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Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios sobre Cuerpos, Emociones y Sociedad is the property of Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios sobre Cuerpos, Emociones y Sociedad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article "The Footprints of the Path" from Rupturas Magazine explores the evolution of education and literary theory, highlighting the importance of integrating art into human cognition. It analyzes the development of cognitive sciences and evolutionary psychology, questioning the supposed exclusive characteristics of humanity. It proposes the need to understand the social and cultural interactions that have shaped human capabilities, challenging the idea of human superiority. The text addresses the representational capacity of human beings, called "hypersymbolism", which developed to manage interpersonal relationships. It emphasizes the importance of symbols in creating meaning, as well as cooperation and collaboration as distinctive characteristics of the human species. It proposes the need to integrate individuality and collectivity to address current challenges, such as the ecological crisis. It reflects on the role of technology and the need for a profound transformation to ensure the survival of the species and the planet. [Extracted from the article]

This study aims to analyze and discuss traditional and alternative theories of leadership in organizations, through a literature review encompassing the main approaches utilized in contemporary leadership research. The analysis considers such theories´ underlying assumptions about the nature of social science and society. To obtain the results, the literature is categorized in a novel and ex post facto way in Burrell and Morgan´s four-paradigm matrix. It is concluded that the majority of research on the topic is functionalist with a pragmatic orientation and that, from the trait theories of leadership to the evolutionary psychology, more plural knowledge is required to promote more effective organizations, persons, and, consequently, societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This reflection paper proposes to analyze the relationship between the individualist-collectivist orientation of culture and socioeconomic inequality from an evolutionary approach. Method: Consists of a conceptual analysis based on a review of scientific literature, both classic and current, from which a critical interpretation was made. The paper begins with an introduction that places the subject in the context of developmental social psychology. After that, the distinction between biological and cultural evolution is raised. Results: Based on earlier conceptual references, cultural notions of individualism and colectivism are examined from an evolutionary social psychology perspective. Subsequently, an evolutionary view of inequality is presented and, finally, an overview is offered between cultural individualism-collectivism linked to inequality in the distribution of wealth, also from the perspective of evolutionary social psychology. Conclusions: General reflections derived from the previous analyses are postulated. These argue that the individualist-collectivist cultural orientation is a byproduct of society's evolution and can affect how societies are structured, organized, and distribute wealth. This can be understood in the context of the circumstances that people have encountered and how they have responded to those circumstances throughout their evolutionary history. The tendency for more collectivist societies to have greater inequality in the distribution of wealth could be permeated by a greater propensity to conformism, passivity, obedience and submission to social hierarchies. The previously mentioned suggests that socioeconomic inequality, more than a purely economic process, is also a political-cultural and evolutionary process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Filosóficos is the property of Estudios Filosoficos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To review whether the criticisms commonly made of evolutionary psychology, the four fallacies of pop evolutionary psychology, can be applied to the program of cultural evolution.   Methodology: Philosophy’s own method of conceptual analysis and logical consistency of argumentsis followed. Results: The program called cultural evolution, in the version we reviewed, is a program of pop cultural evolution because it shares the same criticisms made to pop evolutionary psychology.  Limitations: Future work should assess whether the criticisms of evolutionary psychology are really correct, and whether these criticisms would affect both pop evolutionary psychology as well as the pop cultural evolution program in the same way.  Main findings: Both pop evolutionary psychology and pop cultural evolution share the following central claims: a) the cognitive, and distinctively human mechanisms that enable the propagation and stability of culture are genetically fixed and inherited; b) the circumstances under which our species evolved provide us with various heuristic ideas for hypothesizing how our minds and bodies function today; and c) the basic components of the mind are evolutionarily ancient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

What cartographic skills do students in the first stage of primary education have taking into account their personal experiences? This question was explored through a case study conducted with Primary Education students in Year 2 in which the cartographic skills of an experimental group were compared with those of a controlled group. The sample was analyzed by means of a pretest and a post-test in which students had to complete a pictorial representation of an itinerary and respond to four questions. The results obtained were categorized according to the classifications for geographical space analysis suggested by Lynch (1960), Boardman (1986) and Bale (1989). The findings of this case study provide indications that challenge the cartographic abilities that evolutionary psychology attributes to the 7-to-8-year-old age range and reveal the importance of taking into account lived space when it comes to learning school mapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substantial part of the conservative or reactionary backlash that occurs around the world is based on a double movement with regard to the social sciences. On the one hand, a denial of the perspectives of social construction and cultural and historical relativization; on the other