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The present research consisted of a technical study, whose main objective was the geometric and structural design of the road " Cementerio de Guayllabamba - Estadio de San Miguel de El Quinche". The development of this project is intended to improve the current mobility conditions of the inhabitants of the San Miguel del Quinche community, thus facilitating their movement towards the central area of the Guayllabamba parish, which is an important point for the development of daily and economic activities. The methodology implemented was through a series of activities or phases that were carried out with the purpose of obtaining an adequate design of the road in question, such as: topographic survey and data processing, soil mechanics study, pavement structure design, horizontal and vertical geometric design, determination of the road drainage system, calculation of quantities of work, road signs and reference budget; according to current regulations in terms of road design in Ecuadorian territory. The result obtained from the technical study corresponds to the integral design and obtaining of the reference budget of the study road, which can be implemented as a basis for the subsequent execution of the work in the specified sector. We concluded that the most viable alternative for its construction corresponds to the flexible pavement, since its cost is lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic pseudocysts are considered giant when the lesion measures more than 10 cm in diameter. The most frequent etiology is acute pancreatitis and exacerbations of chronic pancreatitis. Spontaneous remission occurs in 50% of cases. Treatment is indicated in persistent, symptomatic or complicated pseudocysts. CLINICAL CASE: A 74-year-old male patient with a history of acute pancreatitis who 2 months after discharge presented involuntary weight loss of 12 kg, a palpable epigastric tumor that deformed the abdominal wall, early satiety, and pain. Computed tomography showed a pancreatic pseudocyst measuring 168 x 120 x 139 mm with an approximate volume of 1465 cc. It was managed endoscopically with intraluminal apposition prosthesis. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of giant pseudocyst of the pancreas endoscopically with ultrasound-guided intraluminal apposition prosthesis is a useful therapeutic resource, which is associated with better quality of life and mental state of the patient compared to surgical drainage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Medica Colombiana is the property of Acta Medica Colombiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Vivienda y Urbanismo is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous hematomas in deep neck spaces are usually caused by coagulopathies or chronic anticoagulant therapy. In some cases, they lead to life-threatening compromise of the airway that must be managed urgently. CLINICAL CASE: A 49-year-old woman presented with gross enlargement of the submental region and no signs of dyspnea on examination. The neck CT scan showed a heterogeneous image with contrast enhancement in the sublingual, submental and submandibular regions. Emergency airway management was ensured with a tracheostomy and drainage of the deep neck hematoma. CONCLUSIONS: Most hematomas in deep neck spaces develop as a result of large vessel lesions or severe trauma. Surgical drainage of the hematoma must be performed to avoid an airway compromise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: cities need to adapt their drainage systems to the challenges posed by the increasingly recurrent flood events derived from factors such as climate change, the phenomenon of urbanization, subsidence, and changes in land use. An adaptation response consists of complementary structures (SUDS) to the existing system that collect small drainage areas to control the amount of runoff, improve quality and provide amenity to urban spaces. Bioretention zones are a type of SUDS that adapts to the city of Bogotá and meets these goals. Objective: make the basic design of a SUDS of the bio-retention zone type involving native flora of the Bogotá savanna. Materials and Methodology: the methodology of the Urban Drainage and Flood Control District -UDFCD of the city of Denver, USA was used in accordance with the guidelines of the Technical Standard Criteria for design and construction of SUDS of the Aqueduct and Sewerage Company of Bogotá. For the selection of plants, a series of conditions that they must meet were considered. Results: a geometric design which adapts to the space available for the prototype that meets the recommendations for the city of Bogotá. Conclusions: It is proposed to use the Peperomia galioides species, a very common native species in the hills surrounding Bogotá that meets the required conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floods caused by rains are a continuous threat that affects many urban areas around the world, the Gancedo basin, located in the central area of Havana, comprises the municipalities of Habana Vieja, Diez de Octubre and Cerro, and presents this problem with relative frequency. Based on the situation in the basin, the study of the hydraulic operation of the networks is carried out through the use of EPA-SWMM mathematical modeling software. The program for three rainfall variants was modeled, resulting in 9 flood areas; this demonstrates the poor state of the storm drainage network in the basin, which led to the proposal of several engineering solutions to achieve optimum operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Theological University of Havana present flood problem due to the sever rains. All zone of the university have flooding problems. In this study is showed the hydraulic behavior of the drain network by mean numerical model. The simulations of network allow obtain several solutions in order to reduce the flooding problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patients with malignant biliary distal obstruction who cannot be treated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or who had a failed ERCP, can find alternative treatment in endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage via choledochoduodenostomy. EUS-CDS performs with high rates of technical and clinical success and with low rates of morbimortality. Moreover, this method could have the potential to improve the patient's quality of life, compared with percutaneous or surgical means. Objective: This study aims to describe the initial experience with endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage in patients with malignant biliary distal obstruction in a reference center. Methods: Retrospective case review of six patients with malignant biliary obstruction and prior ERCP-placed and failed. