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Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents the results of an analysis on cotton dyeing using the ionic liquid methyl carbonate of trihexylmethylammonium (MCTXMA). The objective is to evaluate the chemical interactions when introducing this agent in the textile process. It was found that the use of ionic liquids promotes the formation of stronger chemical bonds in dyeing, thus improving the electrolyte application mechanism and reducing the consumption of auxiliaries and the environmental impact in the textile industry. Additionally, it is suggested that there is a field to explore in the selection of ionic liquids to improve the absorption and fixation of dyes in cotton fiber. [Extracted from the article]

In Ecuador, making products of “paja toquilla” has become an export benchmarch. To dye, these products, aniline dyes are used, and the effluents of these processes are discharged to rivers without treatment. This investigation explores a process for color removal. The first stage involved the determination of the optimal relation between Fe2+ y H2O2 for a Fenton process using an experimental factorial design (3²). The best result was reported with the higher and medium levels of FeSO4.7H2O and H2O2 at 30%v/v, respectively. The Fenton process designed was applied to treat solutions of three aniline dyes: blue, red, and black, which are the most used in paja toquilla dyeing. For each dye, the percentage of removal and the kinetics were determined, in all cases was above 90% and of second order. Finally, the effluents were neutralized to assess their ecotoxicity with Daphnia Magna, which demonstrated that the effluent could be discharged without aquatic ecotoxicity after the applied process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: currently the textile dyeing companies maintain a manual and artisan dyeing process of limited production and with a high possibility of reprocessing. Objective: design and implement a process for the degraded dyeing of alpaca fiber garments allowing the control of operating parameters in the improvement of dyeing quality as well as obtaining varied and replicable finished products, satisfying the current needs and requirements of the clients. Materials and methods: a semiautomatic production line was designed through a mechanical-robotic system and a PLC control system, consisting of 3 units: the first unit for preparing the textile piece, the second unit for gradient dyeing and the third unit. textile finishing. To obtain a standardized process, the operating parameters of temperature, time and water volume were controlled, as well as the execution of parameterized ascending and descending movements in the immersion of the piece, standardizing the dyeing technique allowing to obtain more homogeneous results in more parts. Results: indicate that a gradient dyeing process can be obtained with a higher production capacity that guarantees the quality of the finish of the piece. Conclusions: designing and validating a standardized process allows it to not depend on the expertise and experience of the operator in the realization of a manual / artisan dyeing process, increasing variety, replicability and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The propolis tincture produced in the Local Production Centers (CPL) of Villa Clara province is in high demand due to its diversity of uses. The total solids content of this product is proving to be less than 10% (permissible limit). Objective: To optimize the processing technology of propolis tincture for pharmaceutical purposes, used in the CPLs of Villa Clara. Materials and Methods: A design of 23 factorial experiments was carried out. The independent factors and their levels were: type of solvent (low level of 70% ethanol and high level of 96% ethanol), extraction time by maceration (7 days low level and 14 days high level) and variety of propolis (brown color low level and reddish brown high level). The response variable to considered was the total solids content. Other quality indexes evaluated were: relative density, refractive index and pH. Results and Discussion: A high total solids content (23.02%) was obtained for the condition where reddish brown propolis, 96% ethanol as solvent and extraction time of 7 days were used. The pH, refractive index and relative density of the tincture gave similar results to those of other tinctures of natural origin reported in the literature. Conclusions: The solvent concentration, propolis variety and extraction time significantly influence the total solids content. The tincture obtained from reddish-brown propolis after 7 days of maceration and 96% ethanol, doubles the minimum permissible limit of total solids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Cooperación y Desarrollo is the property of Universidad de San Buenaventura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Moenia: Revista Lucense de Lingüística & Literatura is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bajo Palabra: Journal of Philosophy is the property of Bajo Palabra: Journal of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A liquid dye was obtained from Malay apple pulp (Syzygium malaccense [L.] Merr. et Perry) rich in anthocyanins and polyphenols. For this, the process of hydroalcoholic extraction was optimized according to the extraction yields of anthocyanins and total polyphenols. The optimal extraction conditions corresponded with 60% ethanol, 24 h as extraction time, a solid/liquid ratio of 1 g for 5 mL and 60 °C. The hydroalcoholic extract of Malay apple showed yield values of total polyphenols (53.7%) and anthocyanins (25.1%), similar to those estimated by the numerical optimization of the process. The liquid dye showed no acute oral toxicity at a dose of 2 g/kg in the experimental animals; exhibited a content of 1667 mg/L total phenols and 59 mg/L anthocyanins, with a pH of 2.6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre el uso de la grana cochinilla, también conocida como el nocheztli en la civilización indígena mexicana, un insecto cuyas escalas se utilizaron para derivar un tinte rojo.

