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Introduction: pelvic fracture in children is considered one of the most important injuries due to its high mortality. They are rare, but have a major impact on patients' functional outcomes. Objective: to evaluate the clinical evolution and functional grade in pediatric patients with pelvic fractures who have already been treated, either conservatively or surgically. Material and methods: descriptive-cross-sectional-retrospective study. Sample of 24 patients, aged five to 16 years with pelvic fracture, treated from 2016 to 2021. Clinical and functional outcome was assessed using the Barthel index and hip range of motion, as well as surgical or conservative treatment, accompanying lesions and injury mechanism. Results: to find out if there is an association between the Torode and Zieg classifications with the Barthel index and hip range of motion, an association analysis was performed with the χ² statistic, obtaining a χ² value = 19.213. with p = 0.004 for the Barthel index and a χ² = 14.253 with p = 0.0026 for hip ranges of motion; these results indicate that there is statistically significant association. Conclusion: the most frequent type of pelvic fracture in pediatric patients treated is type III on the Torode and Zieg scale, which according to the Barthel index is associated with a degree of independence and complete hip mobility arches, so the clinical and functional outcome in these patients is high in severe injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in the pediatric and adolescent population has emerged as a therapeutic approach of increasing importance in the treatment of psychotic and behavioral disorders in children and adolescents in recent years. However, due to the unique characteristics of this population, which limit the performance of largescale studies, the available information remains limited. Nevertheless, case studies have provided valuable descriptions of their use in a variety of psychiatric disorders. In this context, we present the case of a 12-year-old male with severe behavioral disturbances who simultaneously exhibited a rare microdeletion on chromosome 18p11.32-18p11.31. In the article, we detail his clinical evolution and treatment with long-acting aripiprazole, shedding light on the applicability of this formulation in complex clinical situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence against children represents a public health problem, due to the high levels of recurrence. The responsibility to naturalize the facts points to: neglect, lack of protection, misinformation, media treatment, ways of providing discipline and the poor approach to the protagonists of this story: girls and boys. Educommunication is a practical theoretical field, which allowed an interdisciplinary approach to the problem of violence towards children in 3 municipalities of Bolivia. Also, it involved main actors, granting them coresponsibilities and appropriate knowledge to generate self-protection mechanisms, prevent acts of physical, psychological and sexual violence, and promote the transformation of the lives of these populations, who are often in situations of high vulnerability., achieving adequate management to reduce these events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on optimism have experienced significant growth. Within the framework of associated factors, one line of research that has received less attention in this area is the influence that certain parental characteristics have on the development of optimistic responses in their children. This research provides two studies this field. In Study 1, N = 189 dyads (parent and child), we examined the relationship between parental attachment and children’s optimism. Study 2 (N = 327 children and adolescents) examines the relationship between children’s attachment and their optimism. The results demonstrated an association between parental attachment avoidance and children’s optimism, as well as a relationship between attachment quality and optimism in the child and youth population. These results suggest that attachment with parental figures could favour the development of dispositional optimism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: After the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there has been an increase in hospitalization for lower respiratory infection secondary to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), with greater complications. Associated extrapulmonary alterations, biventricular dysfunction, acute kidney injury, among others, have been found. The objective of this study was to analize the evolution and complications in hospitalized children with lower respiratory infection secondary to RSV after COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: All pediatric patients under 2 years of age admitted to the emergency department with RSV infection were included. Clinical characteristics, need for supplemental oxygen, use of amines, renal angina index, and requirement for renal replacement therapy were analyzed. Lung ultrasound was performed upon admission. Statistical analysis was carried out for the quantitative variables by means of mean and standard deviation, and qualitative variables by frequency and percentage. Differences in the distribution were evaluated with Fisher's exact distribution. Results: 45 patients with RSV infection were identified, 26.7% required invasive mechanical ventilation and 11.1% requiered peritoneal dialysis. Fatality was observed in four cases, three of these younger than 12 months with a LUS score > 7; contrasts with 90.2% of survivors with a score < 7 (p = 0.0004). Conclusions: An increase in the incidence of bronchiolitis after pandemic was observed, with more than half having moderate to severe symptoms and requiring supplemental oxygen support in all patients upon admission. Acute kidney injury is the most common extrapulmonary manifestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: there is a decrease in adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and an increase in the prevalence of excess weight among the Spanish child and adolescent population. Objectives: the objective of the present study was to determine the degree of adherence to MD and the nutritional status of the school population of Mataró (Spain) in order to obtain useful information for the design and application of future interventions. Material and Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a sample of 1177 schoolchildren between 6 and 18 years of age. The KIDMED index was used to assess adherence to MD, and the body mass index (BMI) to assess nutritional status. Questions were related to the students' perception of access to unhealthy foods, availability of money and parental interest in receiving nutrition education. Results: the percentage of children and adolescents with optimal adherence to MD does not reach 50 %, with secondary school youths presenting a lower percentage (30 %). Regarding the nutritional status of the sample, more than 70 % had a normal nutritional status according to their BMI, and 20.7 % of primary school students and 13.8 % of secondary school students were classified as overweight. Conclusions: the data confirm the interest of designing and implementing educational actions involving both students and parents, with the aim of improving the eating habits of the population. The results suggest that availability of money may facilitate access to unhealthy foods and, therefore, the promotion of healthy environments that increase the supply of healthy foods should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJETIVE: To describe the performance in neurocognitive processes and executive functions related to age, start of treatment and type of CH in Mexican school children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional, prospective and comparative study. 33 children with CH participated, aged 8 and 9, female cases predominated, the attention process and executive functions were evaluated with the Neuropsychological Assessment Child (ENI). RESULTS: 58% of the children presented agenesis and 42% other dysgenesis, with early onset of treatment (EoT) in 18% and late onset treatment (LoT) in 82%. All children presented low performance in both visual and auditory attention. Children with agenesis and EoT presented low performance in executive functions and execution processing speed. CONCLUSIONS: The LoT and type of CH (agenesis) have an impact on the development of neurocognitive functions related to school learning, however, not all domains present the same level of competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protection of children is a priority obligation in our societies. This study focuses on the delicate field of photographic representation of minors to analyze how their images achieve connections with the people who follow the publications of these organizations. The research aims to question and analyze the secondary victimization of vulnerable minors and the relationship of this treatment with public engagement. A descriptive analysis methodology is applied to the photographs published in the posts of the official Facebook pages of four NGOs dedicated to children. The research finds that boys and girls usually appear as protagonists of the information, but occupying almost 20 percent of the cases the role of victims. The image of girls is used more than boys, and their representation as victims and sufferers is the one that provokes the most engagement. However, the study shows that what generates the most engagement with audiences is merely illustrative and non-dramatic photography of minors, one that avoids symbolic revictimization and allows visual cultures of peace in which children can inhabit positively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article was based on a teaching guide of graph-plastic techniques for the development of fine motor skills in boys and girls aged 3-4 years. The objective of the research was to strengthen fine motor skills in Early Education children. A mixed scientific research approach was used that was accompanied by a descriptive scope with a non-experimental, transversal design. The population and sample were made up of 10 Early Childhood Education teachers and 40 boys and girls aged 3 and 4 years. The judgment of two education experts was relied upon to obtain validation of the research instruments, allowing reliable, objective and relevant results to be obtained on the problem studied. It was found that a large percentage of teachers consider that a teaching guide with graph-plastic techniques is of valuable help in their educational work to strengthen fine motor skills in children with the different suggested techniques and activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a worldwide trend of increasing rates of overweight and obesity in children under 5 years of age. Mothers' beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes towards feeding practices and obesity have direct implications on their children's health. Aim: To explore beliefs about feeding practices and childhood obesity among mothers with children under five years of age in northwestern Mexico. Methodology: Qualitative study with ethnographic approach. Using purposive sampling, nine semistructured interviews were conducted with women with an average of 12 years of education. Results: Beliefs included insecurity in assuming the role of mother, a low perception of family support, and beliefs that were not aligned with the recommendations of exclusive breastfeeding and introduction of complementary foods. In addition, these held the belief that obesity is not a problem due to the young age of their children. Conclusions: There is ambivalence between the participants' beliefs and their practices regarding feeding and childhood obesity. It is imperative to develop education and communication strategies that provide evidence-based information that is easily accessible and available to mothers to prevent