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Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Endocrinología, Metabolismo y Nutrición is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: depressive symptoms may develop in subclinical hypothyroidism and their presence usually facilitates recognition and the establishment of replacement treatment; however, recent studies have found no association between the two. Be-sides, thyroid function can be affected by endocrine disruptors and some of them, such as chlorates, can be found in the water we drink. Objectives: to know if the type of water consumed may influence the development of depressive symptoms in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Methods: 96 women with subclinical hypothyroidism, without thyroid treatment, par-ticipated from a health area in Spain. We studied, among other variables, the pres-ence of depressive symptoms, type of water consumption (tap, bottled or spring) and the level of chlorates in the tap water. Results: 41.7 % (40) of women presented depressive symptoms and these were relat-ed to the consumption of tap water (p = 0.001), resulting in a reliable predictor (OR, 27.79; p = 0.007). Chlorate level in the tap water was 250 µg/L, a value within the maximum limit allowed by law. Conclusions: chronic exposure to chlorates in water, in women with subclinical hypo-thyroidism, at levels authorized by law, could favor the inhibition of iodine transport and the appearance of depressive symptoms. It would be interesting to test this hy-pothesis as well as its possible effect on other population profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the centuries, the populations of human beings settled in the surroundings of water tributaries have indiscriminately disposed of their waste, throwing it into rivers, lakes, oceans, and surrounding land. When the amounts of waste, mostly biodegradable, are low, the environmental consequences and the health of biotic communities are minimal. However, the mass manufacture and disposal of non- biodegradable synthetic materials since the mid-20th century has had profound biological and environmental effects. Plastics are the most significant example of these ubiquitous synthetic materials, usually single-use, non-biodegradable and with high amounts of toxic chemical additives. Due to the high stability and resistance of plastic, it is impossible to quickly bind it in processes that allow its degradation and decomposition; for this reason, they have become half of the waste that exists on the planet today. The drift of these materials leads them, under ambient conditions, to gradually fragment into particles reaching the scales of micrometers and nanometers. These particles have been categorized as incidental contaminants: micro and nanoplastics. Today, the world is witnessing the nanotechnology boom and more and more industries are interested in the use of this emerging technology; They intentionally produce micro and nanoplastics to be incorporated into cosmetic products, textile fibers, among many other purposes. The contamination of these plastic particles of imperceptible dimensions, reaches food for human consumption through persistence in ecosystems and bioaccumulation, through different routes of exposure, mainly through ingestion in the different chains that make up the global trophic web, in addition, of the migration of the material used for the storage, preservation and packaging of food. When ingested, nanoplastics and some microplastics cross physical epithelial barriers and are distributed throughout the body, entering practically all body tissues, altering their function and increasing the disease burden of biotic communities, including humans. As they are considered inert and heterogeneous materials, their identification and recovery are complex, in addition to not being completely effective. This paper seeks to review information that allows evaluating the impact of nanoplastics present in food, highlighting the toxic effects that these materials have for human health through bioaccumulation and biomagnification in food chains at the subcellular biomolecular level and, on the other hand, describe recovery techniques for nanoplastics to reduce their presence in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualization: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical substance used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic containers, lining of metal cans, packaging of cosmetic and personal care products, kitchen utensils, toys, thermal paper, sports equipment, and medical and dental devices. The BPA has the capacity to leach from containers or environmental matrices through time and high temperatures. Currently, BPA has been categorized as an endocrine disruptor, due to its capacity to alter the homeostasis of the endocrine system in humans and animals. Knowledge gap: The use of plastics has become a global problem, due to the impact generated in the different environmental compartments, as well as the health of animals and man. In this sense, it is necessary to review the information that shows the general panorama of the effects associated with substances present in plastics, such as BPA. Purpose: To review the endocrine-disrupting effects induced by exposure to BPA in humans and animals. Methodology: Systematic review according to the PRISMA guide. For this, Scielo, Science Direct, MedLine (PubMed) databases