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Sleep quality is essential for physical and mental health, influenced by factors such as gender, age, and environment. Lack of sleep can cause chronic diseases and reduce quality of life, highlighting the importance of analyzing its determinants. The study seeks to explore the relationship between sleep quality and sociodemographic factors using the K-Modes algorithm, highlighting patterns in the adult population. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 102 participants. Variables such as sleep quality, latency, duration, gender, age, place of origin and educational level were analyzed. The K-Modes algorithm was used to group categorical data into clusters. The analysis revealed three main clusters with distinctive characteristics in terms of sleep quality and sociodemographic factors. Younger women reported better sleep conditions, while older people, especially from rural areas and with lower educational level, tended to have worse sleep quality. The findings highlight the influence of gender, age, place of origin and educational level on sleep quality. Women, young people and people with higher educational levels tended to report better sleep quality. Older adults and those living in rural areas are more likely to report poor sleep quality. Sleep quality is influenced by sociodemographic factors such as gender, age, and place of residence. The use of tools such as the KModes algorithm allows the identification of patterns to develop personalized interventions to improve sleep quality in vulnerable populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Investigación en Salud VIVE is the property of Revista de Investigacion en Salud VIVE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista CES Psicologia is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores the media practices of Peruvian internet users based on their self- perceived educational level. The purpose is to provide an original theoretical perspective on the formation of media assemblages, shaped by the uses and interactions of specific social groups with media outlets. Utilizing a custom questionnaire, grounded in an updated version of the Uses and Gratifications Theory, administered to a sample (n=465) of users from various age groups and socioeconomic backgrounds, we examine the similarities and differences in these media assemblages and their impact on users' agency as critical media consumers. The results reveal that the national context, characterized by technological disparities and the COVID-19 pandemic, has influenced consumption practices. The smartphone stands out as the most widely used device, valued for its immediacy and diverse content. Both less educated and highly educated groups resort to it for information, education, and entertainment. Television also plays a significant role, serving as entertainment for older generations and a source of information for higher socioeconomic levels. The choice of streaming services among different income groups reflects the influence of connectivity and bandwidth. Information consumption is driven by curiosity, while entertainment is used for learning and following trends. Furthermore, there is little planning involved in entertainment and information consumption, although educational content is more planned among the highly educated group. This difference may be linked to access opportunities for educational materials, suggesting avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Academic expectations represent what students hope to achieve during their training and are a predictor of academic and social performance. These academic expectations are shaped by the parents, therefore their education is an important variable in the academic development of the children. Although parents project their aspirations on their children, motivate them to have high levels of aspiration and are responsible for creating more intellectually stimulating environments, the objective of this study was to identify the differences in the academic expectations of a sample of students, according to the level of education of their parents. Method: This research had the participation of 261 Colombian university students who are studying their first year of undergraduate, between the ages of 16 and 54 (mean = 21,9). For this study, the Academic Perceptions-Expectations Questionnaire (CPA-E; Deaño et al., 2015), was used, the scores of each participant were obtained, together with their sociodemographic data stipulating the parents' level of education, and descriptive data and one-way variance (ANOVA) analyzes were done. Results: The academic expectations of students with both parents without higher education (mean= 189.176), are below the average, being significantly different from the academic expectations scores of individuals with one (mean= 202.050) or both parents with higher education (mean= 204.286, p < 0,001). Discussion: The relevance and need of access to education for most of the Colombian population is demonstrated, understanding that this is an influential factor in the academic expectations of a person, and that there must be differential support for students with parents without training professional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociología del Trabajo is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Sociologia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Sociologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forma y Funcion is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Linguistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Introduction: increasing fruit and vegetable consumption is a priority. It has been prioritized as a fundamental objective of public policies worldwide. Given that such consumption in schoolchildren in Jalisco (Mexico) is below the dietary recommendations it is crucial to identify the determinants that influence this consumption to promote the development of contextualized actions that improve it. Objective: to identify the socioeconomic and sociodemographic determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among mothers and households of schoolchildren in Jalisco, Mexico. Method: an analytical, cross-sectional study carried out during the first quarter of 2020. A validated food consumption frequency and a questionnaire on sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors were used for its development. Results: a lower educational level of the mothers of schoolchildren was associated with a lower consumption of vegetables by schoolchildren. In turn, a lower household income level was associated with a lower consumption of fruits in schoolchildren. Conclusions: a low educational level of mothers