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage via choledochoduodenostomy was performed as an alternative method. Technical and clinical success rates, adverse event rates, dysfunction rates, and patient survival time were described. Results: 6 cases were analyzed with a higher proportion of female patients, with a mean age of 71,8 ± 19,8 years. The symptoms were related to pancreas adenocarcinoma, periampullary tumor, and distal cholangiocarcinoma. The procedure was technically successful in 100% of cases and clinically successful in 83% of cases. Serious adverse events were nor reported. After 30 days, a survival rate of 66,7 % was observed. Conclusion: Choledochoduodenostomy is a viable, safe, and effective method in patients with malignant biliary obstruction who had a failed ERCP, and it has high rates of technical and clinical success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Thyroidectomy is one of the most common procedures and the most feared complication is the hematoma that obstructs the airway, which leads to the use of drains, although the evidence of the benefits of its use is limited. Objective: To analyze the frequency of the use of drains, the type of surgery and hospital stay in patients undergoing thyroid surgery. Method: We included patients with diverse thyroid diseases with and without drains. The information was gathered retrospectively, including the patient characteristics, the type of surgery and the histopathology result. Results: Out of the 44 patients, only 9% used drainage and the most frequent diagnosis was papillary thyroid cancer. The most frequent procedure was right hemithyroidectomy; all patients with drainage had larger lesions, but no statistical difference was found between the groups (p = 0.174). Drains have been used for multiple reasons, although evidence shows it is unnecessary. In this study we observed that the patients with longer hospital stay were the cases of lesions that needed complex procedures, which can contribute to the use of drains. Conclusions: The use of drains is controversial; it depends on the surgical education of the surgeon. In this study drains were used for procedures with bigger lesions, although there was no difference with patients with similar lesions without drains. The best way of avoiding the use of drains is to be careful and pay attention to details during surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trashumante. Revista Americana de Historia Social is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper proposes and solves a mathematical model to predict the behavior of precipitation in the city of Tunja. For this, pluviometric information was subjected to fitting tests to probability distribution functions, finding the Gumbel function as the optimal one. Then, by means of mathematical treatments that use this distribution and applying the multiple linear regression method, the relationship between intensity, duration and frequency of precipitation (IDF) was determined. With the established model, the IDF curves were plotted for different return periods, depending on the duration of the precipitation event. The previous procedure was applied to the data of four stations that affect the basin that crosses the city of Tunja, generating fundamental information for the decision making in the design of engineering works and in the prevention of disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Terra Latinoamericana is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El presente recurso contencioso-administrativo formulado por un particular trae causa de la desestimación presunta por parte de la Consejería de Agricultura, Pesca y Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucía, de la reclamación por responsabilidad patrimonial como consecuencia de la crecida de las aguas de la Balsa del Sapo, sita en La Mojonera (Almería). También es objeto del recurso la ulterior resolución expresa resolviendo la reclamación por responsabilidad patrimonial, de fecha 21 de febrero de 2014, dictada por el Viceconsejero de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio de la Junta de Andalucía. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Watering is of utmost importance in agriculture, as well as drainage activity. Drying should be understood as the fundamental way, by which excess water is evacuated from a soil outside the territory in drying. In the practice of drying, two terms, methods or modes have been firmly established. The choice of them in each particular case is determined by the excess moisture of the land, which is given by the litology structure of the soil and by the nature of the subsequent use of the dried land. The measures of agroimprovement indicated form in the arable layer a primary drain (elementary) that accelerates the drainage. The purpose of this review is to compile in a coherent manner what is related to the methods or modes of drying of agricultural soils that by excesses of precipitation and accumulation of water the preparation and conditioning actions of the same are difficult for the food production. In conclusion, drying is a valuable method to reduce or eliminate water that is in excess in the soil and that affects the proper development of crops; if this important activity is not done, it results in a significant impact on the productivity of agricultural crops. In the drying practice in different periods of the year, they require a complementary wetting. At such times the excess water accumulated in the lower layers of the soil considerably dampens the damaging effect of the drought and