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From a historical perspective and a prospective analysis, the article aims to understand the role of technologies and their impact on society through the postulates of media ecology. Through this meta-discipline, we delve into the rigorous review of different authors who see technologies as playing a prominent role in shaping the future because they not only influence the culture of societies, but also impact the course, advancement and meaning of history. The text focuses on the advantages and on the explanation of the risks of generative artificial intelligence, identifying eight critical scenarios: weaponization, disinformation, proxy games, weakening, blocking or withholding of value, unwanted emerging goals, deception and power-seeking behavior. Subsequently, CASI regroups them into four threats: malicious use, the AI race, organizational risks and uncontrolled AI. We end the by drawing on McLuhan’s reflections and stressing the need to scale back technologies when they have reached elevated levels of development to minimize their negative impact. Although artificial intelligence has not reached that state, there is a warning about the accelerated evolution and the need for AI literacy as a measure to face risks and threats, in a limited time before it is too late. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of misinformation has become a global challenge that impacts democratic systems, fosters citizen distrust of the media, and can also be used as a tool to promote and spread hate speech against different groups. Various studies have shown how this misinformation is used to perpetuate negative stereotypes and fuel hostility toward certain ethnic, religious, or social groups, such as migrants and refugees. This research focuses on the disinformation about migrants and refugees detected by the Spanish fact-checking platforms Newtral, Maldita, and Verificat. It utilizes a content analysis method to examine 570 checks from January 2017 to May 2023. The objective is to detect the main types of information disorders affecting migration, their preferred formats, the agents involved, and the main characteristics and themes these hoaxes feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an international scenario of political crisis, and with democracies weakened by the impact of populism and disinformation, the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 provides a new scenario for the reactivation of war propaganda strategies. This article analyzes the digital discourse of President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky on Telegram—a messaging network that favors one-way communication, immediacy, and access to communities of followers—in terms of war propaganda during the first year of the conflict, focusing on variables such as propaganda functions and techniques, the representation of the leader and the enemy, or the use of national symbols. The data-gathering technique is content analysis, which is applied to the study of the 2,075 publications made by the Ukrainian leader in the period analyzed (February 24, 2022-February 23, 2023). Results indicate a strategic orientation towards the internationalization of the conflict and the defense of a management orientation based on the mobilization of Ukraine, as well as personalized leadership and the persistence of techniques and trends of classic war propaganda in the digital political discourse of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Journalists, through the media, cover and frame corruption scandals, which gives them a relevant role in how citizens inform themselves about this phenomenon. The aim of this article is to investigate whether information professionals are influenced by their ideology when assessing the level of corruption in different institutions, as well as to explore whether they believe that media coverage of this phenomenon is influenced by polarization. To achieve this, a representative survey was conducted between March and July 2023 among 391 Spanish journalists from various types of media across the country. They were primarily asked about their political ideology and their perception of corruption in different institutions. The results reveal that journalists tend to perceive corruption levels differently based on their political ideology, with a tendency to perceive greater corruption in parties and institutions they consider opposed to their ideological orientation. This phenomenon is not limited to political parties (which, obviously, have an explicit ideological position), but also extends to other ostensibly neutral or politically unaligned institutions. Additionally, most journalists agree that political polarization in Spain encourages media outlets to seek and prioritize publishing scandals occurring within parties of opposing ideologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the ‘dirty politics’ between opposing and antagonistic poles during Chile’s 2021 presidential election. It analyses data from public messaging groups on WhatsApp, using computational methods, qualitative analysis, and an interview with a key informant from one of the candidates’ campaigns. The results point to ‘dirty’ tactics, such as disinformation and social engineering, but also to technical sabotage, with deliberate obstruction of campaign groups, mainly from the right against the left. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes the phenomenon of disinformation, misinformation, and hate speech and their impact on humanitarian operations. It argues how this elements not only deepens situations of vulnerability but also exposes certain communities or ethnic groups to severe human rights violations. The article also studies examples that highlight the main obstacles humanitarian operations face concerning disinformation or misinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Relaciones Internacionales (1699-3950) is the property of Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain, International Relations Studies Group (GERI) Law Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Given the access barriers imposed by traditional media, climate obstructionism has found a new distribution system for its messages in social networks and messaging services. Using a case study approach, this article proposes an analysis of communications attacking scientific organizations, institutions, public representatives, activists, and media outlets. The study sample, which consists of a total of 129 messages, covers the verification of climate crisis related content conducted until June 30, 2023 by fact-checking agencies operating in Spain. The