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Copyright of Gaceta Médica de México is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

HC-Pro is a remarkable multifunctional protein of the genera Potyvirus and other viruses within the family Potiviridae. At least three main functions have been identified for this protein i) helper component of insect transmission; ii) RNA silencing suppressor and iii) viral polyprotein maturation. Evidence shows that this protein could be involved in other functions during the viral cycle. Dou to its activity HC-Pro is widely used in biotechnological studies related to different cellular process activated during plant-pathogen interaction. This protein is also employed in recombinant proteins production enhancement using plants as expression system. The aim of this work is to analyze the role reported in literature of HC-Pro from Tobacco etch virus as gene silencing suppressor in plants and to establish its possible applications in biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pest insects are species of living organisms that are constantly found in high populations, causing economic crops damage. Generally, it tends to be specific species, usually only one or two, which can cause great economic damage in the agricultural sector. In the last 3 decades, the concept of a biological process has been developed, widely detected in eukaryotes, by which genes can be silenced, from double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). This machinery has been investigated to understand its operation and to look for potential applications that it could have in the field of biotechnology. In several studies it was found that gene silencing is due to cytoplasmic intracellular enzymatic interactions with small RNA molecules (siRNA), which act on intracellular messenger RNA (mRNA), preventing it from translating a protein. Through this mechanism, the aim is to silence specific genes in pest insects, which are essential for the insect to live and thus prevent the proliferation of the pest. This article compiles the studies carried out on RNA interference, referring to the genetic mechanism of insects, as an alternative for its control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the development of a new small interfering RNA called Teprasiran, which is used to prevent acute kidney injury (AKI) after surgery. AKI affects 30% of patients undergoing cardiac surgery, despite advances in surgical technique and postoperative care. Teprasiran acts by temporarily inhibiting the p53 gene, which protects proximal tubular cells from acute kidney damage. A phase 2 study showed that Teprasiran significantly reduced the incidence, severity, and duration of AKI in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Currently, a phase 3 study is being conducted on this interfering RNA. Gene silencing via RNA interference is an important experimental technique in biology, and the development of different small interfering RNAs has promising clinical applications. [Extracted from the article]

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 (CDK5) regulates several functions in neurons, endothelial, and epithelial cells, including the cytoskeleton dynamics. Likewise, it has been reported that some cytoskeleton elements, such as actin filaments and microtubules, play an essential role during Dengue virus (DENV) infection. This work aimed to evaluate the role of CDK5 during DENV-2 infection by two methods, chemical inhibition, and gene silencing. The antiviral activity of roscovitine was evaluated using Plaque Forming Units (PFU) assay. The transfection efficiency and knockdown of CDK5, using artificial miRNAs, was carried out by flow cytometry. The effect on the viral envelope protein and cytoskeleton elements was evidenced by advanced fluorescence microscopy and image analysis. Roscovitine showed antiviral activity in pre and post-infection stages in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with roscovitine and miRCDK5 decrease the amount of CDK5 in uninfected cells. In cells infected and transfected with miRCDK5, as well as treated with the inhibitor, a significant reduction of the viral envelope protein was observed; however, no significant reduction of CDK5 was found. Also, evident morphological cellular changes were observed during the treatment with roscovitine in infected cells. The results indicate the potential participation of CDK5 during DENV-2 infection, possibly mediating protein translation or replication of the viral genome through the cytoskeletal dynamics regulation. Additional data are required to clarify the mechanistic of these phenomena using alternative methods [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Argentina de Cardiología is the property of Sociedad Argentina de Cardiologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Get in vitro matured oocytes that could be competent for in vitro fertilization with a result of 50 % viable blastocysts, is one of the main problems in the in vitro development of bovine embryos. For these reason, is necessary to understand the cellular processes that lead to the maturation of the oocyte during folliculogenesis and subsequent transition to the embryo. The transition from oocyte to embryo is a complex process that involves genomic inactivation of the oocyte and embryonic genome activation. This process occurs in cattle in the stage of 8 to 16 cells where there are a selective degradation of maternal mRNA, which were stored during oogenesis and are the source of protein in the early stages of embryonic development. The action of