible approaches in agriculture practices and offers a valuable perspective for building new technoscientific futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome is a congenital female reproductive tract defect due to a defect in the formation and/or development of the Müllerian of paramesonephric ducts during the embryonic period. Although its incidence is very low, it constitutes an important health problem due to its impact on sexual and reproductive life of patients affected by this disorder. In this article we present a case of a 27-year-old patient with this syndrome as a whole with a review of the most important aspects of this pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This theoretical-reflexive article aims to draw up guidelines for addressing emotional distress in research with human beings. Using guidelines from the World Health Organization, the Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, and, as a reference, the theorist Joyce Travelbee, we propose a flowchart to protocolize the approach to emotional distress in research with human beings based on the formality, rigor, and empathy required by the aid process in the face of potential damage. Thus, it is imperative to have predefined guidelines in any study that, after careful analysis, poses the risk of emotional compromise for participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred years after the birth of Leopoldo Zea, one of the most prominent philosophers of Latin America, in this paper we reflect on the role of the human being in history and the philosophy proposed by the author. We gather his vision about the Western philosophical heritage, anthropocentric and Eurocentric, facing the possibility of generating from our region a philosophy centered on the idea that all humans are human. Thus, we will unveil his criticism to the pretension of a universal Man and we will make visible his anthropological and humanist proposal, from which he manifests the need of recognition, from the cultural diversity, of all human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the study was to assess the effects of varying response modality in the human allocation of operant responses to different reinforcement sources using a rapidly changing environment procedure. A total of nine undergraduate students participated. In each session, participants were presented with seven independent concurrent variable interval schedules of reinforcement in an irregular order. Individual schedules lasted for the delivery of five reinforcers. In Experiment 1, six students were randomly assigned to two conditions (BO and MT). In the BO condition, participants pressed buttons on the screen to earn points. In the MT condition, participants tracked and pressed moving targets that changed position every 2000 ms. Results showed that sensitivity to reinforcement developed just for the BO condition. A second Experiment was conducted, having three participants, and using the MT condition only. The rate of target position change parameter was modified to 300 milliseconds. Under those conditions, the development of sensitivity to reinforcement was observed. However, variable performances were found. It is concluded that response modality can affect the development of sensitivity if response requisites to obtain reinforcement depend on the way the response modality is arranged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, Chilean women surgeons gathered to discuss different problems affecting the development of a career in surgery. Through the history of the medicine and surgery in Chile, there have been several legal and cultural barriers that have kept women out of this specialty. One of this problem is the lack of knowledge of who were the first female surgeons and the lack of awareness of that there are women that can be leaders as well as male surgeons. So, generations of medical students and residents continue thinking that surgery might be a man's job. The purpose of this investigation is to reveal who went and are the first women surgeon in this country, not only in their time but also in their specialty, so we all know that there were and there still are pioneers among us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to explore how Manuel Rojas thinks about, imagines, and fictionalizes the relationship between humans and nature in the context of a society headed towards modernity, using two unpublished texts from the writer's archive: the unfinished novel Astromelia and the short story "El niño y el choroy". In both, Rojas introduces us to characters who, immersed in vital and culturally-diverse contexts, bond effectively with living beings, both human and non-human. Beyond traditional institutions like marriage and family or a political affinity mediated by anarchism, we are talking about characters who make "oddkin" (Haraway) with others --humans, animals, and plants-- on the basis of solidarity and reciprocity. In these texts, Rojas invites us to think about small, collaborative, and mobile affective communities, in which diverse subjectivities, not necessarily human, are intertwined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human health is increasingly interconnected with that of the animals in the environment they share, while the threat of emerging diseases arising at that interface increases as a result of the multiple and growing driving forces which propitiate that greater human-animalenvironmental interrelationship. COVID-19 is an emerging zoonosis caused by SARS-CoV-2, a new coronavirus whose primary source is associated with bats. Its rapid global expansion led the World Health Organization (WHO) to consider the disease as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), for which the cross-sectoral approach is necessary. The "One Health" strategy, promoted by the international organizations FAO, OIE and