results demonstrate that this new denialism has shifted from questioning the work of scientists to sowing doubts about the messengers, including activists, institutions and media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a context characterized by misinformation, ideological polarization, and emerging bloc dynamics within the Spanish party system, it is of particular interest to address the tasks of verification in the realm of political communication. This study examines the fact-checking conducted by Newtral, Maldita, Efe Verifica, and Verificat during the electoral debate between Pedro Sánchez and Alberto Núñez-Feijóo. Through quantitative content analysis and descriptive statistical methods, it evaluates 66 fact-checks covering 27 candidate statements. The findings reveal a notable concentration of fact-checks in the debate's initial phase, primarily focusing on economic matters and the statements of candidate Alberto Núñez-Feijóo. The research highlights a significant level of consistency in statement selection and verification outcomes, largely influenced by the Comprobado fact-checking alliance. Additionally, the study emphasizes the provision of comprehensive explanations beyond mere checking and labelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research combines a quantitative methodology with a qualitative one to outline trends in the informational consumption of youth, but also in the informational production of those beginning their journey in the journalism profession. It is observed that the younger generations prioritize social media over traditional media, although they are critical of their operating logics and demonstrate derived phenomena such as News Find Me, oversaturation, news avoidance, or disinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many empirical studies on disinformation use fake news datasets and real news datasets to compare them. Such studies often appeal to reliability (or confidence, trustworthiness, credibility, accuracy) as a factor to characterize and evaluate the message, medium, source and perception of the audience. We selected the 50 most cited articles in WoS and Scopus (2017- 2022) on fake news and reliability and investigated where the researchers extracted their samples. That is, we propose a meta-research aimed at evaluating how reliable such samples are. We extract and analyze the criteria, indices, metrics, resources and databases that researchers declare to justify their selection of both authentic and false news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of disinformation is characterized by being a way of telling the facts in a distorted way that modifies the perception of what is «real». In this sense, it deserves the attention of being analyzed by semiotics, since its look makes it possible to approach the problem of truth from a strategic point of view. For this discipline, the concept «truth» is not understood as a correspondence between what is said and the facts, but as an effect of meaning that is created in the discourse. In this regard, it is proposed that one way to deal with fake news is to revalue the figure of the journalist, as long as his job is to produce information that, in addition to being truthful, is credible. Likewise, the need to train the journalist to be able to master different enunciation and persuasion strategies present in any discursive configuration is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Journalistic routines in the current context of information overload and communicative complexity have resulted in an excessive workload for media professionals. This issue is particularly critical in wartime situations, where the conflicting parties contribute to the problem by disseminating biased information and hoaxes within the official communication under the pretext of safeguarding their military and strategic interests. Safeguarding against disinformation and fake news has become a priority in media newsrooms. This article explores how journalists at the Spanish broadcasters À Punt and Tele 5 address the problem of news coverage concerning the wars in Ukraine and Gaza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Disinformation and Mediatization. Challenges of research in political communication" analyzes the impact of disinformation on political communication, highlighting the influence of digitalization on its creation and dissemination. The theory of mediatization is mentioned as a tool to understand the influence of the media on society. The relevance of mediatization, the public sphere, and politics in the study of disinformation is emphasized. Additionally, different aspects related to disinformation are mentioned, such as the relationship between political parties and television, the work of journalists, the role of fact-checking companies, and the consumption and production of information by new generations. The strategy of climate obstructionism on social media is also analyzed. Together, these articles show the complexity of disinformation in the current context of communication. [Extracted from the article]

Knowledge transfer, as a "third mission" and an activity connected to research, is essential for the university social function. This paper analyses the transfer activities carried out by Spanish and international research projects with a focus on disinformation in the Iberian Peninsula. We located 46 projects with these requirements, contacted those responsible and obtained the response of 25 through an online questionnaire that includes characteristics, timing, typology, contributors and audience of the activities completed, in progress or programmed (46 in total) as well as the perception of researchers on the transfer. The results show that the vast majority of disinformation projects (84%) carry out transfer activities, although many are limited to one or two, not always formalised via OTRI or similar. The projects themselves act as leaders or promoters in almost three out of four activities, although it is common to have at least one partner (58.6%). Their typology and target groups vary according to the objectives and area of the projects. It is noteworthy training for different groups, together with training, support and guidance resources, often multimedia and online. To a lesser extent, there are technological development activities, materialised in open digital applications and tools. The crossing of these two variables (typology and recipients) shows that social transfer is the largest group (43.48%), followed by professional (23.91%), technological (17.39%) and academic (15.22%). Despite being isolated and incipient practices, there is agreement among