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Copyright of Revista Española de Sociología is the property of Federacion Espanola de Sociologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Médica Peruana is the property of Colegio Medico del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Knowledge of hospital food in modern-age hospitals in Spain is based on documentation from very few centers, mostly in large cities, and new contributions are needed to expand the existing evidence. To this end, the documentation of the Santiago de Vitoria hospital has been analysed, a hospital and a city more representative of the peninsular median. An unequivocal economic focus has been found in the documentation on foodstuffs, and the record of their acquisition only includes extraordinary expenses, mainly foodstuffs destined for the apothecary's shop (80% of the entries). The basal diet is only known to us by its theoretical description, and its expenditure is recorded by number of portions or their fraction. There is evidence of triple supervision in its preparation and administration, as well as careful medical prescription of the food in the individualised diets. In conclusion, the expenditures do not show the actual consumption, nor do they represent the real diet, since the vast majority of the food items recorded were destined for the pharmacy and not for the feeding of the sick. It must be asked whether previous studies, which also use expenditure data, have not misinterpreted these data by wrongly extrapolating a magnificent diet when, in the case of Vitoria, it was made up of the working classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to present the cost analysis of the production of an embryo by follicular oocyte aspiration technique, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, considering the time measurement of the activities that comprise the processes of the embryo transfer program in the coffee triangle of Colombia. Based on qualitative research, with a descriptive, exploratory and correlational approach, 16 Gyr breed donors, without hormone treatment, were aspired, 47 bovine recipients were transferred, and the times used in the activities, the times of the embryo transfer process were measured, besides the production costs were calculated with an average of 4.8 transferable embryos per donor and with 2 ovum pick up sessions by month per donor. The production cost of the embryo transferred and confirmed is given at 90 days of pregnancy. For the producer, the major cost of the program is the maintenance of the recipients until pregnancy is achieved, which is the most important economic factor, contrary to what happens in superovulation schemes, in which the highest cost is represented by the donor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gaceta Médica de México is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pacha: Revista de Estudios Contemporáneos del Sur Global is the property of PACHA REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS CONTEMPORANEOS DEL SUR GLOBAL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The world economy seeks to promote the sustainable use of forests and in this context, balsawood production is presented as a profitable option due to its demand in different countries and the versatility of its uses. To evaluate the profitability of the investment, it is important to determine the costs of both traditional and irrigated cultivation. In a descriptive research using a non-experimental method, the economic feasibility of implementing an irrigation system in the production of balsa in the province of Santa Elena was analyzed, comparing the costs and benefits of both cultivation methods. The results show that cost analysis is crucial to evaluate the profitability of the crop, and that the implementation of an irrigation system in dry areas, such as the province of Santa Elena, may be the best option to increase the production and profitability of the balsa crop. In addition, it was found that the use of the irrigation system allows obtaining a higher quality production in a shorter time. Therefore, investment in an irrigation system is a recommendable option for balsa production in dry areas, as it is reflected in the production and profitability of the crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The care economy refers to unpaid work related to household maintenance or caring for others in the home. Among these unpaid activities, breastfeeding can be included as a caregiving practice that generates well-being. Objective : The purpose of this analysis is to calculate the cost of unpaid work for women associated with the practice of exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of infants' lives. Methodology: A descriptive analysis of the cost of required work in exclusive breastfeeding was conducted, with estimates based on the opportunity cost method, which assigns a wage value to the time taken to perform it. Results : It was estimated that during the first six months (exclusive breastfeeding), the cost of time dedicated to breastfeeding was, on average, $3,979,082 pesos (981.6 USD), with a range according to proposed scenarios between $3,501,025 pesos (863.6 USD) and $4,883,358 pesos (1,204.6 USD). The highest difference