WHO, promotes collaborative efforts at all levels across multiple disciplines and sectors to achieve optimal health for people, animals and the environment, thus providing a conceptual framework for the development of cross-sectoral and multidisciplinary solutions to global health challenges. This approach reviews the latest research reports on crucial aspects in the epidemiology of this new zoonosis, such as the characteristics of coronaviruses, their hosts, factors after crossing the interspecies barrier, and the undefined aspects of SARS-CoV-2 with potential implications for its prevention and control, as well as the lack of knowledge of the intermediate host of the virus, an important link in the epidemiological chain and the role that wild and domestic animal species, including pets, can have in the persistence of the virus in the environment and its potential re-emergence. It also addresses the necessary cooperation between human and animal health services in activities to face COVID-19, while pointing out its negative economic impact on the entire food production and distribution chain. This is an example of the importance of the holistic vision proposed by the "One Health" approach in the prevention and control of zoonoses, benefiting the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals by all countries, by proposing that healthy people and animals live in a healthy planet. There is a need of strengthening capacity building and cooperation between the human and animal health sectors, as well as their preparedness to face future health emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores human and non-human forms of Guarani sociality in the multiethnic region of the Ramal in Jujuy (Argentinian Norwest). Specifically, it aims to show the fluidity of socio-ethnic limits that distinguish what is Guarani from what is not, and the porosity of ontological limits that differentiate humans from nonhumans. I argue that there are two Guarani excesses in the region, which make it difficult to classify and define Guarani borders. The first one is sociological in strict sense and refers to the impossibility of delimiting the Guarani identity within communities' borders and persons who explicitly identify themselves as «Guarani». It is necessary to expand the «Guarani» towards the local guaranized population of mixed blood. The second excess is ontological and refers to the expansion of social ties towards non-human worlds where Guarani ancestors, who become forest owners, live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans, at least since there are records of the history of humanity, have assigned features of divinity to natural phenomena but also to human phenomena, according to the worldview of each time and place. In addition to being part of history, in some cases they have been decisive for the construction of a national, regional or union history and identity, such a phenomenon persists to this day. Below is a compilation of data from the different mythologies in world medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foundation: several studies have been published by different groups of work about the evaluation of the renal function in nephrectomized patients, showing varied results. In some cases it is reported the deterioration of the remaining kidney, and not in others. Objective: to describe the adaptative response regarding renal and clinical evolution in nephrectomized patients. Methods: cross study in which it was evaluated the renal function before and at two years of nephrectomy of 38 patients. The variables analyzed were glomerular filtration rate, creatinine and serum urea and associated diseases. Rates, percentages and Squared Chi for qualitative variables so as mean, standard deviation and Students T test for quantitative ones. Results: serum creatinine mean after nephrectomy was superior to the pre-nephrectomy (102 umol vs 126) p=0,05. Glomerular Filtration rate decreased after nephrectomy (62 ml/min vs 43 ml/min) p=0,02. Hypertensive and diabetic patients had a higher deterioration of the renal function, p≤0,05. Conclusion: nephrectomy produces a deterioration of the renal function at two years of follow up mainly in diabetic and hypertensive patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liberal society acclaims the achievements of human movement. There are however many types of movement: the glorious movement of the «great» in this world and the mobility suffered by those forced to emigrate. The change of scale that humankind has experience affects to both, space and time. In this article, I propose three types of globalization: imperial globalization, fragmented globalization and globalization of the media. They correspond to the different ways of human movement. I focus on the narrative origin of travels, to ask whether to travel is condition sine qua non for the contact with human diversity, as a previous requisite to understand the universal reality of humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here it was determined how people discounted the effect of social support as a function of the social distance between them and the supporter. A group of students was asked to estimate their magnitude of discomfort in a situation in which they had to cope with hypothetical stressful life-events while they received social support from another person which could occupy a certain position in a hypothetical list of people with whom one saves some degree of social distance. The magnitude of the stressmitigating effect of social support decreased as a hyperbolic function of social distance between receivers and the hypothetical supporters. This function was steeper for the most stressful scenario, detention in jail, than for other life-events. It is concluded that there is a social discounting of stress-mitigating effect of social support, similar to that shown with