and a low household income were determinants associated with fruit and vegetable consumption in schoolchildren. However, there were differences in the determinants for fruits and vegetables. It is essential to consider these factors and their differences in order to plan actions that contribute to improving fruit and vegetable intake in the school population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Aula Abierta. Revista de Investigación, Formación e Innovación en Educación (RIFIE) is the property of Universidad de Oviedo, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible influence of disposition towards critical thinking, grade level and gender (as independent variables) on problem solving achievement (as a dependent variable). A total of 114 Spanish secondary school students, 55 boys and 59 girls. in grades 9, 10 and 11 took part in this study. A questionnaire that maps disposition towards critical thinking and a problem solving test (a word problem of the PISA tests) were administered to participants. From the Pearson product-moment correlation matrix of the study variables and from the backward stepwise regression analysis it can be concluded that: 1) disposition towards critical thinking (that is to say, potential use of critical thinking skills) and gender seem to have a negligible impact on problem solving achievement; and 2) grade level makes an outstanding contribution to problem solving achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main aim of this study is to explore the relation of the educational level of the parents in the development of the elite athletes' dual career. For this purpose, a qualitative study was designed through personal interviews with a sample of 20 athletes (10 retired and 10 active). Subsequently, a content analysis was carried out combining deductive and inductive approaches, and different representative categories were obtained. The results show that those athletes whose parents had a higher education develop a dual career including university studies. In addition, they usually choose a university degree not linked to sports, which seems to give them a multidimensional identity that facilitates the withdrawal of their sporting career. On the other hand, athletes whose parents did not have higher education, when they opt for a dual career, they do so by studying university degrees linked to sports, officially and non officially sanctioned-non regulated by law nor approved by the Education Ministry. This favors a one-dimensional identity exclusively focused on sports, hampering the transition to the athletic retirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico is a country where almost half of the population lives in some level of economic poverty and the chances of getting out of it are low; that is, of achieving social mobility. The objective of this article is to analyze whether the restaurant industry, due to its specific characteristics, allows for the social mobility of workers. Thanks to the application of quantitative and qualitative instruments in four specialty restaurants in Mexico City, it was found that kitchen workers can access higher jobs in a relatively short period of time, with the consequent increase in salaries and improvements in benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Peru, within a context of educational reform based on improved scholastic achievement, specific yet fragmented information is available on educational inequality. The purpose of this article is to explore such inequality. To this end, we adapted the Gini coefficient of education proposed by Thomas, Wang, and Fan for Peru. The results show that the country's educational inequalities persist in spite of progress made in their reduction. And the gap between urban and rural areas in terms of educational achievement has remained, even with expanded enrollment. The average differences illustrate that income levels have a substantial influence on educational spending, independent from the increased spending that has occurred in public education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current article compares, at the state level, differences in the quality of employment among employees who have completed higher education and employees who have no education beyond middle school. The analysis was completed with a multidimensional index based on sets of fuzzy logic, and the use of microdata from Mexico's National Survey of Employment in 2017. The main finding was that the value of higher education in the job market is asymmetrical by state, particularly in terms of wage. However, the primary potential is in access to short- and long-term benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papeles de Población is the property of Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cauriensia: Revista Anual de Ciencias Eclesiásticas is the property of Instituto Teologico San Pedro de Alcantara de Caceres and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Novedades en Población is the property of Universidad de La Habana, Centro de Estudios Demograficos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Happiness is defined as a positive emotion focusing on the present, which is highly desirable but difficult to achieve. To estimate the level of happiness in adults, we used the Argentinian version of the Happiness Scale of Lima (EFL, Alarcón, 2006). The EFL measures three dimensions: External Perspective of Sense of Life (SVPE), Internal Perspective of Sense of Life (SVPI) and Life Satisfaction (SCV). Three independent samples of 200 individuals each (50% female) were selected considering different educational levels (from high school graduates to college graduates). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to each dimension taking into account gender and educational level as fixed factors. In all three dimensions, the interaction between having a higher educational level and being female favored significantly the highest scores of happiness (SVPE, F = 4.14, p = .02, partial η2 = .014; SVPI, F = 2.34, p = .09, partial η2 = .008; SCV, F = 3.34, p = .04, partial η2 = .011). A higher level of education by itself resulted in SVPE and SVPI higher happiness scores (SVPE, F = 4.12, p = .02, partial η2 = .014; SVPI, F = 4.24, p = .02; partial η2 = .014), whereas being female was the factor that significantly increased the levels of SCV happiness (F = 3.03, p = .08, partial η2 = .005). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of gender diversity and education level of R&D employees on innovation. We use as source of information the Community Innovation Survey belonging to the general plan for statistics of the European Union (Eurostat). From a sample of 7,962 firms, most of them small firms, the results show that the diversity of gender and educational level of R&D employees individually have a positive influence on product innovation, although there is no significant effect of combined effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present time profiles of home production and its consumption by sex and age for Uruguay. For this, we apply an extension of the methodology National Transfer Accounts, which implies estimating time spent in home production and then valuing it. The activities considered correspond to those that can be transferred to a third party, and for their valuation we use the replacement cost method. The data come from the Time Use Survey prepared by the National Institute of Statistics in 2007. The results show that women spend more time than men on unpaid household activities at all ages. It is also observed that a higher educational level of the individuals seems to generate a positive effect on the gender equality of the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was designed with the aims of estimating the prevalence of patients with medication adherence problems, and studying the association between the number of adhesion problems and socio-demographic variables, clinical variables, illness perception and support social. For this purpose, a probability sample of 289 patients treated in the Diabetes Clinic of the Medical Service of the Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon (UANL), Mexico, was selected. A scale of medication adherence, a questionnaire of illness perception and two social support scales were applied to this clinical sample. The results showed that the prevalence of problems of adherence to treatment was significant. Medication adherence was predicted by greater perceived improvement owing to treatment and by being older. This model had a close fit to the data by the Maximum Likelihood method. It is concluded that the medication that produces improvement perceived by the patient is the most important variable to predictive the medication adhesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was performed to identify factors that determine the monthly current income, others than the agricultural ones, of households in rural Chiapas. An econometric model was developed, where the logarithm of income was the dependent variable and, as the explanatory: sex of head of household, age, age squared, household head completed primary education, head of household with complete secondary head of household with complete high school, household members, employed earners and years of schooling of head of household. The results indicate that both the model and all estimated coefficients were significant and with the expected signs, showing a direct relationship between the dependent variable with sex, age, elementary, middle and high school complete earners employed and the years of study, and inversely related to age squared and household members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Colombiana de Psicologia is the property of Universidad Catolica de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The goal of this comparative descriptive, cross-sectional study was to compare life satisfaction according to age, educational level, and duration of disease of sixty rheumatic patients from the city of Medellin, Colombia. It was used the Brief Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale. The descriptive results showed satisfaction with life in the rheumatic patients. A comparative level showed no differences between life satisfaction according to age and educational level, but indeed in the factors of the family life, the place where they lived, and the overall life according to the duration of diagnostic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research is founded on the premise that in a school, the teacher is a leader and must be perceived as such to manage the classroom in order to make things happen. The case under study uses an exploratory-descriptive methodology to analyze whether the teachers Mier y Pesado School, located in Mexico City, perceive having any of the characteristics from Transformational Leadership (TL). Regarding this question, the researchers' perception leads to two hypotheses: 1) the higher the teachers' educational level is, the more TL characteristics they have; 2) the more teaching experience teachers have, the more LT characteristics they have acquired throughout the years. The data collection instrument used was a questionnaire. Among the limitations of the study, it can be noted that the correlations -between teaching experience, educational level and LT characteristics-- were not significant for the proposed hypotheses due to the small sample size used. However, future research is encouraged by applying the questionnaire with a larger sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers: Revista de Sociologia is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cognitive functioning changes in elderly people. The degree of decline varies across different cognitive abilities and other variables, such as educational level and life-time professional activity, can slow down this process. This study investigates the pattern of cognitive performance in people over 50 years old, taking into account the influence of educational level and profession. Research data were collected during the pilot study of the Longitudinal Aging Study in Spain (ELES) in which a representative sample of non-institutionalized Spanish older people was assessed. The following cognitive variables were evaluated: general cognitive functioning, verbal memory, working memory span, visuomotor speed, and language. Differences were found in all cognitive variables in the different age groups, and according to educational level and profession. These differences remained after controlling for the age variable. Population studies provide a global perspective of cognitive performance in older people and help to identify the role of the different associated factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Virtual Universidad Católica del Norte is the property of Revista Virtual Universidad Catolica del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Interamericana de Psicología is the property of Sociedad Interamericana de Psicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The ECCO Test (Cognitive Assessment of Sentence Comprehension in english) has shown its usefulness as an assessment tool of grammatical comprehension in older people along several studies published from its creation. The ECCO_Senior, a shorter and updated version derived from the original one and adapted to the elderly population, has good psychometric properties, and offers some