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Copyright of Realidad Economica is the property of Realidad Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper deals with the role of foreign trade liberalization in the changes occurring on the labor market in Tunisia. A two-equation model for employment and wages was estimated relying on a two-dimensional approach, time and sector. The main results firstly revealed that imports and exports are the least significant variables because of their marginal effect on labor demand, whereas production and delayed employment are the most explanatory variables, without being sector specific. Secondly, the real wage level determination depends on imports and exports which have different short- or long-run effects that are sector dependent (exportable or importable). Moreover, skilled and unskilled workers employment and productivity were found to be explanatory variables that may have a sectoral specification. As for production, it operates differently, depending on the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Derecho del Estado is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, better known as the RCEP, is a free trade agreement signed by 15 countries from the Asia-Pacific region in November 2020. It took effect in January 2022. After presenting an overview of the agreement, this paper looks at the negotiations and the current state of the RCEP. It then focuses on its basic content, particularly from a legal standpoint, as it analyses the institutional framework, the decision rule, its legal sources and the dispute settlement system, without omitting to look at the agreement from an economic perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work analyzes the contents of the Spanish Decree that determines the procedure for the free allocation of greenhouse gas emission quotas and the exclusions from the European emissions market during the five-year period 2026-2030, all in application of the provisions of the Directive 2003/87 in its consolidated version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informacion Comercial Espanola Revista de Economia is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Relações Internacionais is the property of Relacoes Internacionais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The work presented has the objective of "developing a model that facilitates the complementarity between Circular Economy and Open Innovation, from a sustainability perspective, reflected in the economic improvement and eco-efficiency of companies", based on the need to seek tools that allow a complementarity between both and with it, achieve a better response in business performance, from a sustainability perspective. To respond to this objective, both theoretical and empirical methods were used, and within the latter there is that of Modeling, achieving an open, flexible and dynamic model, which favors Continuous Improvement, Knowledge Management, Surveillance Technology and Business Plans, which systemically articulates the complementary actions between the Circular Economy and Open Innovation, for which functions and requirements are detailed, so that, once implemented, it allows the company in question to achieve economic improvements and eco-efficiency in line with the principles of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Contemporanea is the property of Historia Contemporania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Panorama Económico (1870-2171) is the property of Economic Panorama Magazine / Revista Panorama Economico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the integration processes in Brazil, focusing on the impact of a free trade agreement on the country's constitutional powers. The constitutional and historical context of Brazil is examined, including the constituent process and the transition from dictatorship to democracy. Brazil's participation in Latin American integration, such as Mercosur, and its relationship with the European Union and the United States through free trade agreements are also studied. The article highlights how free trade agreements have become a tool for developing international political alliances. Additionally, the active role of the Supreme Federal Court and the Superior Court of Justice in the Brazilian judicial system is mentioned. The article also addresses the conflict of powers between administrative and judicial authorities of the Union and the states in Brazil, as well as Brazil's participation in Mercosur and conflict resolution systems between countries. The importance of Brazil in the economic integration of Latin America is emphasized. The article also analyzes Brazil's role in integration processes and its relationship with the United States, as well as the reorientation of Brazilian foreign policy in a time of great global instability. Brazil seeks to consolidate its position in the international sphere through the signing of free trade agreements. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Boletín Económico de ICE is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Crónica Tributaria is the property of Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, Ministerio de Hacienda y Funcion Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economic History Research / Investigaciones de Historia Económica is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Historia Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study proposes elements for defining a new inclusive trade policy to promote the development of economies. It is based on current international trade trends, new trade and industrial policy theories, and an evaluation of some of the region's Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). At the same time, it considers recent developments arising from the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on planning chains and globalization. Some general guidelines and main components are also included, and it is concluded that trade policy and FTAs must be preceded and accompanied by previous and complementary approaches to avoid mediocre results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Francisco de Vitoria's relections De Indis and De iure belli, free trade is presented as a "human right" in accordance with ius gentium. This right is rooted in the right of communication and association. The rights to travel, dwell and emigrate precede it and it is also closely related to the rights to preach, to protect converts and to constitute Christian princes. It is argued how the right to free trade has as its ultimate foundation on natural law and indirectly on divine law; trade is not independent of ethics; and it allows for the development of justice and friendship, among other repercussions. Francisco de Vitoria is presented as a defender of private initiative and the free market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho UNED is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Economics & Finance / Revista Mexicana de Economia y Finanzas is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios de la Gestión is the property of Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar, Sede