the allocation of resources between people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human condition refers to the purpose and essence of what the words "human being", although it is often those words but no more than theoretical and practical significance. To speak of the human condition is necessary to go beyond vision Homo sapiens, the man who thinks of a complex man, homo complexus immersed in cognitive vision, delirium, of work, poetry, prose and others who knits. The human condition in its broadest sense must be understood as an innate knowledge and practical, characterized and applied in all disciplines in a transdisciplinary, invoking mainly the understanding of the levels of reality, including the third and complexity. None of the above to be achieved without the application of a forgotten component or widely applied by humans, consciousness, the Age of Consciousness, transcending the material itself to the spiritual and beyond. You may emerge at all times that the human condition allows us to a global vision of life, ecologizante, taking into account the systemic reason for living beings, in this vision is achievable for some but in its current sense very exhausting called freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantity and quality assessment with which the different components on the natural, cultural and social environment achieve to satisfy the range of needs of human beings during the interaction with the environment results of vital importance to understand its comprehensive development. Man has biologic, psychological, social, cultural and cultural needs which should be satisfied for its full development. This paper reflects on the current imperative to form individuals with a developed spirituality, as the only alternative facing hyperhedonism and passivity that has invaded the world today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here it was determined how people discounted the effect of social support as a function of the social distance between them and the supporter. A group of students was asked to estimate their magnitude of discomfort in a situation in which they had to cope with hypothetical stressful life-events while they received social support from another person which could occupy a certain position in a hypothetical list of people with whom one saves some degree of social distance. The magnitude of the stressmitigating effect of social support decreased as a hyperbolic function of social distance between receivers and the hypothetical supporters. This function was steeper for the most stressful scenario, detention in jail, than for other life-events. It is concluded that there is a social discounting of stress-mitigating effect of social support, similar to that shown with the allocation of resources between people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conditional discrimination is a procedure the use of which is widely extended in the EAB (Experimental Analysis of Behavior), especially those known as "Matching to Sample". Although it has been used with a wide variety of species, the behavior of humans with verbal skills in these kinds of tasks may involve other control variables which are different from the scheduled contingencies of four terms. The aim of this work was to verify if conditional discriminations could be acquired, although reinforcement contingencies did not involve the sample. 109 psychology students, who were divided into three conditions, participated in the study. All of them were exposed to two blocks of training (A and B), with one sample and three comparisons, however, the sample did not really function as a conditional stimulus in 75% of the trials in block B. Simultaneity between sample and comparisons, as well as the requirement of a sample observation response, were manipulated resulting in three different conditions. The results showed no differences between acquisition speed in block A and block B in any condition, which suggests that the behavior of the participants was more controlled by the stimuli configuration than by the reinforcement contingencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonotic disease producing severe economic losses to farmers in many countries including Ecuador. Updated data on this disease epidemiological behavior are needed to establish a control strategy. The aim of the present work was to find out the brucellosis seroprevalence in cattle and the workers involved in livestock herds and slaughterhouses in the northern and central regions of the province of Manabí. A transversal epidemiological study was conducted in seven cantons of the center and north of Manabí Province from October 2014 to March 2015, in which 2317 animals from 163 randomly selected cattle herds and 193 humans living or working with them were sampled. In addition, 990 bovines slaughtered in the slaughterhouses of the seven cantons studied and the 181 involved workers were also sampled. All sera were screened by using the rose Bengal test and the positive samples confirmed by competitive ELISA. The individual seroprevalence detected in the herds was 1.99%; the most affected canton was Tosagua with 6.01% (p≤0.05). The seroprevalence in slaughterhouses was 2.63% with no significant differences among cantons. The overall individual seroprevalence was 2.33%, the highest reported in Tosagua canton with 6.87% (p≤0.05). The affected herd seroprevalence was 10.43%, with Tosagua as the most affected canton (p≤0.05) with an affected herd seroprevalence of 22.22%. The human seroprevalence was 1.04% in herds, 1.10% in slaughterhouses, and an overall seroprevalence of 1.06% with no significant differences among cantons. The study showed a low prevalence of affected animals and humans and a high prevalence of affected herds in the province of Manabí. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The consequences caused by political decisions on population issues are worrying level of environmental health and affect, increasingly, individuals, states, societies and their health. Objective: To interpret the consequences of funded projects on population and health. Methodology: Are analyzed descriptive form and with empirical- analytical method12 projects funded by the Rockefeller Foundation between 1952 and 1972 and review of the literature on the application the same. Results: The projects have led to changes on the impact of the age structure of the population and they have increased discrimination health and by sex and between rich and poor. Discussion: A constant disunity among political and demographic developments in public health and environmental improvement is observed. A individual and collective level, countries lack an ethics policy that guarantees the non-use of the human person in their relationship to health and the environment. Conclusion: Short and long term is necessary to think bioethics friendly man's life on earth and improve environmental health. Places lacking reinforcement academic training and awareness on health and bioethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To report the ability of bone morphogenetic protein to achieve bone healing in patients with congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia. Patients and methods: Three patients with a diagnosis of congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia were followed-up for six months. Bone healing and functional capacity of the limb were observed. Results: Bone healing occurred in all cases at a mean of three and half months of treatment. Conclusions: Morphogenetic protein is useful as an adjuvant to achieve bone regeneration and healing in patients with congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to conduct a descriptive study of the occurrence of human brucellosis in Colombia between 2000 and 2012, and, based on previous studies, to determine the prevalence and incidence of the disease, and the limitations for its timely diagnosis and recognition by the Colombian labor system. The research consisted of searching for and analyzing articles on human brucellosis published between 2000 and 2012 in Colombia. It included a phase of information gathering and unstructured interviews with representatives of brucellosis control programs and experienced professionals. We analyzed 17 studies of human brucellosis cases in personnel at risk in slaughterhouses, retailers and vaccinators for animal brucellosis programs: 10 of them reported prevalences between 0.14% and 10.4%, and seven evidenced seropositivity. Information revealed the limitations of the diagnosis, and it demonstrated the little knowledge of the medical community about this disease. In Colombia, there is no clear policy regarding this occupational zoonosis. Brucellosis is mentioned only in Decree 2566 of 2009, in which the new table of occupational diseases is established. The paper concludes that human brucellosis in Colombia is an underdiagnosed, and therefore underreported, disease since there is no mandatory reporting system on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choice behavior has been studied to determine how past experiences are integrated to affect elections between patches. This idea suggests an integration of subjective value and temporal distance in a dynamic average to predict choice behavior. A choice task was presented on a computer screen, which showed three options that could give or not an appetitive consequence. Participants were divided into 4 groups depending on either reward magnitude or training-test interval. Results showed: 1) preference for the most recently reinforced option (B) when test was immediate, 2) preference for the option with the highest reward magnitude (A) at 24h (spontaneous recovery) in the group A> B 24h, 3) indifference in A= B 24h groups, consistent with idea that subjective values and recency of past experiences change as time passes. These results are consistent with the predictions of Temporal Weighting Rule (TWR) and assume integration of information based on dynamic average of past experiences in human choice tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To evaluate the capacity of hidrocompatibility of the silicones by condensation of light consitency, according to the contact angle. Material and methods. A descriptive, comparative study was made with the purpose of evaluating the capacity of hidrocompatibility of three silicones by condensation, for this reason, 3 bodies of test of rectangular form with a thickness of 1 cm and a length of 10 cm were designed, using molds of aluminium made for this use. The molds were filled by different commercial brands of light silicone by condensation (Orange wash, Speedex and lastic 90 Fine). On the surface of the silicone a drop of distilled water of 10 uL of volume was deposited, using a micropipette Boeco and photographies of this was one was taken at 0, 10 and 30 seconds. The experience was made 10 times in every body of test, always in a clean area, there were taken 30 photographies by every brand of silicone. Then, the images were processed in software to measure the contact angle to every side of the water drop (tpsDig); finally 60 measurements were obtained by body of test (20 in each time). To evaluate hydrocompatibility, there were made statistical analysis using arithmetic mean and standard deviation. Results. The descriptive analysis of the data showed that the silicone by light condensation Speedex had a better behavior with regard to the decrease of the contact angle and surface wettability with the time, from 10 to 30 seconds, followed by the silicone Orange wash. The silicone Lastic 90 Fine showed a poor hydrocompatibility and its contact angle remained without changes in spite of the time. Conclusions. There are differences