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The social ecology proposed by Murray Bookchin argues that ecological problems are a consequence of the way in which society is organized, i.e. hierarchically. Based on the identification of this problem, social ecology proposes to generate a non-hierarchical interrelationship between ecological systems and social systems. In order to make this ethic viable, it is based on a community commitment that is reflected through an assembly dynamic, where each member of the community has a voice and influence, and an ecological habit that involves the recognition of agro-ecological forms of cultivation, as well as liberating technologies. This dynamic, fundamentally based on community processes, seeks to abolish all hierarchical forms of domination and subordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What competencies are essential for a 21st-century executive? Are we sufficiently preparing our leadership for the relentless challenges and perpetual transformations characteristic of the digital and globalized epoch? (Levy, 2007). Business schools are progressively shifting their focus towards leadership and personal development, recognizing the paramount importance of these proficiencies. However, does this emphasis prove adequate? Undoubtedly, the exigencies posed by the contemporary era are subjecting the managerial skill set to scrutiny, not merely due to the intricate orchestration of personnel (Pérez, 2018), who increasingly articulate a demand for personal gratification in their professional pursuits, but also considering the rapidity of metamorphoses (Tapscott, 1995), and the imperative to make decisions concomitant with such promptness. The ultimate inquiry is whether current leaders possess the ethical fortitude to adapt to these disruptive changes (Echevarría, 2008), or if we are indeed confronting an insurmountable utopia, thrust into a new era dictated by artificial intelligence, where pragmatic logic eclipses matter of the heart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencia y Sociedad is the property of Ciencia y Sociedad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pedagogía Profesional is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Pedagogicas "Enrique Jose Varona" Facultad de Ciencias Tecnicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anuario Turismo y Sociedad is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Facultad de Empresas Turísticas y Hoteleras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the face of the current environmental crisis (natural-human), environmental philosophy emerges as a complex knowledge of rethinking, which mainly addresses the conception of the human-nature interrelation and the search for coexistence with a sense of balance on Earth. In this context, the objective of this work is to reflect on the contributions of Arnae Naess, Ricardo Rozzi and Leonardo Boff. To what extent do the authors contribute to the development of environmental philosophy? The methods used are documentary compilation and analogical hermeneutics. As a result, it was found that Naess introduces the idea of searching for a balance and flourishing of life. For his part, Rozzi proposes a field environmental philosophy and a new biocultural ethic, which Boff complements with the idea of essential care. It is concluded that the confluence of the contributions of the three philosophers contributes to the enrichment of environmental philosophy as a new field of philosophical reflection and action, placing the flow of the life system as its center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects on the challenges of the Apostolic Constitution Ex corde Ecclesiae in Catholic universities. It highlights the importance of evangelization through research based on the Christian message and education in a context of faith. It also mentions the need to evaluate the contribution of universities to society and review their connection with it. The promotion of freedom of teaching, plural and quality education, the development of applied ethics, sustainability and environmental care, gender equity, interculturality, inclusion of migrant groups, preparation for the challenges of artificial intelligence, and connection with the community are highlighted as essential functions of Catholic universities. [Extracted from the article]

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Copyright of Estudios Filosóficos is the property of Estudios Filosoficos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Confluenze. Rivista di Studi Iberoamericani is the property of Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture Moderne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Perífrasis. Revista de Literatura, Teoría y Crítica is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencia y Sociedad is the property of Ciencia y Sociedad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes the apostolic exhortation Laudate Deum, which criticizes narratives that relativize scientific evidence on global warming and climate change. It highlights the importance of ethics in addressing environmental problems and proposes concrete measures. It introduces the concept of "situated anthropocentrism" and defends the idea that the Judeo-Christian worldview values ​​human beings without disregarding the importance of other creatures. The work "Mirada Cenital" by Guadalupe Valdés illustrates this idea. [Extracted from the article]