researchers in perceiving them as an essential part of their mission. Their vision in many cases is close to the "quadruple helix" model, which is oriented towards social innovation and responding to citizen demands on misinformation through collaborative approaches between university, government, companies and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Index.Comunicación is the property of Index.comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Index.Comunicación is the property of Index.comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Index.Comunicación is the property of Index.comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Index.Comunicación is the property of Index.comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudos em Comunicação is the property of Labcom / Universidade da Beira Interior and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Politico is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We live in an image society, where the use of iconic and visual devices has gained strength. Furthermore, it is a society where citizens produce their own content and circulate it through their social media channels, disseminating ideas, philosophies, thoughts and, in some cases, misinformation. From there arises memetics, the subject of the study, and its insertion into the contemporary media ecosystem, since memetics and massive misinformation result from the media ecology in which we currently live. For the article, we basically worked with bibliographic research and, from that, we developed a reflection on memetics in the contemporary media ecosystem, as well as its potential connection with misinformation. We hope that the article, which has an exploratory nature, can offer support for various other investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Disinformation is currently one of Europe's greatest challenges. In the past years, the European continent in general and, more precisely, the European Union have been suffering from various disinformation campaigns: such as the one that led to Brexit; the parallel health and disinformation pandemic; or the hybrid propaganda strategy following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In this context, the death of Queen Elizabeth II of England has also been marked by disinformation practices that went viral throughout Europe. Therefore, this research aims to delve into the nature of disinformation regarding the death of the Queen in the timeframe between 8 and 22 September 2022, focusing in three European countries, namely Spain, the United Kingdom and France. For that purpose, the study is based on a content analysis of 76 publications published by fact-checking organisation, as well as open-ended surveys with specialised agents on disinformation. Overall, results show that social networks were the main platform through which misinformative content was disseminated, with Twitter occupying the first position- whereas other previous studies have shown the primacy of Facebook as a source of disinformation. The hoaxes, which generally included images, mainly responded to the typology of misleading and fabricated content established by Wardle (2017). Likewise, the main subject matter of the viral hoaxes was conspiracy theories, focusing on Elizabeth II as the main protagonist. Moreover, the frequency of hoax dissemination was significantly higher during the first week after the death of the monarch and responded to a transnational trend in which the spread of disinformation was adapted to national contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disruptive change affecting information industry entails not only a loss of influence over society but also implies the proliferation of all kind of doubtful veracity contents that contribute to undermine the solidity of democratic institutions on an international scale and in the European Union in particular. The analysis of a project such as IJ4EU allows a better understanding of the singularities that collaborative investigative journalism adopts nowadays as a formula to increase efficiency in the flow of cross-border news content and the quality of journalism and as an initiative that transcends the concrete fact of the mere informative action and enters into the strengthening of democracy betting on the generation of deep changes in the methods of working and in the very structure of the system that must occur in the mid and long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Doxa Comunicación is the property of Fundacion Universitaria San Pablo - CEU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Critical thinking is one of the essential skills for the personal, social, and academic development of adolescents and pre-adolescents, as it allows them to analyse the reality from a critical and analytical perspective. This construction is affected by the influence of Information and Communication Technologies, especially Social Networks, which are adopted by children at early ages. The aim of this study has been to examine those factors that influence children´s critical thinking when they face with the information processing in social networks, especially virtual challenges and disinformation or fake news. Focus groups were carried out in eight schools in different Spanish Autonomous Communities. Results show that the use of social networks is progressive and depending on minor´s age and the youngest make use of those social networks remarkably influenced by parental mediation. The older they get, the more presence they have on social networks. Students are often aware of the commercial nature of peer pressure to perform challenges, as well as they admit how dangerous it can be for them to reproduce certain challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we approach the link between political subjectivity and digital public expression among civil society actors in Guanajuato, Mexico. We understand political subjectivity as the ways of assuming oneself as a political subject. We consider three dimensions: action, relationship with others and communication. The discussion on digital public expression is framed there. Methodologically, we worked on a qualitative study, with a biographical-narrative orientation, through 12 semi-structured interviews with civil society actors. We identified key elements of their trajectories, allowing us to observe the ways in which they have been constructed themselves as political subjects, based on some event that motivated them to seek social change and that articulates the individual with the collective, as well as the ways in which this translates into actions, relationships, and practices of public