with regard to the hydrocompatibility of the different materials used in this study. Silicone that shows a better hydrocompatibility was the brand Speedex while the brand Lastic 90 Fine showed worst results with regard to the contact angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the authors explore three ideas from the works of Cassirer. The first is the possibility of a new notion of man based precisely on the symbolic potential of the spirit. The second is the explicit desire to bring together the various acceptances of man and cultural expressions from their origin or source, which the authors believe offers the possibility to articulate a new humanism. Finally, they wish to show that philosophy, in Cassirer s work, still wants to go the way of the system, inasmuch as the reality of the spirit constitutes a system in itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A primary goal of nutritional support is to provide the energy requirements needed to sustain metabolic processes, maintain body temperature and tissue repair. The beginnings of artificial nutrition were characterized by high calorie nutritional formulae. The assimilation of physiological concepts, accumulating research data and clinical experience led to a progressive reduction of this intake. During the decade of the 90s of the past century, the concept of permissive underfeeding was proposed. Since then, there has been a controversy between supporters of an initial reduction of energy intake for the critical patient and advocates of a full administration of the estimated calorie needs since the very first days of admission to the Intensive Care Unit. This controversy has extended into clinical practice guidelines, showing a clear disagreement between recent recommendations of ASPEN and ESPEN. In the future we will see the publication of new studies that might better define the evidence on which to base the recommendations of caloric intake. There is also a clear need to deepen the knowledge about the optimal caloric intake in the non-critically ill patient requiring artificial nutrition. It is of great importance that these new concepts, which will arise undoubtedly, are incorporated quickly in the design of nutritional formulas produced by the pharmaceutical industry. Finally, it is important to encourage active participation in continuous educational activities in the field of Nutrition for achieving a rapid incorporation in daily practice of these new concepts of optimal caloric intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a brief portrait on conceptual traits and contemporary experimental evidence about learning by imitation processes in animals. Based on this information two experiments were designed to evaluate learning by imitation of a novel response to obtain food in groups of pigeons, varying the number of subjects in each group. In experiment 1 the number of observers per group on acquisition by imitation of response was varied, whereas in experiment 2 the number of trained demonstrators was varied. The data obtained in both experiments show that the observers performance was sensitive to the response-reinforcer relation. Only groups exposed to trained demonstrators perform the response, and increases in the number of subjects in the experimental situation produced minor acquisition of response. We discuss how the processes evaluated in these studies can be conceived as imitation and present a contrast of imitation processes in animal and human subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several procedures used in the study of animal learning have been adapted for human research; specifically, the fixed interval schedule, temporal bisection, temporal generalization, and the peak procedure, originally used in research on animal timing, have also been used in humans, providing important insights for understanding human behavior. This paper reports the adaptation to humans of the peak procedure with gaps, which was used in the past decades to elucidate attentional and mnemonic aspects of the timing process. It was found that the 35 participants (22.3 ± 3.1 years old) tend to stop their timing during the gap, keeping a representation of the pre-gap duration in working memory; these results suggest that the rate of decay of temporal memory in humans is lower than in any other species that have been evaluated in this procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-controlled behavior, defined as refraining from taking a reward until an external criterion is reached, was study with 36 participants that were exposed to pairs of TV videos which were available according to the following contingency. An attempt to play the first video (SR1) turned off it and cancelled the second video (SR2) presentation, otherwise SR2 could be played. Four SR1 durations were programmed according to three repetitive time cycles (T cycle) of different length each one. The obtained duration of SR1 de percentage of SR2 delivered per session were lower as SR1 duration was lengthened and this effect was higher with longer T cycles. These findings show the viability of this type of procedure to study self-controlled behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To establish the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp in the canine and human populations of slum neighborhoods in the city of Tunja. Materials and methods. Sixty-one canine serums were obtsined in slum neighborhoods of the city, sera of 46 human pet owners were also obtained, an interview was done as well. The microagglutination-lysis (MAT) technique was used to process the samples for six serotypes of Leptospira spp. Results. 