nutrition problems during early childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS) or Streptococcus pyogenes is considered the leading causative agent (15%) of acute bacterial pharyngotonsillitis. In the community, especially among school children, it is the age of maximum incidence for this agent. The prediction scales are supportive and are not recommended in children under three. The first-line antibiotics continues to be the penicillin since its resistance has not yet been demonstrated. Short regimens are currently suggested in the dosage. Some basic and practical concepts about said pathology are reviewed. To avoid the abuse of antibiotics when the etiology of pharyngotonsillitis is generally viral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to design and determine the psychometric properties of an instrument to analyze sexual dimorphism in play preferences in a preschool population. A total of 231 children between 3 and 6 years of age participated. An exploratory factor analysis showed a scale with three factors. There are significant differences in the choice of male and female games. In male games, the results at 4 and 6 years of age indicate that boys show a greater predilection for these games than girls (p=.002, Cohen's d=1.031 and p<.001, Cohen's d=1.435). At ages 5 and 6, girls show a greater predilection for female games (p=.014, Cohen's d=.665 and p=.049, Cohen's d=.574) than boys. In conclusion, the psychometric analyses provide evidence of validity and reliability of the questionnaire, which can be used to analyze play behavior from 3 to 6 years of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To analyze the different elements of the arguments received during the public consultation of the Modification Project to the Official Mexican Standard-051 (NOM-051), emphasizing the protection of children and adolescents. Materials and methods. The information provided in 1 095 arguments was analyzed. Key actors were identified, and a content analysis was carried out to identify if the position was in favor or against the numerals related to the protection of children and adolescents. The analysis was done using NVivo software. Results. 781 key players were identified. During the public consultation, four private sector tactics were identified to interfere in the NOM-051 process: a) front groups that sent comments against NOM-051; b) questions about the scientific evidence on the relationship between consumption of sweeteners and obesity in schoolchildren; c) questions about the effectiveness of the use of warning labeling for sweeteners; d) comments about individual responsibility individuals responsible for their disease. Conclusion. The interference of the private sector in the NOM-051 implementation process was evident in the comments submitted during the public consultation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clinical case of a 15-year-old male with a final diagnosis of schizophrenia is presented, through which an analysis of the fundamentals of classical psychiatry is carried out, particularly in relation to authors who phenomenologically approached psychosis cases initiated in youth, specifically hebephrenia. Although the concept of hebephrenia is no longer recognized as a separate subtype of schizophrenia in current classifications, the classical approach is examined to contextualize and substantiate the clinical approach to a recent case. The clinical characteristics of the classical concept of hebephrenia will be described, including early onset in puberty, the succession of oscillating affective states, rapid cognitive decline, and the presence of productive phenomena such as accessory delusions and hallucinations that change in relation to mood states. In addition, the autistic variant of hebephrenia is mentioned, characterized by isolation, apathy, brief and inadequate responses, lack of initiative, and depressive symptoms such as dysthymia with agitation. While it is important to bear in mind that the concept of hebephrenia is not recognized as a subtype in current classifications such as those of the DSM-5 or the ICD-11, this analysis allows us to understand historical perspectives and phenomenological approaches used in the past, which can assist us in the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Social cartography involves children in identifying community needs and resources, transforming healthcare. Objective. To employ social cartography in exploring the perceptions and needs of children and adolescents regarding healthcare in the Yaxcabá, Yucatán community. Materials and method. Nineteen children and adolescents from Yaxcabá, participated in the study with the prior consent of their parents. A participatory and collaborative approach was employed, commencing with an open call, ensuring equitable representation in terms of gender and age groups. During the focus groups, the participants identified the health center as a crucial location for community health. An interview guide was used during these sessions, and the results were subsequently shared with both the participants and the health center authorities. Results. Data revealed a strong understanding of health spaces and diverse individual experiences. Participants identified challenges in healthcare center accessibility and service availability. The resulting map depicted the healthcare center, along with issues and needs highlighted by participants. Interviews also revealed that some had sought traditional medicine for healthcare solutions. Conclusions. Social cartography proved to be an effective tool for involving children and adolescents in identifying healthcare-related issues and needs in their community. Active collaboration allowed for a detailed and representative map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argumentation is a type of discourse in which a speaker defends a claim in a discussion. The present work focuses on the argumentative complexity and the evaluative and evidential resources that characterize