were searched between the period of 2017 to 2021. The keywords Bisphenol, endocrine disrupter, animals, and humans were used. All articles that evidenced the endocrine disrupting effect of BPA in humans and animals were included. Results: In this review 35 studies were included, they were divided in humans (17) and animals (18). Selected studies showed that BPA exposure can have effects on reproduction, weight gain (obesogen), diabetes, neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and thyroid function. Conclusion: BPA can leach from plastics and other products and then be ingested or absorbed by living beings via transdermal, as well as leaching into the environment, where it can reach wastewater, soil, and water bodies (surface and underground). Thus, this substance is considered ubiquitous in the environment and unavoidable for humans and animals, and it has been shown to induce comparable endocrine disrupting effects on them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bio-grafía. Escritos Sobre la Biología y su Enseñanza is the property of Universidad Pedaggica Nacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of kul-tur: Revista Interdisciplinària Sobre la Cultura de la Ciutat is the property of kul-tur: Revista Interdisciplinaria Sobre la Cultura de la Ciutat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Oral exposure to synthetic and natural endocrine disruptors (ED) at different stages of life is related to alterations in the reproductive system. Ruminants represent a model for studying the effects of ED in humans due to some similarities in their development. Ruminants are considered of great importance due to continuous exposure to pasture and contaminated soils and human consumption of their meat. The present review aims to describe ED effects in ruminants’ reproduction, when they are consumed in the perinatal, postnatal-pre-adulthood, and adult stages. Feeding with phytoestrogens (PE) rich forage has no nocive consequences on the male reproductive system at any stages of life; in females, they produce more significant harmful effects when administered in adulthood. In the perinatal and postnatal-pre-adulthood stages, negative effects of synthetic ED were found in both males and females. This review presents study opportunities for further research related to oral exposure to ED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located in the northern extreme of South America, Colombia is one of the most mercury contaminated countries in the world, a situation that threatens its natural wealth and highly endemic neotropical biodiversity and adds to its multiple environmental and social conflicts. Internationally designated as a Ramsar site, the Ayapel wetland complex registers the catching of 23 % of the fish production of the Magdalena-Cauca macro-basin, while at the same time is under intense alluvial mining pressure. Exposure to two endocrine disruptors [mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As)] was traced in fish for human consumption, water and sediments collected in the central marshes of Ayapel, Escobillas and Paticos. Previously unreported concentrations of arsenic were found in sediments and water. This is quite a relevant finding, since it is a carcinogen and because local rice crops are supplied by the water of the marsh system, which may increase toxicological risk for the people of the region. In addition, 96 % of the fish registered statistically significant contents of both Hg and As. The fish blanquillo (Sorubim cuspicaudus) was found to contain the highest levels of both pollutants, while the bocachico (Prochilodus magdalenae) registered the highest level of Hg in the last 15 years for the studied area. Framed in mercury variation in the macro-basin's ichthyofauna (1993-2020), a warning is issued about unmonitored impacts on food webs and the urgency of intersectoral actions to protect biodiversity and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Orinoquia is the property of Universidad de los Llanos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The emergent contaminants are a group of non-regulated substances with low concentrations that cause irreversible damage to ecosystems and have been mostly identified as endocrine disruptors, so have gained great interest in the last 20 years. To mitigate its impact and presence in ecosystems, alternatives have been proposed to achieve their removal, such as adsorption, electrocoagulation, membrane filtration and advanced oxidation processes (AOP). 4- nonylphenol (4-NF) is used as a precursor in the manufacture of nonionic surfactants for use in detergents, dispersing, emulsifying, pesticide formulations, paints and personal care products, so its main access road to the environment it is by sewage, however, has become increasingly important environmental level, by various effects generated when entering aquatic ecosystems and the variety of isomers which can be found in the environment. In this review information about some physicochemical properties of 4-NF, toxicity, quantification method considering analytical and instrumental conditions, and methods of removal is collected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze how the use of pesticides is associated to congenital malformations in Brazilian towns exposed to it due to their higher production of farming commodities between 1994 and 2014. This research also seeks to evaluate the correlation