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The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of two percentages of inoculum used for the startup of high rate algal ponds (hrap) in the postreatment of effluent of septic tank. The HRAP1 and HRAP2 were inoculated by the substitution of 3.25 % and 6.50 % of the effective volume with liquid from a HRAP operated with a hydraulic retention time of eight days. During seven consecutive days the variables organic nitrogen (on), total ammonia nitrogen (tan), total phosphorous (TP), chemical oxygen demand (cod) and chlorophyll-α were measured; the phytoplankton was quantified and characterized. The chlorophyll-α concentrations in the HRAPi varied between 451.2 and 1,802.2 µg/L and in the HRAP2 between 339.1 and 2,194.7 µg/L, the final densities of phytoplankton were respectively of 683,200 and 5'535,130 organisms/mL, with presence of individuals of the Chlorophyceae, Cryptophyceae and Euglenophyceae classes in the two ponds. The calculated removal efficiencies for the HRAPi and HRAP2 were respectively: 37.1 and 51.6 % for ON; 89.6 and 97.3 % for TAN; 30.4 and 30.3 % for TP; -1.3 and -53.2 % for COD; 1495 and 2398 Log units for E. coli. The inoculation promoted the rapid growth of the phytoplankton communities, with best results for nitrogen removal and E. coli inactivation due the use of higher amounts of inoculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of the application of organic fertilization and safety for health from the point of view of food quality in the agro-industrial process, has been little studied in research and reported in scientific and non-scientific publications, which is currently becoming a problem for the health of our country and why not, for the world, due to the deficit and high costs of mineral fertilizers and the inappropriate use of water and residual products. The objective of this work is to expose the results of investigations carried out with swine residuals and sediments from reservoirs with vegetable crops under organoponic conditions, demonstrating the effectiveness and safety of these two residuals, used as a substrate in organoponic, to which chemical and microbiological analyzes were carried out to verify their use as organic fertilizers. The organic residuals from pig farms are rich in organic matter and appreciable amounts of mineral elements (N, P, K, Ca and Mg). The sediments have to be combined with organic fertilizers due to their low nutrient content compared to pig residuals. These results are of great importance from the social, environmental and safety point of view, risk reduction and prevention of food borne diseases, due to the positive effect of effluents and sediments in terms of soil preservation, its use as an organic substrate, and its safety due to the absence of pathogenic organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out in the livestock production module of CEAJAL, in the pig gestation area (n=12), fresh solid excreta were collected manually with a shovel and wheelbarrow, the lagoon-type biodigester was fed every day with two load levels organic (CO), CO15% and CO5% in order to determine the quality of the byproducts. The biogas and sludge were evaluated in 4 periods of 40 days each. The resulting data were analyzed using descriptive and differential statistics in the R program (4.3.1). The methane content in the biogas of CO15% and CO5% was 61.6% and 59.6%, respectively, (p<0.02). The sludge was subjected to a complementary drying treatment at environmental temperature, determining macro and micronutrients, of CO15% and CO5%, where MO, 53.9% and 57.4%; CT, 31.3% and 33.0%; NT, 3.4% and 3.5%; PT, 4.0% and 3.9%, respectively. Highlighting the statistical difference of the CT variable, (p<0.04). Despite a lower amount of CO, methane production is in the normal range and the nutrients in the sludge can be taken as a reference for organic fertilization in agriculture. To implement this type of technology, complementary treatments must be considered for each of the byproducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities depend on different ecosystems that provide them with services. In the case of water supply and effluent disposal in Argentine cities, its recognition is still incomplete and fragmented. Here is presented a first database that maps and classifies the water supply sources and effluent destinations of all Argentine cities >20000 inhabitants (in 2010). Utilizing existing reports, journalistic news and satellite information, water intake and discharge points were recorded, along with other associated infrastructure in 243 cities. It was found that 30.5, 17.5 and 12.6% of the population is exclusively supplied by large transboundary rivers, groundwater and internal rivers and streams, respectively, with 25.2% supplied by mixed sources. The cities that are connected to the public sanitation networks resort mainly to internal rivers and streams (26.6%) for their disposal; however, of the urban population that is not connected to the sewage network, a high proportion