between values was found in the second and third months of breastfeeding (21.53%), and the smallest difference was from the third to the fourth month (10.94%). Conclusions : The results allowed assigning a value to the time dedicated to breastfeeding that represents between three and four times the Minimum Monthly Legal Wage in Colombia. Although breastfeeding is a practice intended to involve family participation, it is biologically carried out by women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective : to compare the costs of care in patients with complicated urinary tract infection between a hospital level home care service (HHUS) and intramural hospitalization. Methods : cost study based on retrospective cohorts of patients with complicated urinary tract infection treated in a high complexity university hospital. A generalized linear model was used to evaluate the determinants of cost/day of care. Results : 239 patients were included in the in-hospital care group and 68 patients in SADNH. The in-hospital cohort was older (median 71 vs. 59 years, p=0.002). There were no differences in mortality (2.1% vs. 5.9%; p=0.114) or unscheduled readmission (11.7% vs. 13.2%; p=0.679). In addition, there was evidence of longer care in SADNH (median 17 vs. 12 days; p<0.001). In the unadjusted analysis, total costs were similar (COP 8767141 vs. 9558334; p=0.112), but cost/day was lower for the SADNH model (COP 756100 vs. 554685; p<0.001). The generalized linear model showed that cost/day was 20.4% higher for intramural care compared to SADNH (p=0.039). Additionally, it was 19% higher in women (p=0.005), 54.9% higher among those requiring ICU (p<0.001), and 7.3 times higher among those requiring any surgical procedure. Additionally, the cost/day was significantly higher among those who had isolation of pseudomonas (p<0.001), carbapenemase-producing germ (p<0.001) and staphylococcus (p<0.001). Conclusions : this study suggests that the cost/day of care for patients with complicated urinary tract infection is lower in home care. However, total costs are similar. Additionally, home care suggests to be safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Economicas: Investigacion y Reflexion is the property of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Sociedad Colombiana de Oftalmología is the property of Sociedad Colombiana de Oftalmologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Telemonitoring of obstructive sleep apnea patients is increasingly being adopted though its cost-effectiveness evidence base is scanty. This study investigated whether telemonitoring is a cost-effective strategy compared with the standard follow-up in patients with obstructive sleep apnea who are starting continuous positive airway pressure treatment. In total, 167 obstructive sleep apnea patients were randomised into telemonitoring (n = 79) or standard follow-up (n = 88), initiated continuous positive airway pressure treatment, and were followed up for 6 months. The frequencies of healthcare contacts, related costs (in USD 2021 prices), treatment effect and compliance were compared between the follow-up approaches using generalized linear models. The cost effectiveness analysis was conducted from a healthcare perspective and the results presented as cost per avoided extra clinic visit. Additionally, patient satisfaction between the two approaches was explored. The analysis showed no baseline differences. At follow-up, there was no significant difference in treatment compliance, and the mean residual apnea–hypoapnea index. There was no difference in total visits, adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.87 (0.72–1.06). Participants in the telemonitoring arm made eight times more telephone visits, 8.10 (5.04–13.84), and about 73% fewer physical healthcare visits 0.27 (0.20–0.36). This translated into significantly lower total costs for the telemonitoring approach compared with standard follow-up, -192 USD (-346 to -41). The form of follow-up seemed to have no impact on the extent of patient satisfaction. These results demonstrate the telemonitoring of patients with obstructive sleep apnea initiating continuous positive airway pressure treatment as a cost saving strategy and can be argued as a potential worthy investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In order to improve the quality of raw sugar in the sugar industry and to increase the investment efficiency related to the alternative production of torula yeast, an analysis of the effect and cost of cane payment for its quality is carried out. This is determined, by the results obtained in the laboratory, from the calculation of the yield per cane (RPC). Objective: To determine the effect of cane payment on raw sugar quality and on the investment efficiency of a torula yeast plant in two Cuban sugar mills A and B. Materials and Methods: The global process modeling method is used by means of matrix aggregation of the models of the technological processes’ stages of raw sugar and final molasses production, in two different industrial facilities, using Statgraphics Centurion Software. The evaluation of alternatives of per cent extraction of the juice from the filters in the investments is included. Results and Discussion: When analyzing two types of sugarcane, it