expression. Finally, we identified a disenchantment with the phenomena of disinformation and polarization that have impoverished public debate. The study contributes to the analysis of the relationship between the individual and the collective, and details the tension between these two dimensions and its implications in the public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, disinformation entered the European Union's political agenda as a security matter related to foreign action. Building upon the theory of securitization, the present study analyses the establishment of the European Union's agenda concerning disinformation using the process-tracing method. It aims to examine the origin of a security interpretative framework from which institutional-level approaches to disinformation are made. The results confirm that the annexation of Crimea has had a significant influence on the establishment of this framework, which persisted during the studied period and was reinforced through a securitization process that elevated disinformation to the level of a threat through discursive practices. However, a broader understanding of the phenomenon would have prompted the evolution of the Union's concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of fake news has become a viral concern in social networks due to the dangers it implies for the various social actors, and the solutions proposed are varied, some focus on media education and others on the role of technology using artificial intelligence to detect this event and discriminate it, with the limitation that it is not recognized that this fact is inherent to the capitalist relations of production. From the bibliographic analysis it is clear that the predominant approach is that of the communication sciences. Based on these concerns, the purpose of this article is to offer an evaluation from the point of view of the Political Economy of Fake News, recognizing that its deepest cause is a reflection of the sharpening of the fundamental economic contradiction of this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic brought with it an excess of health information, hoaxes and false news shared by any media, especially sensitive regarding treatments or vaccines. This compromises public health and creates a social problem. The literature review shows that misinformation, driven by anonymous sources and conspiracy theories, aggravates health-related problems by questioning health solutions and public health programs. Swift action to delegitimize this information is crucial because social media, while facilitating communication, also amplifies polarization and politicization, putting social and political relationships at risk. Rigorous and transparent research on this object of study is crucial to promote evidence-based knowledge to help combat misinformation. Through research, universities can contribute to empirically solving societal challenges, such as misinformation, economic or environmental, by aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this way, institutions can help researchers understand the relationship of their work to the SDGs by guiding their efforts and being accountable for how they contribute to the 2030 Agenda. In this way, they would exercise their responsibility to educate and generate knowledge to strengthen, through their scientific work, health communication and its impact on sustainability. The aim of this study is to analyze the research carried out on health disinformation, in order to ascertain its impact on sustainable development, since its implications are usually the subject of multiple research studies. The disease and the uncertainty surrounding it make the population suffering from it more vulnerable, the most logical reaction being the search for information and solutions to their problem, especially on the Internet. Regarding the methodology applied, a literature review was conducted in the Scopus database, from 2017 to 2023, analyzing 81 articles, based on the performance analysis methodology proposed by Patra et al. (2023. The search was performed from the terms "disinformation" AND "fake news" AND "Health" with the keyword filter "disinformation", "fake news", "social media", "misinformation" and "public health". The choice of this database is justified by the prior analysis of ElSevier teams to label papers, before publication, according to their contribution to the SDGs, which connects scientific production in its contribution to sustainable development. The analysis reveals a fluctuating pattern in research productivity on misinformation, with an increase until 2022 followed by a decrease in 2023. In addition, the significant presence of articles from the field of social sciences (40%) in journals indexed in Scopus, highlighting the importance of this topic in academia. The data show a growing interest in understanding and addressing misinformation from various disciplines, reflecting the complexity of the phenomenon and its multidimensional impact. Although they come from up to 25 different geographical areas, most of the authors are concentrated in Europe and particularly in Spain, showing a leadership in disinformation research especially related to the pandemic. This points to the need for international collaboration and global approaches to address this type of worldwide problem. Although health misinformation-as an object of study in academia-is related to some of the Sustainable Development Goals, its contribution to the 2030 Agenda might be questionable. Although the labels assigned in the database are scarce and do not contemplate all the SDGs, it can be concluded that the most recurrent are those that address citizenship health (SDG 3), seeking partnerships with other institutions (SDG 17). Academia should consider the impact of research on sustainability and focus on digital health and media literacy, especially targeting specific vulnerable audiences and minorities. Another area for improvement in this regard would be to strengthen international collaboration to more effectively address health misinformation in the context of the SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Doxa Comunicación is the property of Fundacion Universitaria San Pablo - CEU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Doxa Comunicación is the property of Fundacion Universitaria San Pablo - CEU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Doxa Comunicación is the property of Fundacion Universitaria San Pablo - CEU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Doxa Comunicación is the property of Fundacion Universitaria San Pablo - CEU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)