The present work was developed in the dyeing section of the Basic Unit "Desembarco del Granma". The aim of this research was to propose actions of cleaner productions in the dyeing of polyester-cotton fabric. The Life Cycle Assessment methodology and the SimaPro V.8.0 software were applied. The impact on the environment of chemicals and other used resources was quantified. In applying the ReCiPe method, it was determined that, in the category of damages, the resources were the most impacted, where fossil fuel consumption and water have a primordial role. Color matching processes were performed using color matching equipment. The recipes obtained when sodium carbonate was added to the disperse dyes were more easily equated than those that did not have this chemical present at the time of equalizing the dispersion. Performing dyeing on an industrial scale with the optimized recipes saved $ 224.85; which is equivalent to spending 9713.52 $/year. To reduce the environmental impact of the burning of fossil fuel, the ADI3TEK additive was proposed. It could be saved 117.51 $/year if deteriorated insulation is replaced. The implementation of the ReCiPe method allowed to corroborate the benefits obtained by applying the optimized recipes for the dyeing of polyester-cotton fabric in a bath. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have used a variety of tau immunological markers combined with the dye Thiazin red (1), an accurate marker to differentiate the fibrilar from the nonfibrillar state of both amyloid-ß and tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we used TR as a potential diagnostic marker of AD in unfixed brain tissue and tissue touch imprint. Control experiments included the use of thioflavin-S staining, fixed tissue, and some double-labeled material with TR and selected tau markers, including, Tau-C3, and 423. Our observation indicate that TR retains its strong affinity for both tangles and plaques neuritic plaques in frozen unfixed temporal cortex then thawed prior to tissue touch imprint. This indicates the potential for TR as a diagnostic tool for the rapid postmortem diagnosis of AD neuropathology. chemical fixation is not necessarily required for tau immunoreactivity on histological sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This present paper aims to make the physical, physicochemical and qualitative chemical characterization of dyes 10 % obtained from the seeds of a Bixa orellana l. using the solvent 70 % ethanol and how method of extraction maceration and percolation. The pH was 6 showing a weak acid behaviour in all cases; the results of the refractive index, specific density and total solids of parameters were superior to the dyes obtained by percolation. The qualitative chemical composition using physicochemical screening technique showed the presence of alkaloids, coumarins, saponins, triterpenes and steroids, reducing sugars, flavonoids, amino acids and amines, phenols and tannins, no identifiqued quinones, mucilage, resins, and cardiac glycoside. The capillary analysis display image poignantly colours, noted the orange colour fringe, one sub fringe of yellow colour and one band of fawn colour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fungal biomass used for bleaching by enzymatic degradation, once inactivated, becomes a residue that can be reused as biosorbent in the processes of removal of dyes. Fungal cell walls contain a large amount of polysaccharides and proteins. These biopolymers offer functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulphate, phosphate and amino groups, which can join other ions. The present work has the objective to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the residual fungal biomass in the process of the removal of the dye Triactive Navy PN2R of aqueous solution. The fungal biomass was obtained as a residue from the use of fungi Trametes villosa in a study of removal of simulated water dye at the laboratory level. The dye used to prepare the samples was the Triactive Navy PN2R, widely employed in the textile industry. It was removed the fifth part of the initial coloring of the solution. No statistically significant difference was found in the removal to vary the initial concentration of the dye. With the data of the apparent adsorption of the biomass and concentrations of equilibrium, it was adjusted the model of Freundlich isotherm, adequate to explain the case studied, obtaining the "n" value of 0,9904. It was determined experimentally that the capacity of biosorption fungal biomass inactive in the conditions of work is 3,26 mg of color/g of biomass. It was corroborated the possibility of giving a reuse to the residual biomass of the treatment process of liquid residuals of the textile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effluents from food and textile industries contain dye mixtures. However, the evaluation of these multicomponent systems has been poorly explored due to their complex quantification. As a closer approximation to the contamination caused by these effluents, it was evaluated the adsorption of the dye mixture Red 40 (R40) and Brilliant blue (AB) on the coconut bark under batch system, considering the variables pH, the initial dye concentration, the dosage of the adsorbent and the temperature. For the quantification the model of the first derivative was used, using an UV-Vis Perkin Elmer Lambda 35 spectrophotometer. Under the best conditions for the mixture of R40 and AB, the maximum removal (76.5 %) was achieved to acid pH (pH = 2.0), dosage of 20 g/L, initial dye concentration of 10 mg/L and temperature of 55 °C. The found average percentage error for the model of quantification was 1.35 % for R40 and 1.10 % for AB to indicate the validity of the method. Also, in the binary mixture AB experimented a minor antagonistic effect due to the presence of R40, recording a 3.7 adsorption percentage higher than the obtained for R40. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Espanola de Antropologia Americana is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Espanola de Antropologia Americana is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. This project analyzes the situation in a Company, Dugotex S. A., specifically in the cleaning area, which has 40 % of unproductive time periods, caused by the lack of standardized procedures for the operations previous to the assembly of every production order, thus causing failures to the programming schedules, delays in the deliveries and low production in the plant. Objective. Introduce a proposal to reduce unproductive time periods in Dugotex S.A's cleaning plant for stretching materials. Materials and methods. A field work was performed during six months in order to gather and identify the main causes that generate unproductive time periods and propose action plans to contribute to their reduction. Results. Standardized procedures were generated to regulate the operations that have a greater impact, such as the passing of samples and the enlisting and cleaning of the machinery necessary in the process, thus projecting a reduction of unproductive periods of time in 27 % and a monthly saving in expenses of COL$43.000.000. Conclusion. The importance of having standardized processes and procedures in the cleaning plant was demonstrated, given the fact that, besides the projected savings, an improvement in the quality is expected, due to the reduction of the products that require re-processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Espanola de Antropologia Americana is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The reduction kinetics of allura red dye (E-129, C.I. 16035) by sodium bisulfite at level B3LYP/6-31G(d) in aqueous phase was determined. This was done to evaluate a plausible mechanistic path for the reduction reaction of this important azo dye used in the food industry. The predicted rate constants (kSulf) for the sulfonation step were in good agreement with respect to experimental rate constants reported for some dyes of chemical structure similar to Allura red. On the B3LYP potential energy surface, were located five stationary points corresponding to reactants, transition states and products. The transition states for the first and second step of the reduction reaction are presented for the first time and characterized by calculations of intrinsic reaction coordinate and vibrational frequencies. The activation thermodynamic parameters indicated than the reaction was stable, endothermic and non-spontaneous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work local and global descriptors of the reactivity were calculated for sunset yellow and allura red to analyze its intrinsic reactivity. The computational calculations were carried out in vacuum and aqueous phase. The aqueous phase is represented by a dielectric constant of 78.5, introduced by polarizable continuum model. The results show that allura red is less susceptible to nucleophilic addition than sunset yellow, because the electrodonor substituents methyl and methoxy decrease the capability of the azo group to accept electrons. The analysis of condensed Fukui function for a nucleophilic attack and local electrophilicity index showed that the preferred direction of attack the reducing agent (bisulfite ion) occurs on C4, which was in good agreement with experimental reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avances en Ciencias e Ingeniería is the property of Avances en Ciencias e Ingenieria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Temporary henna tattoos are becoming more frequent because of their apparent safety and the fact that they disappear within a few weeks. In recent years the use of these tattoos in children has increased at an alarming rate. Henna is a plant with characteristic tints that is used to dye skin, hair and nails. Sometimes it is blended with other substances such as paraphenylenediamine (PPD), a synthetic dye that is added to accelerate penetration, improve definition and darken its reddish hue. Unfortunately, because of its sensitizing properties, this substance increases the risk of contact dermatitis. The increasing frequency of this complication merits the diffusion of these observations, and clinicians must be alert of the possibility of complications, particularly after the use of hair tints that contain PPD. We report a pediatric case of a severe reaction to a black henna temporary tattoo and the literature on this topic is reviewed. Complications of this practice can be serious and its customary use must not be considered harmless or risk free. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Superficies y Vacío is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Superficies y Materiales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Se observaron estructuras quísticas similares a xenomas con organismos ovoides o piriformes en encéfalo y riñón de un conejo de un mes de edad. Se probaron diferentes tinciones, como HE, PAS, azul de toluidina y azul de tricromo. El azul de tricromo proporcionó los mejores resultados en cuanto a especificidad, resolución y confirmación de esporas de microsporidios. Este colorante es fácilmente adaptable a cortes desparafinados por no requerir de equipo adicional; es rápido, económico y podría utilizarse como técnica confirmatoria para otras microsporidiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on a study conducted on evaluating the physiological quality of cotton seeds, submitted to encapsulation process with or without dye, in comparison to seeds treated with fungicides and insecticide control. It mentions several variables including seedling length, germination percentage, and mass of 100 seeds. It mentions that the coating process of the seeds, treated with insecticides and fungicides did not cause reduction in seed physiological quality.

Copyright of Acta Universitaria is the property of Universidad de Guanajuato/Acta Universitaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Superficies y Vacío is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Superficies y Materiales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. Environmental contamination produced by the disposal of effluents from textile industries, encourages researchers to continue their search for the removal of this dyes in waste water. Objective. To compare the effect both an artchoke extract with peroxidase activity and a conventional method, hydrogen peroxide, had in the discoloration of an effluent from a textile industry. Materials and Methods. As a sample, a mixture of direct, disperse and acid dyes was used. They were all from a textile industry located in an Antioquian municiple. The artchoke's extract and the hydrogen peroxide, and a mixture of both 1:1 were used as degradation agents. Absorbance measures were made by the use of a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Results. For the treatment of the sample with artchoke extract, peroxide and the mixture of both, there is an absorbance reduction of 21.03%, 12.32%, 22.70%, respectively, at 486 nm and of 17.13 %, 16.43%, 28.54% at 598 nm. Conclusion. The artchoke extract provides a discoloration similar to that of the hydrogen peroxide, becoming an alternative in comparison to the use of conventional methods that bring environmental problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study about natural resources used by Guaranis of Misiones Province as colorants is presented here. These resources are considered according to different aims of applications and classified in handicraft colorants, corporal dyes and tints for cloths. Several kinds of plants applications registered here at present are unusual. Techniques of acquire colorants and species employed are detailed, moreover some common designers used for body paint and baskets are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista del Centro de Investigación Flamenco Telethusa is the property of Centro de Investigacion Flamenco Telethusa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper compares experimental results on methylene blue (MB) removal systems based on ozone oxidation, zeolite adsorption, and simultaneous adsorption-oxidation using ozone in the presence of natural zeolite. The effect of pH (2-8), and the presence of radical scavengers (sodium acetate) on process rates and removal efficiencies are assessed at laboratory scale. The experimental system consisted of a IL differential circular flow reactor and an ozone generator rated at 5 g O3/h. Results show that ozone oxidation combined with zeolite adsorption increases the overall MB oxidation rate with respect to ozonation process and zeolite adsorption. In presence of free radical scavenger only a 25% of reduction on MB removal rate are observed in the simultaneous treatment, as compared with 70% when ozonation treatment is used, suggesting that MB oxidation reactions take mainly place on the zeolite surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Residual water from the dye, food, textile and pharmaceutical industries, indiscriminately dumped into water bodies, are responsible of many harmful effects for the environment, the flora and the fauna that live in those waters. Among those effects, some very important ones are the reduction of the dissolved oxygen, eutrophication, recalcitrant compounds, which are harmful for cells, the obstruction of the light that should come into the water and an aesthetic deterioration. Electro coagulation is a technology that has been being developed recently, and