is observed that increasing its quality improves both the levels of raw sugar production and the brix of the final honey. This raises profits in the yeast plant in both sugar mills. Conclusions: The importance of cane payment for its quality was demonstrated by increasing the profits of the yeast plant and the sugar mill by1604101.69 USD/year, which exceeds the increase in cane payment, which is 447210.44 USD/year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actualización en Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Argentina de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The economic efficiency of the harvesting system depends on several factors such as geomorphological and climatic conditions of the felling areas, characteristics of the future harvested trees, type of machinery used and the characteristics of the workforce. Therefore, based on the use of new technologies, it is decided to optimize the process of felling- stockpiling-wood transportation, and specifically, to optimize the cost of the harvesting system, select the most appropriate forest harvesting system for study area and develop a computerized record for cost analysis and financial evaluation. For this study, the natural forests of Pinus caribaea var. caribaea, in areas near Macurijes Agroforestry Company in the province of Pinar del Río, were examined. The application (COSTOFOR) has two work modules: harvesting system costs and financial analysis of the entire harvesting process. In the analysis of the costs, optimization criteria are applied to minimize them. Above these criteria stands out the one related to the interaction between the cost of the road and the cost of hauling based on the density of roads and loading yards. For the financial analysis, indicators are applied to define the feasibility of the project and profitability of the investment; the results of those indicators allow decisions to be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Primary Immunodeficiencies (PID) are genetic disorders impairing the immune system. Approximately, 85% of PID patients will need replacement therapy with human immunoglobulin (IG). Diagnosis and treatment delay may produce complications, and elevated expenses for the health systems. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the economic burden of PID and to compare the financial load before and after the initiation of replacement treatment with IG. METHODS: Health care costs analysis in patients with PID. We obtained information about health resources use directly from clinical records through a bottom-up approach, it was revised by clinical immunologists, and we developed medical-economic cards for registering resource allocation and costs. We then ran a budget impact analysis by a top-down approach considering the 109 PID patients currently under clinical follow-up at our institution. RESULTS: Total cost for treating infections per patient per year before diagnosis and IG replacement was MXN$ 629,299.00 vs MXN$ 155,546.00 after IG treatment, resulting in 75.3% cost reduction. Pneumonia is the most expensive complication. After initiating IG therapy, the total cost of treating infections reduced to MXN$ 155,546.00 representing 75.3% in savings. Total costs per infections estimated for 109 patients before diagnosis and treatment was MXN$ 68.5 million vs MXN$ 36 million after IG treatment. Based on the reference population for our institution, per-capita cost was MXN$ 3.96 before vs MXN$ 2.10 after IG treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Timely diagnosis and treatment of PID patients with IG significantly decreased the per-capita costs of health care by MXN$ 1.87, which represents annual savings of47%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario Turismo y Sociedad is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Facultad de Empresas Turísticas y Hoteleras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gerokomos is the property of Indemm Farma SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gerokomos is the property of Indemm Farma SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Apuntes Universitarios: Revista de Investigación is the property of Universidad Peruana Union Filiar Tarapoto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Frequently crisis of settling crisis of the leached slurry in the technology High Pressure Leaching of Laterites ores, is due to big existent differences among the geochemistry and mineralogical characteristic of the solid that integrate these, in periods of crisis, with regard to normal periods of settling. Also for the increment of mineralogical phases of silicates of magnesium of diverse grades of thermal decomposition and the transformations in the bark of elements at different evolutionary levels in different sectors of the location. Moreover, to the transformations of the solid inside the leaching out reactors to high pressure, causing diverse behaviors of the clarification and densification process of the leached slurry and consequences, affectations in the operability of the process and recovery of the nickel. Results of realized works shown in 2006 and 2019 that represent alternative of how to mitigate or to eliminate these affectations, just by certain addition compound to the