This work recovers a article written by Finish environmental thinker Pentii Linkola (1932-2020), originally published in the book Can Life Prevail? A Radical Approach to the Environmental Crisis (2004). This forgotten article in environmental ethics provides a radical but grounded perspective on ecological problems that threaten the biosphere, as well as offer a unique vision into deep ecology. Having spent most of his life working as a professional fisherman and philosopher, today he is among the foremost exponents of the philosophy of deep ecology in Finland. This work makes the lucid, challenging writing of Linkola available to the Spanish-speaking public for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recognition of the legal ownership and rights of the Mar Menor in the law 19/22 introduces the Spanish legal system into the ecocentric approach: nature is recognized by Law as a subject of rights and not simply as an object of regulation. This innovation opens a door in Europe towards what the United Nations knows as the jurisprudence of the Earth, a concept that sinks its foundations in the indigenous worldviews and the resistance of native peoples to the homogeneity of the modern State, and that was consolidated in comparative law in 21th century. The rights of nature were introduced by constitutional, legislative and jurisprudential means, and today they are one of the main references in the construction of an ecological ethic from a green constitutionalism engaged in the ecological transition and the fight against climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is structured in four approaches: historical, literary, anthropological and philosophical. From the historical perspective, it addresses the origins of the relationship between man and animals, in addition to considering the interactions that took place between the viringo and the Peruvian historical tradition. From the literary point of view, the naturalistic and symbolic representation of the canine in Peru is described, applied to narrative situations of shepherd dogs and urban stories as the case of parallels with militarized school life. From the anthropological point of view, it focuses mainly on the insertion of animals in culture, highlighting the religious and ritual aspect. From the moral or ethical philosophy, the mechanistic position of Descartes, the deontological ethics of Kant and the different theories of ecological ethics in defense of animals, such as the position of Bentham, Singer, Regan and Nussbaum, are approached. The logic of Cartesian dominion and the different naturalist positions in favor of animal law, who apply the concept of personhood to irrational beings, are criticized. Finally, a realistic animal ethics is proposed, which helps to avoid any kind of mistreatment, abuse and exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Filosofía (0185-3481) is the property of Universidad Iberoamericana Cuidad de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article summarizes Murray Bookchin's book "The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy," which explores the relationship between social ecology, nature, and society. The author argues that humanity has undergone a process of hierarchization that has led to domination and the loss of freedom. It also examines the evolution towards a class society and the influence of Hebrew and Greek mentalities on the hierarchical structure. The text addresses the relationship between the growth of the state and the dissolution of the family and community, as well as the debate on technology and the importance of a natural ethics in an ecological society. [Extracted from the article]

The text titled "THE COSMOS IN A TRINITARIAN EMBRACE" proposes ideas to commemorate the 1700th anniversary of the First Council of Nicaea. It raises the importance of rethinking the relationship between God and the world, returning to the origins of the theological debate of early Christianity. It highlights the unity of the human and the divine in Jesus Christ, as well as the ontological and soteriological value of the incarnation. It suggests a reflection on the presence of God in the world and the presence of the world in God, overcoming the dichotomy between Christology and anthropology through the Trinitarian paradigm. The text also addresses the importance of a Catholic ethics of the environment from a Trinitarian perspective, arguing that creation is an expression of God in the process of becoming and that we must care for it and collaborate with divine blessings to achieve a non-authoritarian transformation of the cosmos. It proposes that the search for God is expressed in an ethical and ecological sense in the immanence of this world, and that redemption is a continuous creation in which nature must manifest its divine and Trinitarian face. [Extracted from the article]

This article shows that the experience accrued by the Chilean Supreme Court in lawsuits on tort and environmental liability, should allow it to address the ethical-environmental and legal issues that global warming implies, either by preventing harm through the imposition on the major emitters of greenhouse gases, including the State, of the duty to reduce emissions rapidly and significantly, or by demanding and enforcing the obligation to adapt to climate change through the attribution of tort liability or environmental liability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining and sustainable development are opposed for three fundamental reasons: mineral resources are not renewable, their irrational exploitation does not guarantee their use by future generations, and the practice of mining attacks ecological systems. This article defends the idea that mining should be open to a concept of development that not only covers economic growth but also social and cultural progress as a condition for an effective and rational economy-ecology relationship in decision making. For this, the mining company needs an effective and rational management as an environmental business policy in which the application of legal-administrative norms for the execution of good mining practices is not enough. It is essential the application of knowledge, norms, values and moral principles that result in the effectiveness of good environmental practices, so it is urgent the implementation of an environmental code of ethics, of deontological character, that provides the miner with knowledge, skills and procedures in the work activity that favors the formation of individual responsibility towards nature and the social commitment of their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concern about the relationship between environmental problems and moral reflection is not new, however, it has been treated from the legal specificity. Importance