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Common bean is an important crop due to its high nutritional value. However, its production in Ecuador has decreased due to biotic and abiotic factors. Understanding the mechanisms that determine the yield components of this crop is essential to establish strategies that allow increasing the yield. In this study, the plant density was modified to evaluate its impact on yield and its two main components, the grain number and grain weight under field conditions in an Andean region of Ecuador. Two experiments planted on different dates were performed, where two planting densities 4 and 11 plants m􀀀2 were evaluated. The effect of the treatments was studied on the length of the period, from emergence to anthesis, the number of full and empty pods, grain number, 100 grain weight and grain yield. The results indicate that the plant density has a significant effect (p<0.05) on the yield, reaching an average of 257.15 g m􀀀2 in high density, and 151.45 g m􀀀2 in low density. The yield main components showed a different response to plant density modification; the grain number exhibited a strong variability and was positively associated with final grain yield (p<0.05) while the grain weight was not affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Terra Latinoamericana is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soil water constraints in La Pampa province, Argentina occur mainly during September each year, just when wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is at the stage of stem elongation under field conditions. Overall, the yield response of such cereal crop to hydric stress has been studied at anthesis and grain filling stages. The aim of this work was to study the effect of low water availability at the beginning of stem elongation, on weight and protein concentration of wheat grain. The experiment was performed under controlled conditions with three wheat cultivars: Buck Malevo, ACA 315 and Baguette Premium 11. Hydric stress treatment was assessed by interruption of irrigation for a period of 15 days following to the beginning of stem elongation. As a result of irrigation withdrawal, leaf relative water content decreased and greenness index increased. Plants grown under water limitations showed a significant reduction in number of grains per spike, as well as a decrease in grain weight of 22% in Malevo Buck, 51% in ACA 315 and 37% in Baguette Premium 11. Besides, grain protein concentration was increased by 43% in ACA 315 and 17% in Baguette Premium 11, but was not significantly altered in Buck Malevo. Grain nitrogen content was reduced by 31% in ACA 315 and 26% in Baguette Premium 11, but did not vary significantly in Malevo Buck. These results suggest that, under soil hydric limitations at the start of stem elongation, the simultaneous occurrence of grain weight reduction and grain protein concentration increment depend on wheat genotype, with a response pattern being similar to that observed when water deficiency happens in a more advanced period of the crop cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mixture of strobilurin and triazole (S+T) was applied to 2 contrasting cultivars in susceptibility to frogeye leaf spot (FLS) (DM3700 y DM3810) at growth stages R3 or R3+R5; untreated control and healthy control were also included. Incidence and severity of FLS, yield, grain number (NG), grain weight (GW), grain oil and protein were evaluated. Different levels of severity between DM3700 (susceptible) treatments, and absence of FLS in DM3810 (resistant) treatments were observed. Negative correlation was found between severity and yield. In DM3700 higher values of severity corresponded to lower yields (2117 kg/ha). DM3810 exhibited the higher yields without statistical differences between treatments (3478 kg/ha). Although NG and PG decreased in the untreated control DM3700, NG reductions were more pronounced. No increments of yield, NG and/or PG were attributed to S+T in DM3810. The maximum severity achieved by the more susceptible cultivar was not sufficient to significantly decrease oil and protein. FLS could [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bitter white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is grown by small farmers in southern Chile, mostly from Mapuches ethnic group, and exported to some European and Arabic countries, where it is consumed as a snack. Both markets pay higher prices for bigger grains, although the European market is more demanding. The Boroa-INIA cultivar originated from a single plant collected in the Araucanía Region (37°30'-39°30' S). This is a white lupin of indeterminate growing habit, belonging to the landrace known as "Local". The bitter lupins introduced in the nineties, called "alto-calibre" (high-caliber) by Chilean farmers, are interesting for their grain size, but are more susceptible to lupin anthracnose than the "Local" landrace and of lower yield. The main attribute of the Boroa-INIA cv. is a good mean grain weight, 636 mg grain-1 when sown at the appropriate time. This is 32% greater than the control representing the "Local" landrace average. At that mean grain weight, over 80% of Boroa-INIA grains reaches a caliber of 13 mm or bigger. Sown at the right time Boroa-INIA has yielded 6.3 t ha-1, and 4.8 t ha-1 in late sowings. This variety is a contribution of the Chilean Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA) to the progress of small farming. Small farmers usually do not invest in improved seed; therefore bitter lupin is not attractive to private seed producers. Consequently, bitter lupin breeding activities have been undertaken by the public sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]