the disputes of children of different socioeconomic levels. We analyzed 94 disputes between 4-year-old children and other children (5 to 10 years old) in situations of spontaneous play registered in homes of middle and low socioeconomic status (SES). The analysis identified marginal differences in argumentative complexity between the groups. On the other hand, significant differences were found in evaluative expressions of emotion and in deontic and exclamatory evidential markers, more frequently used by the low SES group. The mid SES group tends to use a higher number of expressions of causality and connectors. The results are discussed with reference to the findings of previous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the films "M," "Remains of remains," and "Land of the Fathers" directed by Nicolás Prividera, focusing on the intricate portrayal of personal and national histories within the context of Argentina's dictatorship era. It delves into Prividera's cinematic approach, highlighting how these documentaries navigate the challenges faced by children of the disappeared in recounting their parents' experiences without presuming to speak for them. It states that the exploration encompasses themes of identity, memory, and the intricate interplay between individual and collective recollections of a tumultuous past.

Night fears are highly frequent in children, influencing negatively their development and their quality of life. It may be conditioned by personality traits such as perfectionism, which has been linked to childhood psychological discomfort. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between three dimensions of perfectionism and night fears in children. Participants were 319 children aged 8 to 11 selected from three primary schools in Spain, who completed the Nighttime Fears Scale and the Child and Adolescents Perfectionism Scale. Results report an indirect and significant correlation between the subscale Fear of loss or separation from the family and the total score of perfectionism, as well as an indirect and significant relationship between the perception of performance expectations (Socially Prescribed Perfectionism) and the fear of loss or separation from the family and the fear of real stimuli, so that the most perfectionist children report fewer night fears. Besides, girls compared to the boys and younger participants scored higher in nighttime fears. Findings contribute to expanding knowledge about night fears and the factors that may predict their appearance or maintenance, thus being very useful in early detection and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of obesity is complex, and in some cases lifestyle changes are not enough to improve comorbidities in some pediatric patients, so we can rely on the use of drugs to improve them and avoid progression of these alterations. Currently, only 3 drugs are approved for the treatment of obesity in the pediatric population: metformin, orlistat and liraglutide. It is suggested that pharmacological treatment be reserved for patients with associated comorbidities who have not responded to a structured weight reduction program. With respect to surgical treatment, this has been reserved for those patients who have failed pharmacological treatment and present serious obesity-related complications. Finally, it is important that the patient and parents or guardians understand the limitations, adverse effects of drugs and the risks of surgical management, insisting that the mainstay of obesity management is lifestyle change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency of depression, anxiety disorders and low self-esteem is higher in children and adolescents with obesity than their peers without this condition, which leads to a deterioration in their quality of life. Therefore, as part of the comprehensive evaluation of this group of patients, it is essential to evaluate their mental health. This article provides guidelines for the initial approach to children and adolescents who are overweight/obese; in addition, psychological interventions that have demonstrated good long-term results are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in childhood obesity, there has been growing concern in recent years about the psychological impact of the condition on this population. An increase in the frequency of depression, anxiety disorders, and low self-esteem among children with obesity has been found; all leading to a deterioration in quality of life. Associations have been demonstrated between childhood obesity and mental health problems such as depressive symptoms, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and low self-esteem. Children with obesity are also more likely to be victims of discrimination, social isolation and bullying. It is essential to assess the mental health of overweight or obese children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surveillance of nutritional status in the pediatric population is essential to maintain adequate growth and development. By carrying out appropriate and standardized procedures, we will be able to identify patients with undernutrition or with overweight/obesity, which in turn will lead to establishing interventions that reduce complications. The nutritional evaluation of all pediatric patients should be performed in the outpatient consultation or when admitted to a hospital. This article presents the most current recommendations, both for detecting pediatric patients who are overweight or obese, as well as searching for comorbidities associated with this condition. In addition, recommendations are provided to address the issue of obesity within the family, to ensure that patients carry out interventions aimed at improving their nutritional condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, the progressive increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the child population has been documented worldwide. This article points out that the causes of this condition are multiple, including