fed slurry, with range of 20 up to 80 g/t, in the formation of mineralogical structures phases inside the leaching out reactors. Previous use, of a new of diagnostic of the quality of the ores to process that identify the technological mineralogy at low analysis cost. Based on an integral of calculation, developed in the Project favored by the Cuban Fund of Technological Innovation in the year 2017 - 2018, this it will allow to estimate the operability of the process previously, and of this, the program derived which fed slurry will be necessary addition and which not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To compare the reproductive performance of postpartum and open Bos indicus cows and to study the cost effectiveness of retaining non-pregnant animals after a short breeding season in tropical region of Mexico. Material and Methods. A total of 128 Bos indicus were included, 87 postpartum cows (PP) with ≤90 days after calving and 41 open cows (OC) with >90 days open. The study was divided into three phases: 1) Estrus synchronization followed by FTAI (day 0-10), 2) Estrus detection and AI (day 11-45) and 3) Natural mating (day 46-90). For the first phase, all animals were synchronized and AI at fixed time (day 10). Cows displaying overt signs of estrus (day 11-45) were AI. Open cows during the previous two phases were exposed to the bull. Results. Pregnancy in phase 1 was different (p<0.01) for PP and OC groups, 58.6% and 34.1%, respectively. Overall pregnancy percentage over the second service was 42.5% (p>0.05). No differences (p>0.05) were observed at phase 3, average 44.2%. By the end of the breeding season, the cost of OC, was 3 times more expensive than PP cows. Conclusions. Pregnancy rate at first phase was higher in PP cows than OC cows. At the end of breeding season, a pregnancy rate of 80% was found. Incorporation of open cows from previous breeding season was more expensive than PP cows in all phases of the breeding program. Retaining an open cow for rebreeding one year or more could not be economically feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos, Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Económicas is the property of Universidad Politecnica Salesiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la ALAD is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Themis: Revista de Derecho is the property of Themis Asociacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study describes and analyzes the costs of joints used in the construction with bamboo culms, both conventional models and innovation joints developed to reduce execution times and facilitate the workflow. The results are essential inputs for the elaboration of meds and budgets of bamboo structures and offer comparative values to guide decision-making in the design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To develop a comparative analysis of the costs of clinical interventions for the treatment of bipolar disorders and depression included in the 2019 Health Benefits Plan (POS) and psychotherapeutic treatment, added to the cost of relapses and side effects of drug treatments. Materials and methods: We worked with international evidence in the treatment of depression and bipolar disorder, reviews of scientific evidence, meta-analysis (systematic reviews and clinical trials), found in databases (Cochrane, NCBI, Pubmed / Medline, Scielo Public Health, Redalyc. org, DOAJ), published from 2007 to 2018 (the quality of the articles is done under the guidelines of the SIGN, Scientific Evaluation System) Materola & Zavando (2009). Results: The most favorable technology available for the treatment of Depression and Bipolar Disorder in Colombia is psychotherapeutic intervention generating a better quality of life and well-being, in severe cases, a minimum dose of medication is required as a factor adherent to psychological treatment during The critical phase Conclusions: More rigorous and systematic research is required to assess the effectiveness of the modalities other than cognitive behavioral psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. Regarding pharmacological treatment, there are countless adverse and secondary effects associated with medications that end up deteriorating the health and quality of life of subjects diagnosed with depression and bipolar disorder in the medium and long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RAN - Revista Academia & Negocios is the property of RAN - Revista Academia & Negocios, Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte is the property of Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and economic burden associated with varicella in Peru. Methods: This was a multicenter, retrospective chart review study of patients aged 1-14 years with a varicella diagnosis between 2011 and 2016. Healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) associated with varicella, unit costs, and work loss were used to estimate direct and indirect costs, presented in USD ($). The cost and HCRU data was combined with estimates of varicella disease burden to estimate the overall annual costs of management of varicella in Peru. Results: A total of 179 children with varicella (101 outpatients, 78 inpatients) were included. Among outpatients, 5.9% experienced ≥1 