hand, an appropriation of approaches abandoned by the social sciences, or of the mechanisms used by them to explain the social as a constructed reality. Perhaps the most striking example is that of "gender ideology". But I will also consider nationalism, the naturalization of ethnocentrism and racism, the notions of war of civilizations and religions, sexism and homophobia, reactions to the "politically correct", among others (namely, at more sophisticated levels, new theorizations with political implications, coming from genomics, evolutionary psychology, neurosciences, etc.). I will explore the hypothesis that this backlash is organized on the basis of an apparently contradictory alliance between neoliberalism and traditionalism, in a new and specific phenomenon of our time and not as an atavism of the past. In this sense, it is a "revolutionary" movement and the progressive fields (on which the social sciences are largely based) are sent to an uncomfortable place of "conservatism". How can anthropological discourse and ethnographic practice produce knowledge (and its dissemination) against this reality -- in a political gesture -- but also about it, in an attempt to make it intelligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "Open: The Story of Human Progress" by Johan Norberg defends the ideas of classical liberalism and explores why closing ourselves off to trade and the ideas of others is a mistake. The author uses historical examples and evolutionary psychology to argue that human beings are, by nature, traders. Norberg defends the role of government in protecting the freedom to explore new ideas and live in different ways, without intervening in markets. The book also questions the Marxist theory of homo economicus and defends the subjective theory of value in economics. In summary, "Open" is an introduction to classical liberalism that seeks to prevent the closing of open societies. [Extracted from the article]

Motivated by an evolutionary look to understand the origins and circumstances of the practice of physical violence, this study analyzes quantitative data on head injuries in adult individuals, male and female, from pre-colonial Andean populations and discusses its results from the perspective of Evolutionary Psychology, particularly, to explain violent behaviour among males. The results point to a higher prevalence of males in the practice of violence and reveal aspects of the phenomenon that can be studied in the future, such as the differential circumstances of the occurrence of trauma related to gender in past populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Panamerican Journal of Neuropsychology / Cuadernos de Neuropsicología is the property of Cuadernos de Neuropsicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Sociedad is the property of Centro de Estudios sobre Ciencia, Desarrollo y Educacion Superior and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The psychological variables have a special relevance in the coronary affectations. The aim of the present work was to study the evolution of different psychological variables, of quality of life and of adjustment psychosocial, in patients who have suffered an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and attended a cardiac rehabilitation program, which included, among other, a module of physical activity. The measurements were made when the ACS debuted and 3 months after the cardiac event in a total of 146 men (57.86 years of age (dt = 9.45)) who had undergone a diagnostic catheterization with therapeutic intent within 3 days. The study design was of the quasi-experimental, prospective and longitudinal type. The results at 3 months after suffering the cardiac event show lower levels of anxiety (Cohen's d = .61; p < .01), depression (Cohen's d = .33; p < .05), psychological distress (Cohen's d =. 72; p < .01) and anger (Cohen's d = .34; p < .01), and higher personal strength scores (Cohen's d = .37; p < .01) or life appreciation (Cohen's d =. 35, p < .01). In the ACS, knowing the psychosocial evolution of the patient is considered fundamental next to the usual medical control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Procesos de Mercado is the property of Procesos de Mercado. Revista Europea de Economia Politica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tópicos is the property of Asociacion Revista de Filosofia de Santa Fe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aimed at generating a scale about the reasons for infidelity in men and women, from an evolutionary perspective. The Reasons for Infidelity Scale (RPI) was administered to 311 undergraduate and graduate students from Universidad de Santiago de Chile. The results exhibited acceptable internal consistency and moderate temporal stability 40 days after the initial application. An exploratory factor analysis resulted in two dimensions to account for the 12 items in the final scale: relationship dissatisfaction and sexuality. A positive association of the dimension of sexuality of the RPI and sociosexuality, as well as a negative correlation of the dimension of sexuality of the RPI and relationship quality evidenced the convergent validity of the scale. Sex differences were observed in the dimension of sexuality. These results are consistent with the predictions in which the study is based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avances en PsicologÍa Latinoamericana is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Evolutionary psychology posits that there are archaic cognitive processes that our ancestors relied upon for survival. Since these processes are evolutionarily primitive, they are settled in subcortical brain structures and are automatically generated, which leads to difficulties in emotion regulation. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of automatic vs. deliberate cognitive processing in anxiety regulation. Method: Structural equation modelling was used (n = 386). Results: The plausibility of two processing models was verified (automatic vs. deliberate), finding a direct and intense effect of automatic processing on anxiety (β = 0.36), and an inverse and less intense effect of deliberate processing (β =-0.16). Conclusions: The difficulties in emotion regulation seem to depend more upon the inability to diminish automatic processing rather than on the ability to engage in deliberative processing such as reappraisal. Thus, learning to manage automatic emotional processing may be critical to effective emotion regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of how to characterize emotions is still open. Different approaches have been grouped into two major views: on the one hand, cognitive theory holds that emotions are essentially constituted by some kind of evaluative judgment; on the other, perceptual theory denies that an evaluation of that sort is necessary for an emotion to occur. In this paper I examine the proposal of evolutionary psychology, specially in the face of emotion problems. In particular, I consider the possibility that their original conception of emotions as superordinate programs, could solve the dispute between the perceptual view and those that defend that a cognitive component, usually an appraisal, is required for an emotion to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diversitas (17949998) is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas, Facultad de Psicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current research assesses the psychometric properties of the mate value components questionnaire (MVC), and the different dimensions underlying this construct. A sample of 688 Chilean adults participated in the study. The reliability of the scale was estimated and other related measures of mate value were applied to estimate the MVC validity. We also evaluated sex differences and differences in partnership status on the MVC. Finally, a confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the structure of the scale. The results show that the questionnaire is consistent and is associated in the predicted direction with other closely related measures. The CFA substantiated the theoretical structure of the MVC which allows concluding the adjustment of the instrument to our local context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avances en PsicologÍa Latinoamericana is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Studies on the work of Rof Carballo have not sufficiently emphasized its educational dimension. The analysis of the key concepts of his work suggests that such contributions exist and may be of interest. This article highlights on some of the fundamental points of one pedagogic theory: the possibility and necessity of education always linked to psychosomatic perspective and the centrality of the emotional world, the nature of interpersonal relationships help -seen from the concept of affective warp-, and the educational purposes question, -through some evolutionistic psychology-. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ad-minister is the property of Universidad EAFIT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

If there is something nowadays that characterizes research agendas in many scientific areas is interdisciplinarity. Such agendas aim for an0 ideal integration of methodologies, vocabulary and discursive reasoning between what seems at first distinctive fields of research. Two fields of research which face difficulties in their mutual merging and contact are evolutionary psychology and Feminism (in its form of gender studies). In this paper we address the historical context and the intellectual development of both fields, clarifying some misunderstandings responsible for the lack of dialogue between them, as well as exposing their commonalities for a future consilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Comportamentalia is the property of Instituto de Psicologia y Educacion de la Universidad Veracruzana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper recalls the famous discussion on adaptationism put forward in 1979 by Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin, in which the work of Voltaire "Candide or optimism" was used to contextualizes some tendencies when reconstructing the evolutionary past of the human mind. The theoretical considerations by Daniel C. Dennett's "panglossian reasoning' or "adaptationist program" are essential for the further empirical research in evolutionary psychology. It becomes impossible to historize the mind without a vindication of Pangloss, stronghold of the "reason" inherent in any optimal solution in nature, recognizing as well the constraints imposed by randomness and contingency. Finally, the text presents a set of criteria that should guide the explanations about the mind's past, taking the cautious stand of Martin and Candide towards the findings of Pangloss about the "rationale" of things arranged in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Should science study religion? In this paper I propose a way to understand the religious phenomena, based in its ontology, without excluding science, particularly cognitive sciences. Modularity of mind and evolutionary psychology can account for the origin of dualism and the teleology that underlies the minds that hosted religious beliefs. I will argue, from Dennett, Boyer and Dawkins naturalism, that religious phenomena is not a biological adaptation but a by-product of psychological mechanisms designed for another activities, such as the prediction of our and those of others behaviors, and the understanding of other living beings and natural phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud is the property of Centro de Estudiso Avanzados en Ninez y Juventud alaianza Cinde, Universidad de Manizales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The continuity assumption in the operant tradition, that is, to consider the behavior of all species in terms of the same processes, has induced a confusion of categories that prevents the study and understanding of proper human behavior. Continuity arguments are reviewed, especially those based on scientific simplicity and phylogenetic continuity. Three counterarguments are developed, showing how the possibility of different behavioral processes among species, including the human one, is defensible, without denying that the origins of different species and of the behavior of organisms respond to the same principles. In the end, a proposal is outlined about the possibility of identifying different behavioral processes, as an analysis of behavioral organization, which would allow a more fruitful study of properly human behavior from a behavioral perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo considera las tendencias y las motivaciones diferentes de comprar para las mujeres y para los hombres. El autor cita varios estudios sobre este tema que concluyen que las mujeres compran porque les gusta el proceso de ir a comprar y los hombres compran para obtener lo que necesitan. Se analiza la conexión entre este comportamiento y la evolución de la especie humano relacionada con las sociedades de caza y recolección.