discharges into free aquifers. Most Argentine cities do not return sewage water to the same system that supplies it, predominantly transfers from underground sources to internal rivers and streams. The database evidences the contrasting 'effluent pressure' (population/flow rate of the receiving system) between cities linked to large rivers (e.g., Paraná basin, 273 inhabitants.m-3.s-1) and internal basins (e.g., Mar Chiquita, 16141 inhabitants.m-3.s-1). This database, open for consultation and updating, makes visible the spatial and hydrological connection between cities and the hydrographic network, helping to improve water security and prioritize efforts to protect aquatic ecosystems that guarantee it from all levels of management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main objective of this research is to evaluate the CO2 evolution in a Red Eutrophic Latosol (Eutrudox) fertigated with treated sanitary wastewater under "Prata-Anã" banana cultivation. Disturbed soil samples were collected from 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil profile depths. The experimental design was random blocks arranged in split-plots with four replications. The main plot factors were different treated sanitary wastewater doses applied as 130% and 200% compared with the maximum annual soil application limit (150 kg sodium ha-1) and a control treatment (clean water + mineral fertilization). Soil respiration was evaluated on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days. The assessment of soil respiration at a depth of 0-20 cm indicates that the use of wastewater increases soil respiration by 19.89 and 28.46%, respectively for treatments TSW1 and TSW2 in relation to the control treatment. At a depth of 20-40 cm, the use of the control treatment promotes an exponential reduction in soil respiration, tending to decrease and stabilize at 58.185 mg C-CO2 kg-1 evolved on the 28th day of evaluation. Treatments with wastewater present respiratory behavior in a quadratic behavior, with minimum respiratory values estimated on the 18th day, respectively 83.4 and 54.0 mg evolved C-CO2 kg-1 for treatments TSW1 and TSW2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Current applications for liquid waste treatment are directed towards the study of new renewable materials, with high availability to be used as supports that act as a natural filter with very high porosity and adsorbent properties. The wastewaters of the oil activity complex composition demands the adoption of methods that use more efficient adsorbent materials to facilitate the management and final disposal of its effluents. Objective: To determine the apparent adsorption capacity of different natural materials for the treatment of oil activity wastewater. Materials and Methods: The contamination indicators determined were the Chemical Oxygen Demand, sulfides, fats and oils, for which international APHA and ISO standards were used, as well as the adsorption and kinetic isotherms of materials such as sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, agromena, zeolite and active mud. Results and Discussion: All the materials presented the highest adsorption capacity after 20 min of contact, with values of this parameter standing out for COD of 67 and 70 mg/g with bagasse and rice straw; and removals greater than 95% for sulfides, fats and oils with all materials. Conclusiones: Se alcanzaron los mayores valores de capacidad de adsorción de DQO (26-63 mg/g) y de sulfuros (10-12 mg/g) a 20 min de contacto con el residual y bajo condiciones de empaque, los mejores resultados corresponden al bagazo de caña, la paja de arroz y el producto mejorador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water fit for human consumption is an exhaustible source due to its incorrect use, constant population growth and contamination of supply sources, among other factors. The food processing industry is one of the most polluting of the receiving sources where liquid residues are deposited. Meat processes are one of the most influential in environmental deterioration due to the aggressiveness of its residuals. For this reason, this study proposes a technological change that improves the quality of the effluent generated in the residual removal, replacing the Conventional Residual Treatment Plant (PTRc) with a membrane bioreactor (BRM), at the Research Institute for the Food Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gas biofiltration in an organic fixed bed works as a natural filter with high porosity and sorption properties. It retains contaminants by physical-chemical processes and on the other hand, it supports the growth of degrading microorganisms. Complex mixtures such as active sludge application for biofilters inoculation is more convenient than the isolated species use. This guarantees a favorable culture medium for microorganisms development, which close biogeochemical cycles of elements such as sulfur, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. However, problems may arise with regard to effluent discharge regulations