becomes sources of complementary water supplies for the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work was to assess the contribution of the storm drainage system of the Ancon hotel over the erosion of its beach sector and to propose a plan of corrective measures for their mitigation. A procedure based on the eight steps in the solution of a problem was designed, complemented with specific methodologies and tools. The water origin of the erosion was predominating, with manifestations of the gully erosion type. Rain erosive power, enhanced by technical and organizational deficiencies in the storm drainage system, as well as the influence of the erodibility of the land and constructed elements, increases flow and velocity rates. A corrective action plan to mitigate erosion based on hydraulic and coastal engineering solutions was designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excess of Na+, carbonates and bicarbonates present in irrigation water increases the pH, the electric conductivity (EC) and the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in the soil, thus affecting crop growth. The aim of this work was to quantify the use of different techniques in petro-calcium soils of La Pampa affected by irrigation with sodium bicarbonate underground waters. Lettuce was grown during four cycles (500 days) in two greenhouses differentiated by years of irrigation, using a completely randomized factorial design with 4 sub-samples (units of measurement). Treatments in both tunnels (2=B1 and 4=B2 years) were: 1) T0, non-treated control; 2) T1, 3.5 Mg ha-1 of agricultural gypsum, 3) T2, 3.5 Mg ha-1 of agricultural gypsum + drainage, and 4) T3, drainage. Gypsum significantly decreased the concentration of Na+ and ESP from the surface to 0.4 m. It also significantly improved the physical conditions of the soil in tunnel B2, which was manifested through an increase of the accumulated productivity of the lettuce crop. However, no significant differences were registered in soil pH in any of the evaluated depths. Additionally, the soil EC under the different treatments decreased notably from the 2nd production cycle onwards, due to the increase in the irrigation depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pancreatic pseudocysts can be drained by surgical, laparoscopic, percutaneous, and endoscopic methods. Endoscopic methods have become the most widely accepted nowadays since they are simpler and generate less morbidity and mortality. They have always been associated with the use of fluoroscopy, which adds complexity. This study presents our drainage technique which is guided by echoendoscopy rather than fluoroscopy. Materials and methods: The objective of this study is to describe a technique for drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts which does not use fluoroscopy to guide the endoscope. Instead, echoendoscopy guides the instrument. We report a case series of 10 patients who underwent transgastric drainage and describe the technique, complications and results during follow-up. Results: Ten consecutive patients, five women and five men, were included in this study. Ninety percent were cases in which the body of the pancreas had been compromised. Cystogastrostomy was successfully performed in nine patients. It consisted of implantation of a transmural metallic stent under single endoscopic guidance. In one patient the stent was not released and aspiration drainage was performed. The nine patients who had stents implanted have presented no recurrences, but the patient who underwent aspiration drainage presented recurrence in the body of the pancreas. The main complication was migration of the stent into the pseudocyst cavity which occurred in one patient and which required a second endoscopic procedure to remove the stent. Conclusions: Transmural drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts through placement of stents is a safe, effective and minimally invasive technique for the treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Cuba, the major quantity of areas affected by waterlogging and salinity are occupied with vertisols, this soils cover around 30 % of the potential cultivated areas in the country. The particular feature of this soil to contract and swelling with the variations in soil water content, due to the particular type of clay they content (smectites), pose a great constraint for is agriculture use without irrigation as well as under irrigation. The managing of vertisols following methods and techniques used in non-dilatable soils may conduce to a rapid soil degradation and a failures in agriculture production. Taking into account the research work carry out for different Cuban's research institution in the 80´s, this paper expose some of the most important results and emphasize in the vertisols water related properties' in order to obtain the best result when this typical soils properties' are taking into account in vertisol management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Cirugia Oral y Maxilofacial (SECOM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

OBJECTIVE: present our experience in patients with thoracoabdominal drains, over a period of 19 years, in collections from the interventionist radiology services at Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez and Hospital General Enrique Cabrera. BACKGROUND: In the past, treatment of collections consisted of surgery, long incisions, and drainage by means of uncomfortable tubes for the patient; today, percutaneous drainage guided by imaging methods remains the initial method of choice. MATERIAL AND METHOD: we conducted a retrospective analysis of reports on patients between 15 and 60 years of age, without distinction of sex, who underwent puncture and draining of collections guided by ultrasound and by computed tomography. All the patients had been diagnosed with thoracoabdominal collections of different etiology by clinical exploration, laboratory tests, and imaging methods, with volume over 6 cm3 and had not responded to treatment with antibiotics or antimicrobial agent in 15 days. RESULTS: the drains were preparatory in 50 cases (to then proceed with surgery); in 80 cases they were palliative and for the rest they were resolutive. CONCLUSION: in 588 patients, percutaneous catheterization guided by image studies was completely resolutive as treatment for collections and abscesses, thereby avoiding further interventions and proving it to be an effective measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El conocimiento de la dinámica del agua en el suelo es esencial para estimar el movimiento de los nutrientes desde la zona no saturada a la saturada y la contaminación de aguas subterráneas. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los datos de aguas drenadas de el lisímetro capilar pasivo Gee (GPCL; Decagon Devices Inc., Pullman, EE.UU.) con simulaciones de modelos en una columna de suelo. Dos experimentos se realizaron con el GPCL con diferentes configuraciones de los sensores y contenido de humedad inicial. La evaluación preliminar de los datos medidos se comparó con los datos simulados por un modelo de suelo-agua (CRITERIA BdP). El primer experimento (GPCL1, de columna de suelo con suelo removido y suelo seco como condición inicial) generó datos confiables. El segundo experimento (GPCL2, de columna de suelos con suelo removido y suelo húmedo como condición inicial y diferentes tasas de aplicación de agua) mostró variaciones en el contenido de humedad en todas las profundidades para una tasa de aplicación de 5 mm d-1 debido a la propagación de ondas de presión. Este resultado pone una advertencia para la calibración de modelos de infiltración ya que ni la teoría del flujo de Darcy ni las teorías simplificadas, como el método de Green-Ampt, incluyen los efectos de ondas de presión. El monitoreo de la humedad por sensores de capacitancia (ECHO20, Decagon Devices Inc., Pullman, EE.UU.) en los dos experimentos permitió determinar el almacenamiento de agua en el suelo, y completar la ecuación de balance de agua, al dar información sobre las variaciones del agua del suelo. El contenido de humedad y el drenaje fueron adecuadamente simulados por el modelo de balance de agua, comparado con los datos medidos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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One of the complications of acute pancreatitis, which has a high prevalence in our environment, is the formation of pseudocysts. Some pseudocysts are spontaneously reabsorbed but others require intervention. Since interventions are often surgical, both morbidity and mortality rates are high. Radiological, endoscopic and other approaches have lower morbidity and mortality rates but are less well known in our country. This is a study of our experience with 9 cases of endoscopic management of pseudocysts. We briefly present these cases, review the subject and provide a step by step description of a drainage method that is easily applicable by physicians interested in the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to compare two patient cohorts with Bankart lesion, one with intraarticular drainage after surgery and another group without drainage. Material and methods: We designed a study cohort for patients with Bankart repair due to relapsing shoulder dislocation; they underwent arthroscopy and were stabilized with suture anchors; intraarticular drainage was used in one group and no drainage was used in a control patient cohort. Thirty-one consecutive patients were operated by the same team. All patients were evaluated at the office using the Rowe, Constant and UCLA scales. The statistical tests used included chi-square, the student-t test or the Wilcoxon rank sum test (nonparametric version). Results: The UCLA median value was 35 (34.5 - 35) in group B and 33 (32.5 - 35) in group A, with p = 0.13. The Rowe test score was 100 (95;100) in group B and 100 in group A (85;100), with p = 0.913. The Constant test score was 96 (88.8 - 98) in group B and 96 (90.5 - 100) in group A with p = 0.535 and no differences. Discussion: This comparative study includes two groups that underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair, one with drainage and another one without drainage. Good results were obtained in both groups. In this study the placement of a postoperative intraarticular drainage did not improve clinical results, as no statistically significant differences were observed between both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydraulic design of drainage sewers has been performed traditionally using the rational method with uniform flow. This method does not take into account the temporal variability of rainfall and is limited to small watersheds. Therefore, a methodology has been developed for the design of drainage systems in urban areas using software SWMM-5.0, where dual modeling is possible (surface drainage, sewerage) as well as inclusion of time in the analysis and not uniform flow. The methodology was applied in the Copacoa East district, Lara State, Venezuela. The results showed that the method is viable and feasible to implement because it simulates the flow on roads and collectors properly, designs are less expensive and it can quickly analyze multiple scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Daena: International Journal of Good Conscience is the property of Spenta University Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Ciencia en su PC is the property of Instituto de Informacion Cientifica y Tecnologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND Deep neck infections need urgent diagnostic and treatment because of potential complications and mortality. OBJECTIVES To review our experience in the management of patients with this disease, to know the most common germs and to analyze the factors associated with complications and hospital stay. PATIENTS AND METHOD We retrospectively analyzed 46 patients who attended the Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital in Quito, Ecuador , from January 2005 to June 2009. RESULTS 63% were men and median age was 33 years. 50% of patients received previous antibiotic treatment. The most affected area was the submaxilar (68%), two compartments were affected in 11%. 13% of patients had co-morbidities. In 48% the cause was related to dental disease. The symptoms found were cervical tumor , pain and fever . Computed tomography was performed in 22% of cases. The antibiotics used were: ß-lactamics + ß-lactamase inhibitors in 65% and clindamycin + penicillin G in 17%. 