complication, compared with 96.2% of inpatients. HCRU estimates included use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications (72.3% vs. 89.7% of outpatient and inpatients, respectively), prescription medications (30.7% vs. 94.9%), tests/procedures (0.0% vs. 80.8%). Among outpatients, direct and indirect costs per case were $36 and $62, respectively; among inpatients, respective costs were $548 and $222. The total annual cost associated with varicella was estimated at $ 13 907 146. Conclusion: Varicella is associated with substantial clinical complications and high HCRU in Peru, supporting the need for implementation of a routine childhood varicella vaccination plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the first semester of 2018, a profound debate on the legalization of the practice of abortion was initiated in Argentina, which exposed the lack of scientific studies addressing the economic dimension of abortion in this country. This work seeks to move forward in the quantification of the costs of abortion under two scenarios: the current context of illegality and the potential costs if the recommended international protocols were applied in a context of legalization of the practice. The results of the comparison between, on the one hand, the total monetary costs in 2018 (private or outof- pocket expenditure and costs for the health care system) of the current scenario of illegality and unsafe practice of abortion and, on the other hand, potential scenarios of safe practices, shows that a large amount of resources could be saved if the recommended protocols were implemented. These results proved to be robust after carrying out a series of sensitivity exercises on the main assumptions included in the comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to define the conditions of management of cuttings for the tropics and to verify the recoverability of the purple elephant (Pennisetum purpureum), the cutting frequency was evaluated in Popayan - Colombia, at 1780 masl, in low premontane humid forest (bh -PM). At the optimum cutting time, different ages of sprouts were evaluated for variables: vigor, plant height, green forage production, dry matter and incidence of pests and diseases, the nutritional quality, cost analysis and the growth curve was performed for the mentioned species, a randomized complete block experimental design, with 5 treatments and 4 replicates, was used, 20 experimental plots of 9 m2 were delimited, where the factor blocked Was the slope of the land as a presumption of variations in soil fertility through it. Each treatment corresponded to a different age of regrowth at the time of the cut, evaluating at 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 days of regrowth, corresponding to treatments T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 respectively. They were evaluated in two different seasons (Rain and dry). The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (P=0,05) and Duncan's test (SPSS V 15). It was concluded that the optimum cutting time of purple elephant grass is 70 days with a yield of 25,4 ton/Ms/ha/year and 8% protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current case is the description of an intervention carried out in a large manufacturing company located in the Cd. De Puebla in Mexico. The authors describe the method used to determine the savings that could be achieved by paying in cash to frequent and high volume suppliers of productive materials as a benefit of obtaining discounts and thus, its counterpart for the cost of financing wit suppliers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the objective to evaluate the degree of competitiveness and comparative advantage of local lamb production systems, a sample of 139 sheep producers were interviewed, and six herds of three production systems were under observation for 7 mo in the Libres region of Puebla, Mexico. Information was recorded on costs, infrastructure, agricultural activity, labor, production and sale of sheep. The profitability and competitiveness was determined with the Policy Analysis Matrix. The system of production on feeding indoors was the most profitable and competitive according to the Index of Private Profitability, Private Cost Ratio, Private Profitability Ratio and Private Cost-Benefit Ratio. The cost of the factors of production was higher in the lamb grazing system, being of the less competitive. The Social Cost-Benefit Ratio (CSBR) indicated inefficiency of systems to replace imports. The production of sheep had an oligopsonic market structure due to institutional deficiencies and absence of protection policies oriented to this sector. The producers used as the criterion of sale the mature weight, although the sale of the lambs began between 30 and 90 d old. It is advisable to perform an analysis of the production function, to determine the viability of the sale of weaned lambs as an option to increase the profits of the producers and the competitiveness of these systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective. Enzymatic debridement with Nexobrid®, a concentrate of proteolytic enzymes enriched in bromelain, represents an important therapeutic breakthrough. Our aim is to carry out an economic analysis of the treatment of thermal burns