67.2% of the canine population tested was found to be seropositive, the seroprevalence by serovars resulted in 14.8% for L. icterohemorragica, 8.2% for L. pomona; 9.85% for L. hardjo; 18% for L. Canicola, 6.6% for L. automnalis and 9.8% for L. sejroë. Humans showed a prevalence of 21.7%, the distribution was as follow: L. Automnalis (4.35%); L. Hardjo (2.17%), L. Sejroë (6.52%), L. icterohaemorragiae (6.52%) and L. Cani¢ola (2.17%). Conclusions. These results showed a great problem with high impact, in contrast with prevalence rates in other municipalities in Colombia, revealed a high positivity rate in this area and produces big concern because of its rapid dissemination, which may be caused by the close contact between vectors, such as rodents and canines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three groups of college students were exposed to a second-order matching-to-sample task and three transfer tests. The difference between groups consisted in the functional complexity of a contingency-descriptive text added to the feedback of performance during training. For one group, contingency-descriptive texts referred to pertinent matching instances. For the other two groups, texts referred to pertinent matching modalities and relations, respectively. Texts that referred to matching instances produced the highest percentage of correct responses during training. Texts that referred to matching modalities produced the highest percentage of correct responses during transfer tests. Texts that referred matching relations produced the lowest percentage of correct responses. These results are discussed in relation to comparable studies and the effects of partial and delayed feedback in matching-to-sample tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When speaking about primates we must distinguish between non-human primates and human primates, as the latter are part of the primate order. Due to their phylogenetic closeness to humans, non-human primates have been of special interest for such disciplines as neurophysiology, biology, genetics and behavior. Research has included a wide range of species and themes, from socioecology to neuroethology, cognition and phenomena such as empathy and theory of mind. In this article, we aim to demonstrate the occurrence of psychopathology, mental disorders and psychopathy in non-human primates and to propose the alternative use of the concept of condition, which refers to how the individual interacts and adapts to the environment. We discuss the fact that human behavioral disorders can also be found in non-human primates. From the perspective of evolutionary psychiatry and developmental psychology, behavior, psychopathology and psychopathy in general are conditions derived from the interaction of biological, psychological and sociological variables, and that reflect strategies with which individuals and groups of individuals contend with the environmental demands in order to survive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic dogs (Canis Familiaris) have shown to have a series of cognitive abilities which allow them to respond to signals given by humans. Specifically, dogs are able to detect and respond to signals such as the human visual and head orientation, as well as signals given by humans with the hands. We review the literature on dog social cognition. The evidence shows that dogs' abilities are greater than those of other canines, as well as those of other genetically related species such as primates, but whose ancestry did not share as much the human environment. Dogs communication ability seems to be a product of the domestication process. The reviewed research also indicates the importance of learning processes in these abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposal of the present research was to identify the emergent relations of training between stimuli shows simple, with composed stimuli of comparison. The study corresponds to intra subject research. The research was performed with ten university students, six men and four women, between the ages of 17 and 22 that were chosen by convenience and received training in conditional discrimination through tasks of equalization to the arbitrary sample of three choices by means of a software in Visual Basic. In first and the second block of the conditional relations between stimuli settled down shows simple and compound stimuli of comparison. (ej. A1- B1B1; A2-B2B2; A3-C3C3 and B1-C1C1; B2-C2C2; B3-C3C3) and were satisfied three equivalent classes of three members each one (ej. A1A1-B1B1-C1C1), as well as relations equivalence-equivalence (ej. A1A2-B1B2-C2C2). Four of the ten participants showed emergent relations of symmetry, transitividad and equivalence along with equivalence-equivalence relations. These findings indicate that the training between simple and composed stimuli or vice versa produce own emergent relations of the equivalence of stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alteration of the consequential properties of the events is one of the keys to understand behavioural fluctuation. Numerous theories have been proposed to explain the emergence, maintenance and change of the motivation to do something or to quit doing it, but not all of them have been helpful. In this paper, we present the concept of motivation within the functional-analytic perspective, as well as a review of the procedures implemented for the alteration of the consequential functions. Such procedures will be classified on the basis of their utilization, or not, of direct management of contingencies to alter the consequential properties of the stimuli. This criterion distinguishes the early development of the functional-analytic perspective from the late development, the last one focused on the alteration of behavioural functions in the absence of any direct experience with the events. Finally, some of the gaps in relation to the involvement of verbal processes in the motivational control exerted by the events are discussed, with a special emphasis in the clinical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]