genetic and environmental factors; of the latter, unhealthy lifestyles stand out, such as the consumption of high-calorie diets, as well as the limited physical activity. Likewise, it is pointed out that there are family, social and economic factors that promote weight gain. Finally, in order to improve the nutritional conditions of these patients, the role of pediatricians is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: there is scarce information on meniscal repair in the paediatric population in terms of outcomes of this technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and complications of meniscal repair in paediatric population with isolated lesions, associated with ACL rupture and discoid meniscus with unstable lesions. Material and methods: data from 78 patients ≤ 18 years of age, with arthroscopic diagnosis of isolated meniscal lesion, associated with ACL tear or discoid meniscus, in whom arthroscopic repair was performed, were retrospectively analyzed for demographic characteristics, surgical technique, and perioperative complications. Functional results were assessed with the Lysholm and Pedi-IKDC scales. Time to repair failure was defined as the interval between meniscal repair and revision (re-repair or subtotal meniscectomy). Results: mean age was 14 years (SD 3.1, range 3-19). The patients in group C were significantly younger (15.4 years in group A vs 14.9 in group B vs 12.1 in group C, p = 0.001). The average follow-up was 33.8 months. The mean Lysholm score and Pedi-IKDC were 96.1 points (range, 76-100) and 93.8 points (range, 59.8-100), respectively. The overall failure rate was 14.1% (11/78). There were 4 (13%) failures in group A, 3 failures (12%) in group B, and 5 failures (17%) in group C (p = 0.429). We found a tendency towards a greater number of failures in bucket handle injuries (p = 0.08) and a significant association when ≥ 4 sutures were used (p = 0.041). Conclusion: in this series, meniscal repair demonstrated a clinical success rate of 85.9%. Patients with discoid meniscus, bucket handle injuries, and those who required a greater number of sutures had a higher risk of failure. Repair should be considered the first surgical treatment option for most meniscal injuries in children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The infection due to Streptococcus pneumoniae constitutes an important cause of morbimortality in the world, mainly in children under 5 years, that causes from 1 to 2 million annual deaths. Objective: To determine the presence of S. pneumoniae in clinical samples obtained in children. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in children under 5 years with clinical diagnosis of invasive pneumococcus disease, assisted in two children hospitals from Santiago de Cuba during the period 2014-2018. Of the 1466 clinical samples taken and processed, in 131 the pathogen agent was isolated; these corresponded to 59 patients with clinical forms of the infection and 72 carriers of the disease. For the statistical processing of the information the absolute and relative frequencies were used as summary measures. Results: In general the positivity for S. pneumoniae was of 8.9 %, with more isolation frequencies in the samples of cerebrospinal fluid (81.8 %), pleural fluid (47.1 %) and otic exudate (21.9 %) that also coincided with the highest percentages of pneumonia (61.0), acute otitis media (23.7) and meningitis (15.3), as clinical forms of the neumococcus disease that mainly affected 1 year children, followed by those over 2 years. In a same way, 9 serotypes of S. pneumoniae were identified, with prevalence of the 19A (39.0 %), and 14 (25.4 %) and the 6A (11.9 %). In the nasopharyngeal carriers 8 serotypes were identified, of which the 19A and 14 prevailed. Lastly, a high microbian resistance to erythromycin and the combination trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole was found. Conclusions: The results of this study provided a scientific referent before the introduction of the Cuban antipneumococcus vaccine that will allow to evaluate its impact in the incidence of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To estimate the changes in fruits, vegetables and legumes consumption and their compliance with international recommendations in Mexican population under 20 years old. Materials and methods. In a sample of 31 083 Mexicans under 20 years old with dietary data from a food frequency questionnaire from the 2012, 2016, 2018 and 2020-2022 National Health and Nutrition Surveys, and through quantile regression and logit models, the change in adjusted consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes was estimated, as well as their compliance to EAT-Lancet and the World Health Organization intake recommendations. Results. Between 2012 and 2020-2022 an increase of 15.0% in fruits and 23.5% in vegetables consumption was observed. The probability of compliance of the intake recommendations reached by 2020- 2022 was 42.6% for fruits and 13.6% for vegetables. Legumes consumption diminished 17.4% in ten years. Conclusion. Mexican population under 20 is far from reaching the intake recommendation for a planetary health, despite modest increases in fruits and vegetables consumption. Special attention should be paid to the consumption of legumes, which has alarmingly decreased in this group. Further research on this topic is urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiology and clinical features of vitiligo in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort from sample records of pediatric patients who attended consultation with the diagnosis of vitiligo from January 2016 to December 2020. Data analysis was performed with the SPSS program version 25. Frequencies were expressed in percentages for the description of qualitative variables, while the mean and standard deviation for the quantitative variables were estimated due to the normality of the data. RESULTS: Five hundred seventy-four patients with an average age of 8.7 years participated, the