in order to preserve quality of receiving ground waters. Objective: To evaluate the quality of a residual effluent from biological treatment system of natural gas. Materials and Methods: Chemical and microbiological parameters were determined according to the (APHAAWWA- WEF, 2005) and ISO standards. Results and Discussion: It was demonstrated that there is a growth of bacteria and fungi degraders of H2S (g) of natural gas of 6.0·108 CFU.mL-1; and it was corroborated that there is a gradual increase in sulphate concentration from 20.4 to 867.51 mg.L-1, as a result of this degradation Conclusions: A strong correlation between the bacterial development and the decrease of nitrogen content in the system was observed; and it was possible to remove other pollution indicators as fecal coliforms, COD, BOD and sedimentable solids in effluent, in order to improve discharge quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vinasse is the main liquid effluent from the production process of fuel ethanol from sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). Due to the large volumes generated, its treatment is one of the biggest challenges for the sugar sector. Geitlerinema is a filamentous cyanobacterium with heterotrophic metabolism. For this reason is possible to culture it for treating high turbidity effluents, such as vinasse. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of the heterotrophic culture of Geitlerinema sp. as a treatment method for sugarcane vinasse. It was cultivated in the undiluted effluent, with the addition of glucose (10 g l-1). The changes in the concentration of biomass, organic carbon and total nitrogen were recorded. The percentage of lipids and proteins of the biomass was determined at the end of the experiment. The filamentous cyanobacteria did not increase its biomass during 24 h of culture. Carbon (35%) and nitrogen (75%) removal was observed. The final composition of the biomass in lipids and proteins was 15.0 and 14.6% (m / m), respectively. The removal of 75% of the total nitrogen from the culture medium observed at the end of the experiment suggests the potential of the cyanobacterium as an option for the treatment of sugarcane vinasse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commander Ernesto Che Guevara Nickel Company's Carbonate thickener effluent, as an average, contains 183,03 mg/L of total nickel, from this 81,3 % is in a dissolve nickel form. This paper aim was to recover the greatest quantity of nickel as possible from this effluent by using the coagulation--flocculation process. Test runs were carried out with hydrated lime addition in different dosages, for aiding coagulation and other ones with the previously distilled effluent. Six coagulants from different companies were assessed in different dosages, including an effluent that is common for all the tests. The best results were obtained with the use of the aluminum sulfate in dosages of 300 mg/L as well as hydrated lime at 150 mg/L, with a recovery of 91,70 % of the total nickel and 88,67 % of the dissolved nickel. With the predistilled effluent no high precipitation values were achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aim is charactering the effluent of the nickel carbonate thickener, which is obtained from the distillation of the product solution of the ammoniacal carbonate leaching. The following physical characteristics were determined for such as: pH, turbidity, color, total dissolved solids, suspended solids, as well as their particle size behavior and also the following chemical characteristics were determined such as calcic hardness, total hardness, total chlorides, ammonia, total nickel and dissolved nickel, as well as Langelier's Index. Within the applied methods, the electrometric, colorimetric, assessment, gravimetric volumetric and the atomic absorption method are included. The effluent according to the results obtained is a, little turbid, from slight hard to moderately hardness, of total high alkalinity and very colorful waste water, with high total dissolved solids, low average suspended solids , with high content of chlorides and ammonia, high presence of metallic elements and sulfates, it has total average nickel concentration of 183,03 mg/L, 81,3 % is encountered as dissolved nickel , from fairly corrosive to severe scaling, 28,53 % of its particles are in the colloidal state and maximum particle size of suspended solids of 43,27 μm. It was concluded that according to its characteristics, it is possible to recover the dissolved nickel through a process of coagulation-flocculation, for which a prior treatment is recommended in order to reduce the ammonia content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Innotec is the property of Laboratorio Tecnologico del Uruguay and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Northeastern of Santa Fe, is one of the potential areas for dairy activity. Information was requested through a survey on environmental issues and its relation to management practices in dairy farms from Vera, General Obligado, Northern