between the observed trend and the volume of pesticides used as endocrine disrupting agents. This cross-sectional, exploratory, descriptive, and quantitative study analyzed the information gathered about born-alive children (SINASC/Health Ministry). The information was used to produce malformation rates for the terms 1994-2003 and 2004-2014. The odds ratio was used to test the association between the types of malformation and the variables. It was found that the rates of congenital malformations were higher during the years with higher pesticide exposure (2004-2014) and showed a significant statistical association. The results indicated that the congenital malformations identified in the zone under study are strongly correlated to the pesticide use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalates are chemical compounds classified as endocrine disruptors which are present in practically every environment of daily life. In the field of artificial nutrition, they are relevant because they are found as plasticizers in infusion lines made with PVC. They are lipophilic molecules which weakly pair with PVC and, therefore, they are easily extracted by the fatty compounds that are part of both the parenteral and enteral nutrition, as various studies show. As endocrine disruptors, they directly affect the reproductive organs because of their antiandrogenic and estrogenic effects. They promote inflammation and oxidative stress and they are also related to the development of obesity, asthma, neurological and ophthalmic disorders, cholestasis and other gastrointestinal disorders. The legislation establishes the highest recommended exposure level for daily exposure; however, in the medical environment the exposure follows a different pattern, more occasional with very high peaks, for which there are no established thresholds, that is why it is recommended to avoid exposure whenever possible. The industry is working on the development of alternative plasticizers, for which the use experience is still limited. Currently, in the field of artificial nutrition it is recommended to use phthalate-free intravenous and enteral infusion lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Salud Pública is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a result of the worldwide increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in adults and children, with consequences in public health, obesity has become a target of study of different research groups, which in turn involves the understanding of the process of adipogenesis. The adipocyte differentiation process is a complex process and involves diverse highly regulated steps resulting in a mature adipocyte phenotype, which in turn promotes the activation of PPAR? and C/EBP family, the master regulators of adipogenesis. Adipogenesis is affected by various factors including nutritional status, physiological mechanisms and also environmental factors. On the other hand, it has been proposed that various environmental pollutants, especially those with disruptive endocrine activities, are emerging as new risk factors to develop obesity. Endocrine disrupting chemicals are environmental substances that have biological activity whose target is the alteration of the function of the endocrine system, also influencing the physiological regulation of adipose tissue. In the present review we will expose the different endocrine disruptors that have been experimentally proven to influence the regulation of the adipogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of administration of tamoxifen (Tx) and its vehicle, soybean oil (SO), during the critical period of hypothalamic sexual differentiation in newborn male rats in the context of gonadal histomorphology during adulthood. The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 5 each). One hour after birth, one group was treated subcutaneously with 200 µg of Tx using commercial SO (20 µL) as a vehicle, another group was treated with only 20 µL of SO, and the control group received no treatment. All rats were weighed and sacrificed by cervical dislocation on day 90 post-treatment. Testicles were removed, weighed and processed for histological evaluation. The single administration of Tx and/ or SO during the critical period of sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus permanently altered testicular histomorphology, spermatogenesis, and body weight in adulthood. Alterations included vacuolization and reduction in the number of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. The administration of Tx reduced testicular weight, the diameter and area of the seminiferous tubules, and the height of the germinal epithelium and increased the intertubular space. Soybean oil by itself reduced the number of spermatocytes and spermatids to a greater extent than Tx. There was no effect on the number of Leydig cells. The possibility that soybean oil can act as an endocrine disruptor deserves greater attention and opens the possibility for the development of new pest control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Avances en Ciencias e Ingeniería is the property of Avances en Ciencias e Ingenieria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Basicas is the property of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Basicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Innotec is the property of Laboratorio Tecnologico del Uruguay and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Environmental