average age of onset of the disease was 8.47 years, the median time of evolution of the disease was 6 months, 50.5% were females and 49.5% were males; 56.4% presented non-segmental vitiligo and 43.6% segmental vitiligo; 27 patients had a positive family history for vitiligo; 7 patients associated emotional stress as a trigger and 7 of them traumatisms; 7 patients presented thyroid disease; 19.7% had other associated dermatoses. The most frequent associated dermatoses were acne, keratosis pilaris, atopic dermatitis and alopecia areata. CONCLUSIONS: A higher percentage of segmental vitiligo was found compared to other populations of children with vitiligo in other countries and compared with adults; the incidence of autoimmune diseases in the pediatric population was lower than reported in other series; these results can be reflected in a better prognosis of pediatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we introduce the notion of domestic assemblage as a tool to understand early childhood digital practices in the home. Our proposal draws from an ecological perspective of human development and urban studies from an Actor- Network Theory perspective. We discuss the background of our concept and its advantages and limitations by building on three cases collected within the Spanish study of the "A Day in the Digital Lives of Children Aged 0-3" project. We use the empirical materials of this study, centered on the video recording of a full day of the life of a 0-3 year old child, to discuss two analytical paths: starting from the digital device to reconstruct domestic assemblages or starting from routines to unpack how they are assembled in relation to digital technologies in the home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vision is critical in all aspects and stages of life. Myopia is the second cause of visual impairment worldwide and the prevalence of childhood myopia is increasing at an alarming rate, so a single treatment intervention is not sufficient and interventions that slow its progression should be combined. Objective: to determine the effect of atropine in 0.01% ophthalmic drops combined with optical correction interventions to slow the progression of childhood myopia. Methodology: a systematic review of articles published in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and EBSCOhost up to March 28, 2022, was performed. Meta-analysis was performed with a random-effects model by subgroups of interest. Results: eight studies were selected (six randomized clinical trials, one nonrandomized trial, and one cohort study), including a total of 632 children with low and medium myopia who used orthokeratology or monofocal contact lenses and atropine 0.01% eye drops. The meta-analysis showed results in favor of combined treatment to slow axial elongation by -0.15 mm with a 95% confidence interval (-0.23 to -0.07), high risk of bias, and high heterogeneity (I2=94%). Conclusions: according to the available evidence, atropine in 0.01% eye drops combined with mono-focal lenses or orthokeratology contact lenses could reduce axial elongation in children with low and medium myopia; however, the results are heterogeneous and the risk of bias is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our infant-juvenile population has been exposed to situations in the last decade that have compromised their physical, mental, emotional health, learning ability, nutritional needs, and even their sense of self. We are talking about problems in terms of their education, food/nutrition, health, and recognition of gender identity. In this last topic, we will focus on this analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to socialize the experience acquired on the topic of communicative skills in working with second grade children. It was based on participatory action research, the use of inductive and deductive methods, synthetic analysis and reflection on practice. which allowed us to reach the following conclusions: Communication is a continuous process that develops throughout childhood and adolescence that is influenced by a series of factors, including exposure to language, social interaction and educational support. Second graders are making steady progress in their communication skills, but there are still areas where they can improve. Teachers can play an important role in developing second-grade children's communicative competence. By providing children with opportunities to read, write, speak, and listen, teachers can help children develop the skills they need to be successful in learning. The development of communicative competence is an important investment in children's future and parents, teachers and other adults can work together to support the development of children's communicative competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to comprehensively and critically analyze the scientific literature on the effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in overweight children and adolescents. It focuses on changes in body composition, risk factors, and adherence to the exercise program, seeking to assess the efficacy and safety of HIIT in this population comprehensively. The PRISMA method was used for the literature review, implementing the AMSTAR quality methodology and the PEDro scale. The analysis of HIIT protocols shows significant improvements in school health, especially in size and body composition indicators. Despite encouraging results, there is a need to address concerns about identified bias. The priority of more highquality studies is emphasized, and a suggestion is made to compare HIIT with moderate continuous exercise. Future research is urged to address knowledge gaps, particularly in cognitive and nutritional outcomes in school settings. The reflection concludes that HIIT, when adapted to the population, not only enhances physical health but also provides a motivating solution for time and participation challenges in youth physical activity programs. It is innovative and effective in