promising results in the study of the language profiles of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) when consider variables such as working memory capacity and educational level. The paper summarizes the results obtained with both tests, and also we present some future directions related to this line of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Relaciones Laborales is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitaria is the property of Universidad de Guanajuato/Acta Universitaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Youth's perception of democracy is important. We are faced with young people born during a transformative period in the Mexican political system. Their values and ideological tendencies are different from those of previous generations. They also exercise a different kind of citizenry. This must be translated into a favorable, but not unconditional, opinion of democracy. In this regard, one must also consider the socioeconomic conditions that favor this form of government. For this purpose, we introduced the variables of level of studies attained and socioeconomic level, and related them to the opinion that young persons have of democracy. Through the use of contingency tables, the results demonstrate that there is some relation between these variables and democracy, although it is not causal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Pediatría is the property of Revista Chilena de Pediatria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medicina (Buenos Aires) is the property of Medicina (Buenos Aires) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Ischemic heart disease is the first cause of death in the world in both genders between 30 and 40 years of age. It has been proposed that socioeconomic status could affect the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), as well as cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality. The purpose of this work was to compare the frequency of CVRF in two groups of women with different educational level. Results: A higher frequency of visceral obesity was identified in the women with lower educational level and hypo-HDL-C in the group of women with higher educational level. Correlation between age and modifiable CVRF was different between the studied groups. A larger proportion of women with higher educational level than those with lower educational level drank alcoholic beverages and smoked cigarettes. Discussion: Frequency of identified modifiable CVRF was similar to that found in other Hispanic-American populations. The inverse relationship between CVRF and educational level, a commonly used measure of socioeconomic status, and prevalence of CVRF informed in English and American studies was not observed in this investigation; probably because social and cultural conditions could affect the educational level in a different manner. Health education programs must take into account the cultural processes of each country, city, or community, regardless of the socioeconomic status, based on social and cultural backgrounds of each group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares the educational level of full-time faculty members at Universidad de Colima with their teaching and academic performance, based on an analysis of variance and canonical discrimination in the 2001-2004 period. During each one of the four years, in terms of teaching performance, no significant difference was found in educational level: professors with doctoral, master's and undergraduate degrees were statistically equal in teaching performance. Educational level was found to have a direct effect, however, on academic performance: the more education the teacher had, the better his academic performance. The predominant factors were teaching duties and research activities, thus minimizing the influence of tutoring and collegiate action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Several lines of evidence suggest the existence of a continuum on psychotic symptoms, including delusions. Moreover, several studies have reported differences regarding prevalence and intensity of these symptoms in relation to age, gender and educational level. This study tries to analyze distribution and dimensionality of delusional ideation in the general population, as well as relationship between gender, age and educational level with the prevalence of these symptoms. Method. We used the 21-item Peters. Delusions Inventory (PDI-21) on a general population sample as our measure of delusional ideation. A factor analysis was carried out to determine the dimensionality of delusional ideation. Next, linear regression analyses were performed to analyze the relationship of age, gender and educational level with the different dimensions. Results. 365 subjects completed the inventory. Factor analysis revealed the presence of 7 easily interpretable factors. Five of these factors were negatively correlated with age. Women had higher scores on the «magical thinking» factor. Finally, lower educational level was correlated with higher scores on those factors of «magical thinking» and «experiences of influence». Conclusions. It appears that the PDI-21 is a useful instrument to measure dimensionality of delusional ideation in Spanish general population. Results of the influence of gender, age and educational level are in agreement with those reported in psychosis samples, supporting the existence of a continuum in psychoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Administration capability of rural manager is, at present, a very important aspect to exit or failure of agricultural enterprises. Regarding to yield knowledge as an index of this, in the present work it is studied if managers of northeast of La Pampa province know and use this ratio. Its involved variables are also analized. The planned hypothesis is that yield knowledge depends of education level, specific realized capability curses and farms extension. Data were collected by means of direct enterview to a sample of the sector managers. χ²-test was realized to check association or independence between cualitative variables, as soon as their association level. Later, a multi-variant analysis was realized, adding all the variables to check possible causal relations. Obtained results show association between yield knowledge and educational variables. That means managers with capability curses and upper-studies have a higher knowledge of yield ratio. On trural he other hand, there's no an important association respect to farm extension variable. It is concluded that, if yield knowledge is really an index of exit and survival, this work shows the importance of managers capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]