has been given to the economic aspect because the environmental tax is necessary in the collection of the different countries. But there is no moral foundation for ecological taxes. The lack of moral basis leads to distortion and easy access to commercial interests or, failing that, to distortion. Thus, the set of values supported by ecoethics allows public policies to have greater clarity and orientation at the time of planning all ecological legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to evaluate, from a critical and philosophical perspective, the evolution of sound legal practices and their impact on the possibility of building social welfare, an essential element for the current democratic consolidation. He considers that humanization is a social possibility that occurs when establishing legal relationships with otherness. It is the configuration of law, of the legal system, the unequivocal manifestation of overcoming the concomitant biological determinations of the animal condition, so that, based on practices based on justice, ethics and politics, it is possible to expand the scope of the right and have a positive impact on the constitution and social development. Given this scenario, the right is considered as a collective asset, expressible in solidarity, compassion and in the encounter with otherness, mediated by the intervention of the social pact. It is concluded that the best jurisprudence is the one capable of regulating social relations, by virtue of promoting actions that humanize coexistence and penalize violations of the dignity of individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The planetary crisis humanity is experiencing today is not only political and economic but also ecological, to name the most emblematic problems: global warming, the depletion and degradation of natural resources, the loss of diversity and the extinction of various species, are a sign of the urgent need to promote other forms and lifestyles that allow the search for both political and economic alternatives that can respond to these problems that the planet suffers and at the same time contribute to sustainable growth and development from an ethical commitment. and ecological. That is why this work assumes the objective of analyzing ecological ethics in the face of the challenges of the circular economy, blue economy and green economy that allow, from ecodecoloniality, to contribute to the creation of a sustainable and sustainable world, for that, from a Qualitative methodology and from the hermeneutical method we try to interpret the various data collected. It is concluded that despite the fact that the circular economy, green and blue, are shown as alternatives to overcome the linear economy of the capitalist market, they remain inconclusive, it is necessary to strengthen intercultural dialogue, the ecology of knowledge and another moral that expresses, from ecodecoloniality, a meeting between ecological ethics and the decolonial turn, to change our perception of the world and of nature and invites us to modify our praxis to integrate and balance human aspirations with what the planet asks of us to his survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biblica & Patristica Thoruniensia is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Topics such as pollution, solid waste, recycling, are usually considered as issues concerning ecology or ecological ethics, leaving aside the orientations that, from gender perspectives, have been contributed to this discussion. Given the current concerns about the deterioration of nature, the urgency of empowering women and their insertion in political scenarios at a global level, articulating issues such as gender, recycling and sustainable development, become essential, particularly in asymmetric scenarios. as those developed in the Latin American context. Due to this, the essay explores the treatment of recycling as a social problem that, in articulation with the struggles of women, can become an ideal setting to advance towards sustainable development, where women play a leading role for the partner, the consolidation of sustainable, fair and inclusive societies, free from Western hegemonic discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Cauriensia: Revista Anual de Ciencias Eclesiásticas is the property of Instituto Teologico San Pedro de Alcantara de Caceres and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bio-grafía. Escritos Sobre la Biología y su Enseñanza is the property of Universidad Pedaggica Nacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Endoxa is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Educación y Humanismo is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a monthly compilation of updated bibliographic references in September 2022. Various topics are mentioned, such as water, food, municipalities, biodiversity, biotechnology, climate change, smart cities, competencies, light pollution, environmental law, fundamental rights, sustainable development, public domain, sustainable economy, circular economy, energy, electric energy, environmental ethics, environmental taxation, and risk management. Titles of books and authors related to each topic are provided. The document also presents a list of books and monograph chapters related to different legal topics, such as carrier liability, criminal liability, liability for damages, food safety, health, environmental protection, and biodiversity. Additionally, different journals and academic articles addressing environmental and legal topics are mentioned, such as ship recycling governance, climate change, maritime pollution, green public procurement, deforestation, environmental law, and constitutional law. The article also provides information about the Aranzadi Journal of Environmental Law and the publication guidelines for the Environmental Legal News journal. [Extracted from the article]