Ecuador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Se analiza, mediante un modelo econométrico, el traspaso del tipo de cambio a la inflación, considerando la variable instrumento de la política monetaria, la variable objetivo, el nivel de actividad económica, el nivel de crédito y el tipo de cambio. Este sistema se ve afectado exógenamente por los precios de los productos básicos, el nivel de actividad del sector externo y la incertidumbre percibida por los inversionistas internacionales. Utilizando modelos vectoriales de corrección de errores, observamos un mayor traspaso a los precios administrados que a los precios libres y una marcada asimetría en el traspaso cambiario caracterizada por un traspaso más intenso cuando la moneda nacional se aprecia (efecto deflacionario) que cuando se deprecia (efecto inflacionario). Además, destacamos que la asimetría en el traspaso a los precios internos se debe a la asimetría en los precios libres, pues en los precios administrados la asimetría es poco significativa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid-1990s, Mexico joined the multilateral trading system, strengthening its trade liberalization through a series of domestic foreign trade policies. This consolidated the export of finished goods and various raw materials, making this market one of the most important in Latin America. This article identifies some of these foreign trade policies by characterizing the diachronic behavior of exports. For this reason, this work, essentially descriptive, considers secondary official databases, both local and international. It is concluded that among the products that have the greatest impact on Mexico’s total exports, some sectors stand out, such as beverages, technology, household appliances and automobiles, in addition to sectors such as mining and agricultural raw materials. All of them have notable importance compared to other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico and South Korea have progressed in their commercial affairs since they began diplomatic relations in 1962. Currently, the possibility of negotiating a free trade agreement between both economies is being raised. The objective of this research is to evaluate the potential effects of such a trade agreement for both countries. For this, indexes of commercial intensity, revealed comparative advantages, complementarity, and commercial similarity are used. The results show that these two countries have intensified their trade relations, turning Mexico into South Korea's main trading partner in Latin America and giving rise to a complementary trade structure with advantages for Mexico in the trade of mineral fuels, lubricants, machinery, and transport equipment. Also, an asymmetry was found in the tariff rates that could generate commercial advantages, especially for Mexico in the primary sector in case of the signing of a free trade agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the largest global spaces for economic alliance is the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership-CPTPP, which entered into force in 2018, which seeks to deepen trade and investment relations with the creation of a free trade zone between Brunei Darussalam, Chile, New Zealand, Vietnam, Peru, Mexico, Singapore, Canada, Australia, Japan and Malaysia, after the withdrawal of the United States in 2017. Yes, certainly the treaty has presented -in its incipient period of time- significant improvements in the export of raw materials and finished products in the area of mining and agribusiness for Peru, it must also strive in the future, to assume other roles aimed at relaunching scientific activity, technology transfer and promoting premises for the resolution of controversies that do not attempt against the sovereignty of nations. The research was carried out from the documentary approach with the aim of interpreting the implications of the alliance in the economic dynamics of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín Económico de ICE is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Republic of Korea, hereinafter South Korea, is among the ten economies that export and import the most abroad, the United States, Mexico and Canada are among its main trading partners. This research analyzes the growth of South Korea's trade with the United States, Canada and Mexico from 1970-2020, for which we worked through a documentary and information analysis that will guarantee the selective recovery of different sources to explain the relevance of the United States, Mexico and Canada in the trade and economy of South Korea. In this context, the analysis of trade-related data shows that the United States and Canada have a free trade agreement with South Korea and Mexico without having a free trade agreement with the Koreans have higher growth in exports and imports with South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the effects of trade liberalization on employment and the labor market in Mexico's manufacturing industry. The analysis places special emphasis on assessing the extent to which the industry's distinct trade performance is accompanied by an improvement in labor conditions to ensure decent work. For this purpose, the study applies the framework of decent work indicators developed by the International Labour Organization (ILO), in combination with input-output analysis, to explore selected links between international trade and certain indicators of decent work in two industries of Mexico's manufacturing sector: automotive and textile. We chose these two industries because of the key differences in their organizational structures, their roles in global value chains (GVC), and their dynamism in recent decades. A key contribution of the study was to construct a set of relevant time series indicators of decent work for these two industrial activities in Mexico, based on ilo guidelines and official data. This study is the first one to build indicators of decent work at the industry level in Mexico. It finds important differences in these two industries' advances towards decent work, which can be partly explained by their distinct performances in international trade. Based on these results, the study offers some policy recommendations to help achieve a more robust pace of progress towards decent work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informacion Comercial Espanola Revista de Economia is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigación Económica is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigación Económica is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Verba Iuris is the property of Universidad Libre Bogota, Centre de Investigaciones Socio Juridicas de la Facultad de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Estudios del Siglo XVIII is the property of Instituto Feijoo de Estudios del Siglo XVIII (Universidad de Oviedo) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En 2003, Chile y la República de Corea firmaron el primer tratado de libre comercio transpacífico. Los objetivos de ambos países eran diferentes: mientras Chile procuraba aumentar, diversificar y añadir valor a sus exportaciones, la República de Corea tenía un objetivo de economía política de iniciar negociaciones preferenciales y consideraba a Chile un candidato ideal para explorar esa vía. Este artículo se centra en los objetivos que llevaron a Chile a firmar el tratado. Se estudian los efectos que este ha tenido en las exportaciones chilenas, aplicando un método de controles sintéticos para evaluar el efecto del tratado en las exportaciones respecto del valor y número de productos. Además, se analiza el impacto del tratado en los márgenes intensivo y extensivo de las exportaciones chilenas. Si bien se constata que el tratado ha tenido un efecto positivo sobre las exportaciones, este efecto no es significativo para nuevos productos exportados. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of a study carried out between 2018 and 2021, designed to analyze the dynamics of the commercialization of religious and spiritual products in the city of Santiago de Chile. The study focuses on the daily experiences and needs of the believers and users who frequent this space. In contrast to those interpretations that emphasize the calculated search for spiritual benefit as the main driver of decisionmaking in open religious economies, this study analyzes the day-to-day dynamics and motivations that lead individuals to engage in transactions of goods and services in accordance with their practical needs. It also sheds light on their fears, disappointments and hopes, as well as their ability to reconnect with the sacred. To this end, a qualitative design was used, based on ethnographies, in-depth interviews and observations in stores selling religious, spiritual, magical, and esoteric items, as well as on the streets and passages in the city's historic center where a variety of services (divination, healing, protection) are offered. The results support the existence of flexible individuals who construct their belief systems in relation to the challenges and needs they face in their daily lives, beyond the theological and dogmatic restrictions defined by institutions. They also account for the constitution of associative networks built by suppliers and consumers, which amplifies the impact of new or novel religious/spiritual experiences through multiple interactions with hybrid belief systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article "The Diplomatic Enlightenment. Spain, Europe, and the Age of Enlightenment" analyzes the ideas and institutions that shaped Spanish political culture in the 18th century. It highlights Spain's commitment to European debates on the balance of power and the Enlightenment of Utrecht. Key figures such as José de Carvajal y Lancaster and Abbé Saint-Pierre, who promoted peace, are mentioned. The author challenges the idea that the Enlightenment did not reach Spain and highlights the contribution of Spanish officials in transnational cooperation and the expansion of scientific and cultural knowledge. Chapter four of the book is titled "Revolutions and Returns" and discusses topics such as free trade and self-government of indigenous communities. It concludes that the efforts of these enlightened actors sought to strengthen the power of diplomats in the international context. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana is the property of FLACSO - Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Internacionales is the property of Instituto de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the declaration issued by the United Nations General Assembly on country folk, the responsibility arises to analyze the importance of targeted international recognition of people who live in and are from the countryside. Given this, our research aims to demonstrate the role played by organized farmers who produce organic and fair trade coffee in the process of food sovereignty in Mexico. Through interviews with rural families, this work highlights that despite the crises faced by country folk, they make great contributions to food sovereignty. In particular, those who are organized in long-term cooperatives such as the Coordinadora Estatal de Productores de Café del Estado de Oaxaca (CEPCO), which despite facing eradication policies, trade liberalization and even climate crisis, persist in their ways of life and in addition provide high quality food for urban society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of open regionalism in Latin American was characterized by emphasizing trade liberalization in order to improve the region's insertion in a globalized world economy by simultaneously reducing barriers to intra-regional trade and the rest of the world. In this sense, trade facilitation measures play a preponderant role as instruments that materialize the possible advances that regional integration agreements can advance in customs and commercial matters, as is the case of Mercosur and the Pacific Alliance (AP), two of the trade blocs that group the main Latin American economies which, in April 2017, agreed on a roadmap for their convergence in trade facilitation actions, an area in which the foreign trade single windows (VUCE) have a center role. This research reviews the advances in this matter in the countries who are members in both models of regional integration and concludes that it is imperative that the governments and the private sector grouped in the PA and Mercosur, prioritize the trade facilitation and customs cooperation agenda, including in it credible and secure governance mechanisms with verifiable access to large foreign markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to analyze the role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and bank credit to the industrial sector as expansion factors for the productive sector in Mexico from 1995 to 2020. During this period, Mexico was transitioning from an economy with high tariff protection to an open economy, under the generally accepted theoretical postulate that financial repression impeded the free flow of investment. This scenario was unfavorable for an industry that was beginning to reconfigure itself within the framework of a secondary export model. Analysis was conducted using a Markov regime switching model and an Error Correction Vector Model (ECVM). The selected models do not reveal any causal relationship from the financial sector to the real sector or vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This reflection stems from a series of qualitative investigations related to the profound cultural, aesthetic and erotic impacts on Mexican society. The insertion of Mexico into the Free Trade Agreement, together with the United States and Canada (1994) promoted new erotic offers, as well as the construction of images and narratives of a country that was reinventing itself and becoming Americanized at a dizzying pace. Likewise, social representations and their ideological load are intended to be denaturalized, now that economic exchanges have been renegotiated in a new trade agreement (2018). And a government that symptomatically calls itself Morena and promises a new historical narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Foro Internacional is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Foro Internacional is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)