In current developmental psychology, there is a movement attempting to overcome the existing theoretical fragmentation through a convergent explanatory framework based on a number of general principles shared by different theories. The purpose of this article is, firstly, to present certain milestone events about the historical transformations that the concept of development has suffered in the last three centuries. Some epistemological considerations that retrieve and renew fertile ideas from the past, such as the conceptions of the nature of change and the way in which it takes place are also analyzed. Finally, reference is made to some of the most novel contributions to the field, from the perspective of the model of systemic and relational development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agora (0211-6642) is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the early '70s, Tversky and Kahneman founded a research program in Cognitive Psychology called Heuristics and Biases. This program found extensive evidence that shows that people tend to commit reasoning errors when making judgments under uncertainty. A particular case is that people tend to fail when reasoning about conditional probability problems, that is, problems that ask for the probability of some event given the fact that another event has occurred (e.g. the probability of raining given that it is cloudy). But in the mid '90s, Gigerenzer and other evolutionary psychologists came along and gave an important turn to the state of the art. They showed that if the conditional probability problems used in the literature are framed in a different way, people's performance greatly improves. More specifically, if the problems present the information under a specific format called natural frequency format, around 50% of participants get the correct answer. Since the mid '90s researchers engage in an important debate on how to account for such a facilitation effect. There are two main proposals, one by the Evolutionary Psychology Program and the other by Heuristic and Biases Program. The natural frequency hypothesis supported by the Evolutionary Program basically says that the natural frequency format is the responsible factor for the improvement in people's performance. The Heuristic and Biases Program, in turn, has proposed the nested-set hypothesis to explain the facilitation effect. The basic idea is that natural frequency versions tend to make transparent the relevant subset relations of the problem. When people see clearly the set relations involved in this kind of problems (the argument goes) they tend to use correctly base rates and thus, their performance improves. They point out that, according to this view, the success of the frequency effect does not have to do with natural frequency formats per se. They predict that any format whatsoever that make the relevant set relations clear will show the same effect. The key question is, then, as follows. Is this a case of crucial experimentation in favor of one of our rival hypotheses? In other words, is there an experiment or a series of experiments such that our rival hypotheses predict opposite results, so that we can claim one of them as victorious over the other? The empirical evidence on the matter is mixed. Some studies seem to support the natural frequency hypothesis while others seem to support the nested-set hypothesis. We will then try to clarify this debate by focusing on the diverse strategies and techniques used in the literature to settle the dispute. We will argue that the right strategy to discriminate between both hypotheses is to use genuine probability problems with a clarified set structure and see whether these conditions elicit or not a performance comparable to the natural frequency effect. Within this general strategy, we review the literature and found that there are three techniques, namely, the improved wording technique, the natural chance technique and the graphical representation technique that seem to provoke a performance as good as the one elicited by natural formats, giving, thus, a stronger support for the nested set hypothesis. However, a careful analysis shows that neither the improved wording technique nor the chance technique has provided both consistent and clear results in favor of the nested-set hypothesis. As for the graphical representation technique, the evidence still seems very slim. The improvement in performance was shown in two studies that worked with only one problem each. Furthermore, neither of these problems seems completely adequate. Thus, we do not think the last word about the matter has been said and more empirical work is needed to settle the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers: Revista de Sociologia is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In assessing Darwin's historical importance, attention must be paid to the novel explanatory mechanism of natural selection, and to the coherent argument when applying it to the human species. Natural selection is a mechanism that goes beyond biological change, which can elucidate any process of design and order without a need for a designer or a final cause. Darwin sets as well the stage for a naturalistic explanation of humanity: from the continuity with other species it can be accounted for the new distinctive elements, in terms of the same general processes of change and selection. However, Darwin's influence in the social sciences still is scarce, in great part due to the caution to fall into "social Darwinism"; that is to say, to simplistically