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The osteoclast has been considered classically as a cell with the exclusive function of bone remodelling, with a gregarious behaviour. However, advances which have been made in recent years have changed this concept drastically, and we now know that this multinuclear cell is subject to complex biological regulation, necessary for it to exert a multifunctional role of unknown dimensions. In addition to its participation as the only cell capable of reabsorbing the calcified bone matrix, the osteoclast is one of the cellular elements effective in the immune system, a function still little-known but expected, given its belonging to the monocyte-macrophage lineage. Its role in other processes, both local, such as as a collaborative element in osteoformation and hematopoietic stem cell niche maintenance, and systemic, is also beginning to be understood. In this review the most significant findings contributing to our understanding of the biology of the osteoclast are analysed, with an eminently practical content and an approach aimed at understanding the possible molecular targets which will allow a better therapeutic treatment of such important diseases as osteoporosis, arthritis or cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the dynamics between the growth of the agricultural sector and the increase in poverty in rural Latin America. The author considers the incidence of economic development models on the economic and social role of agricultural development and discusses the impact of both these aspects on rural poverty and job availability. He addresses the relationship between the rural agricultural labor market and the dynamism of the agricultural sector and reflects on public policies since the 1990s in countries such as Chile, Brazil and Colombia.

In the present paper an established physical calculation procedure for the research reactor of the Nuclear Research Center (CIN) is described. The results obtained by the method are compared with the ones reported during the physical start up of a reactor with similar characteristics to the CIN reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sternoclavicular joint is subject to the same disease processes than the rest of the joints; it is a synovial joint. Ganglions are circumscribed tumors associated to a synovial structure; their highest incidence is in the wrist dorsum, but they may be found in all the joints with a synovial structure. The etiology of ganglions includes degenerative, traumatic, congenital causes and inflammatory processes. We describe herein the case of a 6 year old female patient with a ganglion in the sternoclavicular joint, with a traumatic origin and symptomatic upon performing physical activity. Ultrasound of the sternoclavicular joint was performed; treatment included puncture, aspiration and methylprednisolone injection. The observation of asymptomatic patients is a perfectly reasonable treatment plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To analyse nutritional risk, by age and sex, among primary and secondary education adolescents from Cantabria. METHODOLOGY: a cross-sectional study was carried out, analysing a sample of 1101 adolescents: 568 (51.6%) were men and 533 (48.4%) were women, aged 12 to 17, attending 16 different primary and secondary education centres in Cantabria, by means of a Krece Plus questionnaire. RESULTS: A high percentage of adolescents with a high nutritional risk (35%) can be observed. Men show a high nutritional risk slightly higher than women (37.8% male vs 32.1% female). Moreover, the high nutritional risk experiences a notable increase as young people get older. Significant statistical differences can be seen both in male and female groups, and as a global group. In all three cases, the nutritional risk distribution in the youngest group is very similar (35.2-35.8% in male, 27.9-29.7% in female, 31.7-32.7% in the global group); whereas in elder adolescents, those values are practically doubled (57.1% in male, 69.0% in female, y 62.2% in the global group). CONCLUSIONS: Results are alarming mainly given the high percentage of adolescents with a high nutritional risk. Men and older adolescents are the groups in which high nutritional risk is more evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate if there is any difference in the proportion of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphisms and the homocysteine levels in a group of women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and a control group. Ninety-three patients with diagnosis of three or more gestational losses and 206 healthy women with two or more children, were included. After acceptance of informed consent, samples of peripheral blood were taken to determine the genetic polymorphisms of MTHFR C677T and the plasmatic levels of homocysteine. The carriers of the homozygous mutation TT of MTHFR 677T polymorphism were 12.9% (12 of 93) in the group of patients and 14.6% (30 of 206) in the control group; 46.2% (43 of 93) and 40% (83 of 206) in the group of patients and controls respectively, were heterozygous CT for MTHFR gene. The levels of homocysteine were 7.2 micromol/ml in the group of patients and 7.7 mmol/l in controls. There was no relationship between MTHFR gene polymorphisms and the increase of homocysteine levels, nor of these one with RPL. From the nutrigenetics perspective we suggest that studies related to MTHFR polymorphisms and the risk of disease include the levels of folate and B6 and B12 vitamins participating in the tetrahydrofolate cycle for trying to establish a direct relation among the genotype, the level of metabolite and the clinical manifestations. In this regard, we recommend the administration of folic acid in women in search of pregnancy due to the high frequency of heterozygous and homozygous for MTHFR C677T mutation in our population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate if there is any difference in the proportion of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphisms and the homocysteine levels in a group of women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and a control group. Ninety-three patients with diagnosis of three or more gestational losses and 206 healthy women with two or more children, were included. After acceptance of informed consent, samples of peripheral blood were taken to determine the genetic polymorphisms of MTHFR C677T and the plasmatic levels of homocysteine. The carriers of the homozygous mutation TT of MTHFR 677T polymorphism were 12.9% (12 of 93) in the group of patients and 14.6% (30 of 206) in the control group; 46.2% (43 of 93) and 40% (83 of 206) in the group of patients and controls respectively, were heterozygous CT for MTHFR gene. The levels of homocysteine were 7.2 μmol/ml in the group of patients and 7.7 mmol/l in controls. There was no relationship between MTHFR gene polymorphisms and the increase of homocysteine levels, nor of these one with RPL. From the nutrigenetics perspective we suggest that studies related to MTHFR polymorphisms and the risk of disease include the levels of folate and B6 and B12 vitamins participating in the tetrahydrofolate cycle for trying to establish a direct relation among the genotype, the level of metabolite and the clinical manifestations. In this regard, we recommend the administration of folic acid in women in search of pregnancy due to the high frequency of heterozygous and homozygous for MTHFR C677T mutation in our population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]