maternal mRNA is a key for that embryonic genome activation takes place in form and time. Understanding the involvement of these transcripts in embryonic genome activation is essential to elucidate the cellular processes falling in oocyte maturation in vitro protocols. The aim of this review was to gather information from maternal genes that have been isolated both in the murine model and cattle, this in order to incorporate knowledge related to genomic processes that enable the development of the embryo in cattle, and to design also new strategies to improve in vitro fertilization protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CES Medicina Veterinaria & Zootecnica is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Multicellular organisms develop from one cell: the zygote. During ontogeny, cells derived from the zygote display different cellular programs that are stabilized through epigenetic mechanisms. The programs of stem cells seem more inclusive, and during the process of differentiation a larger number of genes are silenced than activated. The reactivation of pluripotency recovers of the stem cell program in terminally differentiated cells has been achieved experimentally. This process, called reprogramming, brings new hope for the development of a regenerative medicine with new capabilities for the treatment of chronic diseases, without the ethic restrains imposed by the use of embryonic cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Las encefalopatías espongiformes transmisibles (EETs) son enfermedades neurodegenerativas fatales que afectan a humanos y ciertas especies animales. La hipótesis más aceptada indica que el agente infeccioso, denotado como prion y compuesto principalmente por la Proteína Priónica Scrapie (PrPSc), corresponde a una conformación anormal de una proteína codificada por el huésped denominada Proteína Priónica Celular (PrPC), cuya función es aún desconocida; sin embargo, la expresión ubicua de PrPC así como su elevado grado de conservación entre especies, sugieren un papel importante para esta proteína. En este trabajo se detectó a la PrPC en diferentes tipos celulares incluyendo un cultivo primario de células de peces (Tilapia, Oreochromis spp.). Además, basándonos en la secuencia de la PrPC humana, se diseñó un RNA de interferencia (siRNA) con el fin de silenciar el gen PRNP en células neuronales SK-SY5Y. El siRNA diseñado inhibió la expresión de PrPC a lo largo de las 96 h post-transfección y las células silenciadas fueron menos susceptibles a la infección por HSV-1 y HSV-2, en comparación con células no transfectadas con el siRNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Médicas UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The discovery of novel gene regulatory systems under the control of small RNAs has had a significant impact on molecular biology. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs (those that do not encode protein) that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. They bind with imperfect complementary to their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), generally within the 3′-untranslated region, and repress protein production by destabilizing the mRNA and translational silencing. Large numbers' of miRNAs have been identified in the genomes of various species including human; yet the number of the miRNA is still rising due to the combined efforts of molecular biology and bioinformatic prediction. It has been reported that this molecules regulate cellular functions, therefore not surprising that microRNAs are implicated in a wide variety of diseases (i.e. cancer and diabetes mellitus). The purpose of this review is to provide current information on miRNA synthesis and the progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of miRNA-mediated gene silencing, as well as the potential use of miRNAs for diagnosis and therapy of diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) is considered one of the most important plant viruses worldwide, mainly due to its economic impact on the agricultural sector and its wide range of hosts. As with other viral infections, there is currently no effective treatment that can reduce its rate of development. In this sense, the application of the RNA interference mechanism (RNAi) also called Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) in plants, could successfully generate resistance against this virus. The present research addresses a non-transgenic strategy for managing CMV through the exogenous application of single-stranded (shRNA) or double-stranded (dsRNA) RNA in Nicotiana benthamiana plants as potential inducers of resistance against the virus. shRNA and dsRNA sequences derived from different CMV genomic regions were designed and synthesized in vitro. 20 μg of both shRNA and dsRNA molecules were infiltrated into N. benthamiana leaves. Mechanical inoculation of CMV was performed 24 hours after the respective silencing sequences infiltration. Gene silencing was confirmed by visual inspection of symptoms on treated leaves, and real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) as well. The results showed a silencing at the phenotypic level in the plants treated with shRNA or dsRNA in comparison with the control (sterile distilled water). The RT-qPCR results showed levels of silencing between 70% and 98% for the different shRNA sequences that were evaluated. These data indicate that PTGS in N. benthamiana confers protection against CMV; demonstrating that this strategy could be considered for the management of this phytopathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]