promoting long-term health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To determine the prevalence and factors associated with intensive care unit admission in children and adolescents with community-acquired pneumonia. Materials and methods. Analytical cross-sectional observational study at the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja in 2019. The sample consisted of children older than one month and younger than 18 years who were admitted to emergency diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia. We used Poisson regression to assess association. Results. We evaluated 166 patients diagnosed with pneumonia, 94 (56.6%) were male and the median age was 24 months (IQR: 11 -- 48). Most patients had a mild modified PIRO score of 136 (81.9%); 31 (18.7%) patients had complicated pneumonia and 24 (14.5%) were admitted to intensive care. The higher the age, the lower the prevalence of admission to ICU (PR=0.99, 95%CI: 0.98-0.99). The severity assessed with the modified PIRO score (PR=3.40, 95%CI: 1.46-7.93) and the presence of complicated pneumonia (PR: 5.88, 95%CI: 2.46-14.06) were associated with admission to intensive care. Conclusions. The prevalence of admission to intensive care in children with community-acquired pneumonia was 14.5%. Younger patients with pneumonia, with greater severity assessed with the modified PIRO score and with complicated pneumonia have a higher prevalence of admission to intensive care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease in children may be caused by a group of genetic abnormalities of the kidney, urinary tract and hereditary nephropathies. Objective: To report the frequency of mutations in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). Methods: A multicentric case series among children with SRNS identified through direct sequencing of NPHS1, NPHS2, NPHP1 and WT1 genes. Results: 33 children were enrolled; 45.5% were females; mean age was 13±7 years; 78.8% were mestizo: 24.2% consanguineous; 60.6% were receiving dialysis: 72.7% had SRNS and 8/24 (33.3%) of them presented at least one mutation to WT1, NPHS1, NPHP1 and NPHS2 genes. Corresponding values for these mutations were 37.5% (3/8), 25% (2/8), 25% (2/8) and 12.5% (1/8), respectively. Conclusions: 33% of pediatric patients with SRNS presented gene mutations, the most frequent of these mutations was WT1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upper respiratory tract infections occur in children under 5 years of age, have high morbidity and there are numerous factors that contribute to their development. The objective of the research is to identify the main and most frequent causes of upper respiratory tract infection in children. A bibliographic study was carried out on upper respiratory tract infections in children collected from databases such as PubMed, Medline, Scielo and Google Scholar. The results suggest that upper respiratory tract infections are more frequent (88.2%) and among them the common cold; the most frequent symptoms: rhinorrhea (56.3%), fever (48.8%) and cough (40%); the highest environmental risk factors: humidity, contact with patients with acute respiratory infection and dust and the social risk factors: poorly ventilated housing and overcrowding. Respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age are the most frequent and the most common origin is viral. The most common virus is RSV, influenza A and B. Among the most common bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious-contagious disease that primarily affects the lungs but can affect any part of the body. BCG or Bacille Calmette-Guerin is a vaccine against tuberculosis disease. It is a preparation of live attenuated bacteria derived from a culture of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (Mycobacterium bovis). The BCG vaccine, in addition to its specific protective effect against tuberculosis, stimulates trained innate immunity, resulting in protective effects against other infectious and non-infectious diseases other than tuberculosis. Specific protection against the disease is carried out with BCG vaccination in the newborn. This is a basic review of benefit concepts of this vaccine to avoid tuberculosis and its application in other diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: colonic polyps affect up to 1% of the school age population, which usually cause lower digestive bleeding and pain; however, large ones can cause intussusception. Case presentation: nine-year-old female patient, previously healthy. She presents abdominal pain of 40 days duration, associated with rectal bleeding in recent days. Through imaging studies, she was diagnosed with colo-colic intussusception (CCI). Hydrostatic reduction was unsuccessful, so reduction was performed by laparotomy. The polyp was subsequently resected by colonoscopy. According to histopathological report, it was a juvenile polyp. Conclusions: CCI can be secondary to large or giant polyps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: leptospirosis is one of the most widely distributed zoonotic diseases in the world, however, its diagnosis can be difficult because the clinical manifestations are diverse. We present a school-age patient with leptospirosis, to promote early diagnosis in similar cases. Case presentation: 11-year-old male patient with fever, asthenia, adynamia, headache, edema in the lower limbs, choluria, myalgia in the gastrocnemius, as well as rash on the trunk and all four extremities. Different infections were ruled out, such as dengue, COVID-19, and syphilis. Given the persistence of symptoms for more than seven days, and due to the history of contact with domestic animals, leptospirosis was suspected. It was confirmed by elevation of specific IgM antibodies for Leptospira and a positive urine PCR result for Leptospira spp. 48 hours after starting antimicrobial treatment, the patient began to improve, reaching complete resolution. Conclusions: leptospirosis is a disease that has a variable clinical course, so it should always