with Nexobrid., researching the cost determinants. Methods. We analyzed retrospectively the resources used in the treatment by enzymatic debridement with Nexobrid® of wounds by thermal burn of superficial/deep partial and full-thickness, of the adult patients admitted consecutively in our hospital (2014-2016). Participation of each resource in total cost was analyzed for some patient subgroups. Results. Seventy one patients were analyzed: age: 45.4 years; men: 73.2%; flame wound: 64.8%; full-thickness burn: 77.5%; Total Body Surface Area ≤10%: 70.4%. Average cost per patient was estimated in €20.844 (range: €2.192- €145.198); 68.1% was associated to length of Critical Burn Unit and conventional hospital stay. Cost of full-thickness burns was significantly higher than that of the superficial (p=0.013) and deep partial ones (p=0.0004). Total Body Surface Area leaded a significant cost difference (p<0.0001), showing a high correlation (R2=0.77) with the total hospital length of stay. Conclusions. Hospital length of stay (Critical Burn Unit and conventional hospital) is the main cost determinant of the treatment of thermal burns of superficial/deep partial and full-thickness with enzymatic debridement (48.7% and 19.4%, respectively); Nexobrid® contributes only with 13.9% of total cost. Likewise, total body surface area shows a strong correlation with length of stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ingeniare is the property of Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Qué es el costo político y cómo se identifica a la hora de tomar de decisiones. Anécdotas y ejemplos para definir un costo no siempre ponderado, pero siempre presente. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to calculate the economic loss caused by the treatment of human hydatidosis. For this purpose, a cost analysis of the cases reported in the Junin region of Peru in 2013 was conducted. The total cost (direct and indirect) per patient assisted by the Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Salud-Minsa), the social security system (EsSalud), and private health care was 1,220, 3,051, and 4,090 US dollars (USD), respectively. The mean annual loss considering the number of health care services for uncomplicated cases of human hydatidosis was USD 24,542 in Minsa, USD 369,292 in EsSalud, and USD 130,566 in private health care. Overall, the rate of loss of human productivity was a small proportion. Our findings indicate that hydatidosis imposes a heavy economic burden in the Junin region of Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) improves quality of life, allowing patients to receive nutrition at home and providing a social and labor integration to these patients. Objective: To assess the direct costs of HPN in adult population in Spain. Methods: A literature review of the records of HPN in Spain, carry out by NADYA-SENPE Group (years 2007-2014), was performed. The analysis included the evolution of: patients requiring HPN, number of episodes/patient, mean duration of episodes, description of delivery routes and complications rate. HPN consumption and cost were estimated. Patients were grouped according to their pathological group: benign and malignant. Direct costs (€, 2015) included were: parenteral nutrition bags, delivery sets and costs due to complications. Results: The number of patients who receive HPN has increased over years (2007: 133 patients; 2014: 220 patients). The average number of episodes per patient ranged from 1-2 episodes per year. The average duration of those episodes decreased (2007: 323 days; 2014: 202.8 days). Tunneled catheters were the most used and septic complications were the most common. The average annual cost per patient was estimated at € 8,393.30 and € 9,261.60 for benign and malign disease respectively. Considering that 220 patients required HPN in 2014, an annual cost of € 1,846.524.96 (€ 1,389,910.55 directly due to HPN) and € 2,037,551.90 (€ 1,580,937.50 directly due to HPN) was estimated for patients with benign and malignant pathologies respectively. Conclusions: These results can be used to develop future economic evaluations on HPN and to establish effi cient prioritization strategies to allocate available resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: estimating the determinants of the costs of care and rehabilitation of people injured in traffic accidents in Medellin, Colombia. Materials and Methods: follow-up study for a year on 483 patients treated due to moderate and severe injuries. We included medical costs calculated based on the hospital billing systems and indirect costs associated to the incapacity for patients and caregivers. The determinants of the total cost were estimated by means of a generalized linear model. Results: the costs for severely injured patients were, on average, higher by US $2,152 than those of patients with moderate injuries. Those who were interned in the intensive and special care units generated additional costs amounting to US $29,362 and US $5,746 in comparison to those who were not interned there. Indirect costs amounted to 3% of the total cost. Conclusions: the severity of the injuries and the type of care were the factors that influenced the most the cost of care and rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]