pollution is a world-wide issue which is a matter for concern among the international community. Great industrialized cities are the most polluted and Mexico City is among them. However, pollution affects places which are far away from contaminated urban areas, thus damaging ecosystems. Environmental pollution is responsible for an alarming and increasing list of illnesses in humans, animals and plants. This has generated an international interest in this problem. From the 187 chemical agents considered toxic for living organisms, the Inter-Government Committee for the Negotiation of Persistent Organic Pollutants (Pops) has catalogued 12 as the most hazardous for life. Among them are the so-called polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCBs are a family of 209 structurally chlorinated compounds made up of chlorine, carbon and hydrogen. These compounds are chemically and thermally stable, insoluble in water, non-flammable, electrically resistant, with low volatility at normal temperatures, and bio-degradable only at high temperatures (1200°C). One of their main disadvantages is that they are subject to a process of bioaccumulation where their concentration increases along the food chain. Their physical properties make them widely used in industry, mainly in the electrical and building areas. Not long after PCBs were manufactured, it was determined that food for human intake such as milk, fish and eggs, to mention just a few, presented higher PCBs concentrations than those allowed by the Organism for US Environmental Protection (0.0005mg/l). It has been demonstrated that PCBs can cause damage to the endocrine, immunologic and Nervous Systems, among others. The underlying mechanism of action of these compounds is through the activation of the aril hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-dependent cytosolic transcription factor. PCBs act like ligands and, given their lipophilic properties, enter cells by passive diffusion. Two co-chaperone proteins are bound to AhR to form an oligomer which dissociates when binding to a PCB. After ligand binding, a heterodimer is formed which translocates into the nucleus and links to specific DNA regions; this in turn regulates the transcription velocity of specific genes and produces genetic alterations that modify processes and functions in the cell. PCBs belong in the group of chemicals considered endocrine disruptors. Damage caused by these compounds can be irreversible. In the endocrine system they interfere with the production and regulation of steroid and thyroid hormones, acting as agonists or antagonists of hormone receptors. They impair endocrine metabolic pathways, such as those of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), and inhibit carrier proteins such as transthyretin. Contaminants that harm the endocrine system also affect the reproductive function and disrupt various aspects of sexuality. In males, PCBs inhibit the synthesis of testosterone, alter masculinity, reduce sperm motility and the capacity of binding and penetrating the ovule, induce changes in the shape of the penis as well as its size, retard or inhibit testicle descent, and can generate testicular cancer. In females, they can cause early menarche (first menstruation), enhanced duration of menstrual bleeding, urogenital malformations, endometriosis, spontaneous abortion, fetal death, premature delivery and low-weight in offspring. Our group, as well as other research groups, has encountered that PCB administration to gestating rats causes an increment in offspring mortality, fetal miscarriages, low bodily weight of the offspring and a reduction in the number of males per litter. The immunological system is sensitive to chemicals such as PCBs which originate an immunological response; they act as immunotoxins that cause thymus atrophy, affect innate immunity, compromise host resistance and immunity mediated by B and T cells, as well as humoral immunity.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is a big concern about the deleterious effects due to the exposure to chemical substances that produce endocrine disruption on the wild life and human beings. For the identification of endocrine disruptors, different international organisations have proposed several batteries of in vitro and in vivo toxicological assays and bioassays. The present work, therefore, seeks to disclose the methodology to carry out in vivo assays that allow to identify the substances that can drive to endocrine disruption in the reproductive apparatus and that complete the condition of being validated by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The uterotrophic assay has been used to evaluate in vivo estrogenic or antiestrogenic activity in different species, mainly in rodents, like female immature and mature ovariectomized (ovx) rats. Hershberger assay is one of those validated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to determine potential endocrine disruptors of reproductive apparatus in castrated male rats, in which the action of a potential androgenic agonist or antagonist can be identified by significant increase or decrease in the weight of the sexual organs and tissues of treated versus control animals. Both the uterotrophic and Hershberger assays are easy, sensitive and reproducible, being very useful for assessing the potential toxicity of new substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]