project the biological world into human society. To avoid this trap, a theoretical framework is required that can account for the complexities of human action non-reductionistically, but within the evolutionary framework. It is posit that a particular version of evolutionary psychology offers this most needed framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avances en PsicologÍa Latinoamericana is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay is an approach to the revolutionary life and innovative ideas of Charles Darwin. The purpose is to celebrate 200 years of his birth and 150 of the publication of his "Origin of Species". We focus on the Darwin's revolution from its conceptual, philosophical, scientific and cultural points of view. In the genesis of this revolution, we remark the value of scientific observation, which always carries a theoretical load, and so the almost 30 years invested by Darwin in his deep study of field notes, the reflection on his data, their comparison with those from other authors and the wide network of strategic alliances established. All of these qualities are more valuable than the best equipments or the most sophisticated laboratories used in research aiming to answer the essential questions of science, as "the mystery of mysteries". Finally, we mention the impacts on the current society and on research in several fields, emphasizing the good uses and abuses of the evolutional theory. We take as examples the evolutional medicine and the evolutional psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Endoxa is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Throughout the years, a wide range of systems, trends, schools of thought and paradigms have fought to become researchers' and professionals' number one field of study. In Psychology, however, competing has only produced noticeable theoretic dispersion. The aim of the present article is to contribute to the discussion on theoretical integration by analyzing conceptual convergences between two widely circulating perspectives that are also under current development: the theories of implicit learning (IL) and a research program known as Evolutionary Psychology (EP). Both theories have gradually gained increasing importance among current theory trends. The theories of implicit learning, on one hand, have evolved based on empirical data and have revealed their presence in different experimental paradigms and among diverse populations. On the other hand, over the past few years EP has achieved considerable relevance in the theoretic framework, and has provided evolutionary explanations about a great deal of psychological phenomena. In the first two sections we briefly describe the general characteristics of IL and EP, in order to later analyze possible convergences between both perspectives. Firstly, we show the main conceptual principles of lL based on the analysis made by Frensch who classifies the main existing definitions according to different topics: the stimuli that are involved in the acquisition context, the phenomenological character of the process, the structure complexity of implicit learning content, the existing relationship between IL and neural mechanisms that are different from those in explicit learning, and the functional relationship between IL and attention mechanisms. In the second section, we identify three main theoretical aspects of Evolutionary Psychology: the adjustment assumption (according to which mental systems have emerged basically as features that contribute to an organism's successful reproduction); computational modularity hypothesis (the computation systems that make up the mind are relatively autonomous, they work on a specific purpose and solve very limited kinds of problems); and the innate assumption (that states that mental systems are innate and are determined by a genetic program structure). In the third section we describe some attempts at integrating research on implicit learning within an evolutionary framework. We describe Reber's assumptions on implicit learning which suggest that it is an earlier and more basic phylogenetic type of learning than explicit learning; furthermore we examine their relationship with the comprehensive model of Donald's cognitive evolution. In the fourth section, we particularly examine theoretical convergences between IL and EP theories. We believe that there is a common theoretic base between both perspectives. This theoretical base implies accepting a perspective based on an adaptation framework, supported by the fundamental principles of implicit processes and from an innate position. We believe that the massive modularity assumption does not form part of the conceptual commitments in implicit learning theories, even if it does not turn out to be incompatible with these. Finally, in the conclusions, we summarize our main findings, as well as discuss, from an epistemological framework, the advantages that the theoretical compatibilities hold. We examine different paths to reach a conceptual convergence: theoretical reduction, the unification of a set of minor theories which make up another theory that integrates and surpasses previous ones, as well as the integration of two theoretic bodies that were not connected up to that moment and that account to different theoretic authorities. Given that the potential convergence between Evolutionary Psychology and implicit learning does not adjust to any of the aforementioned models, we consider it as a special case of integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]