28% of patients received corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy. The hospital stay was 9 days. The surgical approach was performed in 48%. The most frequently isolated bacterium was Staphylococcus aureus. Complications occurred in 33% and we had no mortality. CONCLUSIONS Dental infection is our main etiology, which is related to topographic compartments affected. The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently found. The antibiotic regimen used was highly effective and steroid use decreased hospital stay. We found few co-morbidities in our patients which could explain the absence of mortality in our series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of drainage water from rice field was studied using 6 years data observation of drainage discharge and electrical conductivity of drainage water's from a rice field in Vado del Yeso (Granma Province) provided with artificial sub surface drainage. There was 2 a strong relationship between drainage water's conductivity and soil salinity (R =0,89), the salt concentration in sub surface drainage water's was 10 times greater than the concentration in surface drainage and irrigation water's, without difference in salt concentration between then. The volume of water discharge by the drains and the electrical conductivity of this water was related by a potential regression model and this variation in drainage low permit to explain around 57% of the variations in drainage water's conductivity. The maximum drainage water low was obtained in the rainy season (higher than 0,2 lps) and the water electric conductivities (Ce) at this low was always higher than 2 dS/m, this value is considered critical for rice irrigation. From the result obtained, it is evident the contaminant capacity of these waters and the need to establish a monitoring system for the conservation of the environment in the deposition areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Universidad & Ciencia is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main objective of soil improvement by drying is water balance regulation in the sense of decreasing water reserves, with the help of a group of agricultural and engineering reorganizing measurements. The man, in his daily work, often comes up against the need of modifying or remaking some natural—climatic, hydrological and soil conditions, among others. Some lands are naturally leveled, they have natural drainages and deep plough layers, they consist of naturally-blended clay soils with an appropriate amount of sand, they can be naturally-irrigated grasslands or covered by a loam layer; others should be leveled and require artificial drainages, the arable layer should be artificially deepened, the right proportion of clay and sand must be artificially created, that is, they are grasslands without natural irrigation that should be modified by working on it, to achieve the same conditions of other improved soils through water improvement by drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve an appropriate level of technological updating in the development and competences of a sector, it is highly necessary to develop a technological watching system that allows correct information checking to make decisions. By now, the agricultural sector under irrigation requires the implementation of this system, mainly because water is a worth indispensable and scarce resource. Methodological base, belonging to Project 22-22 from the Cuban Irrigation Program in the implementation of this system, as well as its primary results obtained from the service given to potential users of the Irrigation & Drainage Information Center are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is intended to expose criteria and principles to follow for the rational designing of a golf course draining system. Aspects related to the draining techniques that should be used in and out of the game areas, besides the calculation of the draining module are largely exposed too. The expressions to follow for the sizing of the perforated undergrounds drains (greens, putting greens, tees and bunkers) as well as the collecting grids and hydraulic system in the fairways and driving range are specified. Elements about the design of the main collectors in the exterior of holes, superficial channels and possible sources of the water final disposition are showed. Economic analysis is made and are compared the results of several criteria designs already applied to Cayo Coco golf club, by cuban and foreign project companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researches with the objective to find the causes and to characterize the excess moist of the soils in the north of Villa Clara were carried out for several years. These soils occupy approximately 67 000 hectares here, where sugar cane is produced for 7 sugar factories. The excess of moisture persists in these soils much time after the showers. The fundamental causes of the excess moist in these areas are: the physical properties of the soil which originate the impermeable profile with hydraulic conductivity practically null existing below 40 cm deep, the meager gradient generally lower to 0,003, and the unsuitable distribution of the rains. The general criterions were established in order to solve the problems of drainage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The researches were carried out at heavy clay soils in the North of Villa Clara. Four combined alternatives are proposed for the drainage. The better solution was the construction of slots or soil drains 5 cm wide and 70 cm deep below each cane row, plus collector pipes spaced 60-120 m and at a depth of 0,90-1,10 m. The slot drains are filled during their construction with soil from the ploughed profile or other organic or permeable material. Its principal benefits are yield increase of 30-150 %, and reduction of the time lost to 50 % because of rainfalls during the harvest. The investment fluctuates 300-950 USD /ha and it is redeemed like average in 3 crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]