San Justo and San Javier departments. The main results indicated that 27% of dairy farm has some effluent management. Raw dairy effluent are derived to artificial ponds in 56% of farms, 22% to natural watercourses and 11% is used to apply to the soil, as fertilizer. Information will be used to propose strategies for dairy farm in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Tecno Lógicas is the property of Instituto Tecnologico Metropolitano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Innotec is the property of Laboratorio Tecnologico del Uruguay and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Efficiency in removing particulate matter and dissolved nutrients from the effluents of reproductive tanks of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was evaluated on the laboratory scale using three treatments sedimentation, filtration by Crassostrea rhizophorae and absorption by Ulva fasciata. For each treatment, we used a six-hour water residence time. For the sedimentation stage, tanks were filled with 90 L of the effluent. For the filtration stage, tanks were filled with 20 L of the supernatant resulting from the effluent after sedimentation. For the absorption stage, tanks were filled with 15 L of the supernatant resulting from the effluent after filtration. At the end of each treatment we collected 500 mL to analyze the water quality. During sedimentation, turbidity, chlorophyll-a and total suspended solids were reduced in 93.8%, 94.5% and 65.9%, respectively. The filtration treatment, achieved high levels of efficiency for removing bacteria (89.3%) and chlorophyll-&a (100%). The absorption treatment reduce orthophosphate (Due to image rights restrictions, multiple line equation(s) cannot be graphically displayed), ammonia (Due to image rights restrictions, multiple line equation(s) cannot be graphically displayed ) and nitrate (N-NO3) in 53.6%, 49.6%, and 70.2%, respectively, compared to the control tanks. Combined sedimentation, filtration and absorption treatments reduced total bacteria (95.1%), turbidity (97.1%) total suspended solids (81.3%), chlorophyll-a (99.1%), ammonia (54.1%), nitrite (58.0%), nitrate (69.2%) and orthophosphate (52.9%); these are highly efficient rates considering the values of the untreated effluent. Finally, the combination of sedimentation, filtration and absorption significantly, improved the water quality of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp culture effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Innotec is the property of Laboratorio Tecnologico del Uruguay and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Efficiency in removing particulate matter and dissolved nutrients from Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp farming effluents was evaluated at laboratory scale employing a combined two-stage system of sedimentation and filtration by the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae; three hydraulic residence times (HRT) were used: 6, 12, and 24 h. For the sedimentation process, 100-L tanks were filled with 90 L of the effluent. For the filtration process, 50-L tanks were filled with 20 L of the effluent supernatant corresponding to each HRT of the sedimentation stage. All experimental units were seeded with 15 adult oysters with a mean weight of 80 g and a biomass of 1200 g tank- 1. One tank with empty oyster shells was used as a control for each HRT. The results showed that, in the sedimentation process, the best performance was obtained at 24 h, with 56.1% removal by turbidity, 36.3% by total volatile solids, 31.0% by BOD5, and 21.4% by ammonium. In the filtration process, removal efficiency was highest at 6 h, with 62.1% removal by turbidity, 69.4% by total suspended solids, 35.4% by total volatile solids, 100% by chlorophyll a, and 17.2% by BOD5, when compared with the control tank. In the filtration process, the ammonium concentration increased for all HRTs. The integrated removal efficiency for the sedimentation and filtration processes showed significantly improved performance at 6 h, as compared to the untreated effluent, reaching 69.3% removal by turbidity, 69.0% by total suspended solids, 41.3% by total volatile solids, and 100% by chlorophyll a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was elaborated a bacterial strains cocktail composed of different degrading abilities with high strength and high grow rates. It was tested in the effluent from the processing plant PCR II, Instituto Tecnológico Pesquero del Perú. The parameters analyzed were: MPN total coliformes, biochemical oxygen demand (BO5D), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), oil and grease, temperature, pH, color and odor. The results indicated successful removal of BO5D in 93.2% at two days and 99.8% at seven days. This showed that it can be used efficiently in the degradation of wastewater from the fishing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Theoría: Ciencia, Arte y Humanidades is the property of Universidad del Bio-Bio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)