can be seen as an alternative for the treatment of residual waters from the industries mentioned above. It offers many advantages if compared to traditional technologies. Objective. To study the removal of the amaranth azo dye from aqueous solutions by the use of electro coagulation. Materials and methods. Synthetic residual waters were treated with electro coagulation, by using a factorial experimental model 3×2×3 which obeys to pH variations, stream density and time of treatment. The response variables measured were the percentages of chemical demand of oxygen and color. Results. The removals of chemical demand of oxygen were 98.3% and those of the color, 99.3% at a pH of 4. The stream density was 40.86 A/m²y in a 15 minutes treatment. Conclusion: The results allow establishing that, from a technical point of view, electro coagulation can be used in aqueous solutions with amaranth red dye, for removing the color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the Mesoamerican cosmovision, nature, the source of natural resources for the subsistence of human beings, is considered as a living and sacred entity This concept, combined with the holistic view of the human-environment relationship and the systematic knowledge of the movement of the stellar bodies and the immediate surroundings, are the foundations of the traditional strategies for the management and conservation of natural resources. In this work, the overall objective was to identify and analyze the cultural foundations that govern the use of dye produced by the purple snail Plicopurpura pansa, which has been used traditionally by the dyers of Pinotepa de don Luis, for dyeing Mixteco's cotton textiles. The investigation was based on the procedures related to Grounded Theory and its methodical tools. As a result, the mythical conceptions of the phenomena and elements that influence the use of the dye produced by the purple snail were the central subject. A reflexive analysis of this category revealed that one of the points made in the Mixtec thought is the persistence of a female conception of the environment. Specifically, the conceptions about yoo (moon), ndikaandii (sun), Nduta ñuu "sea") and Dzavui (rain) regulating the use of the purple snail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To evaluate the degradation of Tartrazine dye by using the Fenton's reagent. We aim to implement an advanced oxidation technology in order to remove the Tartrazine dye, which is widely used in food industry locally, nationally and internationally. Materials and methods. A randomized factorial experimental design was used, with a reactor composed of a glass recipient as a reservoir to store the problem sample and the reaction place for the degradation. Additionally, an internal mixing system was arranged to keep the solution homogeneous during the experimental period (two hours). An initial 100 mg/L concentration of Tartrazine was used, and the solution was kept at a 3.0 pH level. The dye's degradation was determined by the use of UV/Visible spectrophotometry at a 425 nm wavelenghht. Results. The removal and degradation of the Tartrazine dye was achieved using different combinations of the Fenton's reagent's oxidation. The best removal percentage was, however, 99.3 % of the dye, by the combination of the Fenton's reaction corresponding to 25 mg/L of Fe3+ and 0,4 %v/v of the Hydrogen peroxide oxidation agent. Conclusion. Fenton's reaction is adequate and achieves high removal and degradation percentages of the azo Tartrazine dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The prevention and control of environmental pollution is one of the main responsibilities and preoccupations of modern people. In the latter years, a considerable number of research works concerning this subject have been registered. Among these, photodegradation of pollutants is a part of the group of the advanced oxidation technologies that aim to reduce or eliminate persistent compounds such as the Azo dyes. Objective. To evaluate the degradation of the Tartrazine dye by the use of heterogeneous photo catalysis with titanium dioxide and an ultra violet light lamp. Materials and methods. An experimental factorial randomized design. For the experimental development, an ultra violet light lamp, a glass recipient for keeping the Tartrazine dye in acuose solution for its treatment and a bomb that allowed the recirculation of the solution through the photo reactor's system were used. The degradation of the Tartrazine dye was determined by using ultraviolet/ visible spectrophotometry. Results. A good removal index of the Tarzatrine dye was obtained for the combination of chemical oxidation by the use of 0 mg/L of TiO2 and 0,4%v/v of the hydrogen peroxide oxidation agent , and same result was obtained for the experimental combination of the photochemical process of heterogeneous photo catalysis with experimental rehearsals with 50 mg/L of TiO2 and 0,2%v/ v H2O2, and 50mg/L of TiO2 and 0,4%v/v H2O2 for a removal percentage that equals 100,0%. Conclusion. The advanced oxidation processes are adequate for removing and eliminating the Tartrazine dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)