This paper aims the theoretical underpinnings of globalization and western economic growth, being determining factors for the current environmental crisis. Under a bibliographical exploration, supported by the hermeneutical method, the urgency of questioning the dominant economistic model is raised, which exposes social asymmetries, human vulnerabilities, the loss of cultural identity and the reification of nature, under the premise seeking progress, conditioned by the interests of international organizations, not in accordance with the sui generis needs of peripheral countries. Following this line of argument, an ethical stance is assumed, where the urgency of rescuing man's relationship with nature prevails, possible through environmental education, which points out the relevance of the common good, of development in terms of sustainability, showing the possibility of advancing with perspectives of social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Investigación is the property of Universidad Pedagogica Experimental Libertador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Medicas de La Habana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado is the property of Asociacion Universitaria de Formacion del Profesorado (AUFOP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Roca: Revista Científico-Educacional de la Provincia de Granma is the property of Universidad de Granma, Departamento Editorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Entramado is the property of Universidad Libre Seccional Cali and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Environmental pollution is a big problem that affects the earth. The Mapuche territory is no exception, given that the extractivist model violates sacred spaces, exploits natural resources, and pollutes, affecting the Mapuche's ways of life and health. The objective was proposed: reflect on the relevance of the ethical foundations that sustain the Mapuche and nature relationship as contributions to intercultural health. It is appreciated that the ethical foundations: "Az-mapu", "küme mogen" and "ixofil mogen", have a fundamental role in ethical behavior regarding the relationship between the Mapuche and nature, where respect, love, care, empathy and reciprocity of the Mapuche towards nature, himself and with other people, allows him to be in harmony and balance from the physical and spiritual. In this sense, it is relevant to consider these ethical foundations to improve the health service, from an intercultural perspective, considering complementarity based on dialogue, in order to provide a humanizing, diverse and, therefore, quality health to move towards a good to be more full of subjects belonging to different cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, in the enlightened sphere, it seems to be commonplace to say that a new ethic would be emerging linked to the ecological alarm that was raised five decades ago from the environmental scientific field. An issue that, due to its importance, requires further reflection. For now: would it be a new ethic or a new morality? And be it one or the other, what links could it have with the scientific-intellectual processes that made such a distinction? Or do we have to say, rather, that the leading role in this matter -as well as in others - has not been intellectual understanding, but rather that it has followed the late-modern technological boldness? In this article, we will try to answer such questions, advancing a hypothesis that links them and, in doing so, declares if perhaps the emergence of the new in the existential normative would not have to be understood through the complex process in which the development Technological -as a greater projection of the human-, has been transforming our way of living and understanding, making us go from the structural analytical to the dynamic complex systemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin America is currently undergoing, to a worrying degree, the advance of the extractive-export model, which aggravates distributive conflicts associated with territorial and water resources. In the face of these processes, environmental resistances have been articulated by vulnerable peasant-indigenous populations, who oppose this productivist paradigm by advancing sustainable development ethics. This study is based on the ethnographic case of Santiago del Estero, a province in the center-north of Argentina, traditionally considered "unproductive", which has been drastically affected by agriculturization. There, the populations affected by land grabbing, evictions, and environmental contamination have formed the Peasant Movement of Santiago del Estero (Mo.Ca.Se). From a gender perspective and an anthropological approach focused on observation and interviews, we explore the impact of environmental injustices -specifically, water injustice-on peasant-indigenous communities and the extreme vulnerability that it entails for women and girls. It is concluded that women play a transcendental role in the resilience strategies of their communities, within a context of scarcity, violence, and dispossession. At the same time, another of the findings is that collectively organized territorial defense facilitates their access to water and other resources, through the generation of broader networks and alliances, even on a transnational scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the need of an Ethical code for the mining worker as part of the environmental management the nickel industry carries out in Cuba. Environmental Ethics has a paramount role as a discipline of theoretical-practical knowledge in conception of a sustainable development. In the mining-metallurgical business field, perception is quite formed that legal regulations are adequate for good environmental practices, ignoring the paramount role of awareness, which, above all, it is based on moral and political aspects. In that way, it is appropriate to draft a deontological code for the mining worker that ensures, together with the legal aspects, the improvement in knowledge, skills, norms, principles and convictions that facilitate the ecological management of natural system linked with society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bajo Palabra: Journal of Philosophy is the property of Bajo Palabra: Journal of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)