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In Piauí the popular usage of building wood fences was transmitted from parents to children through generations. With goal to analyze the traditional knowledge used in the construction of these fences and identify the species of flora used, were conducted 50 interviews with farmers and collected botanical material in Cocal (city of Piauí state), procedure which identified twenty eight species, distributed in ten families and 21 genus. The most important species was Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart., Cedrela odorata L. (100%) Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. (95,83%), Terminalia fagifolia Mart. (84,21%) e Annona leptopetala (R. E. Fr.) H. Rainer (83,35%). The most common fences were the fachina style built with sabiá (M. caesalpiniifolia) alone or in association with aroeira (M. urundeuva Allemão), and pau-d'arco-roxo (Handroanthus impetiginosus Mart. es. DC Mattos) or jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) with barbed wire. The wooden fences built in Piauí semiarid are not limited to divide areas and / or hold animals; are true works of art that make and decorate the countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]