be considered as part of the differential diagnosis of patients with febrile syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: tetanus is a serious disease, but rare in developed countries. We present a case of tetanus in a Mexican patient with an incomplete vaccination schedule. Case description: seven-year-old female, who did not have complete vaccination due to her parents' ideology. She developed tetanus after trauma to her left leg. The clinical picture was initially localized, which progressed to be generalized, with opisthotonos, sardonic laughter and trismus. Management was with sedation, mechanical ventilation, magnesium sulfate, muscle relaxants, systemic antimicrobial treatment, and application of tetanus toxoid. Remission of the muscle spasms was after 24 days, and she was discharged for outpatient management with rehabilitation, psychological support, and nutrition. Conclusions: this case highlights the need to complete universal vaccination schedules, to avoid preventable diseases, such as tetanus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: oseltamivir is a potent inhibitor of the neuraminidase of the influenza virus, which shortens the duration of influenza symptoms. Objective: to describe the clinical outcome of using oseltamivir suspension in children with influenza or influenza-like illness. Material and methods: clinical, observational, prospective, and multicenter study. Population: children aged two to 12 years diagnosed with influenza or influenza-like illness who received oseltamivir suspension (Seltaferon®) for five days. The outcome measures were clinical evolution (assessed by CARIFS scale) and frequency of adverse events (AEs). Results: 35 patients were included, with a mean age of 5.2 ± 2.7 years. By day 5, 32 patients had clinical improvement; Regarding safety, there were eight patients in whom 18 AEs were recorded, which were mild or moderate. Conclusions: oseltamivir suspension is a treatment that seems to be useful and safe in pediatric population with influenza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning to read and write requires a set of initial skills, such as lexical development, identification of letters and words, association between grapheme and phoneme, handling the spelling code. Children begin to internalize these skills, and knowledge, at an early age, in the interactions they have with others in their family context. The sociocultural characteristics, the availability of educational, and literacy resources in family, vary depending on the socioeconomic status of the family, and differentially model the acquisition of these skills (Andrés et al., 2010; Piacente et al., 2006; Rosemberg & Stein, 2009). In Argentina, it has been reported that children from marginalized contexts tend to be exposed to fewer words, and less diversity of words, in everyday interactions at home, which can affect language development and consequently, learning to read and write (Rosemberg & Stein, 2009). Child's cognitive development is another factor of interest. In recent decades, the predictive role of executive functions (EF) has gained relevance: a set of cognitive control capacities involved in cognitive, emotional and behavioral self-regulation. The literature documented interrelationships between developmental trajectories of executive functions, language development, and learning to read and write (Booth et al., 2014; De Franchis et al., 2017; Marder & Barreyro, 2019; Skibbe et al., 2019). In line with these postulates, this study set out to analyze the predictive value of EFs -attention, planning, inhibitory control, metacognition and cognitive flexibility-in initial reading and writing skills (IRWS, letter-word identification and dictation) in Argentine children, controlling for the effects of age and family socioeconomic status (SES). A causal-correlational transectional design was used. The intentional non-probabilistic sample was made up by 186 children (48 % girls), 6 to 10 years old, belonging to marginalized urban contexts (41 % low superior SES, 39 % low inferior SES, and 20 % marginal SES). The children were evaluated with Word Identification and Dictation of Woodcock-Muñoz Achievement Battery, and a set of neuropsychological tests of FE. The SES was estimated based on the educational level and occupation of the children's parents. The analysis of structural equations indicated that the proposed model presented an excellent fit to the data (χ2(23, 178) = 27.52, p = .234; GFI = .97; CFI = .99; RMSEA = .03) and explained the 66 % of the variance of the children's IRWS. EFs were the factor that most strongly modulated IRWS performance in children, presenting direct effects (β = .60), and mediating the impact of the variables age (β= .34) and SES (β= .16). In line with the literature (Booth et al., 2014; De Franchis et al., 2017; Marder y Barreyro, 2019; Skibbe et al., 2019), the results report that EFs are significant resources for learning to read and write in infancy, and make three contributions of interest. First, the implication of EFs in tasks of reading words, writing letters and handling the spelling code, was documented in children 6 to 10 years of age, which could indicate that the automation of IRWS would be achieved later in schoolchildren from marginalized contexts. Another finding of interest was to document that the evolutionary gains in the EFs drove the learning of the HILE, which indicates an overlap in the development trajectory, and an optimal moment, for its strengthening. Another contribution was to report that the EFs modulated the relationship between the family SES and the IRWS. Taken together, these findings make it possible to identify EF as an intervention target, while its strengthening may be a way to reduce the educational gap between the most and least favored children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Human papillomavirus vaccination coverage has not been achieved in the general population. There are factors that interfere with the acceptance of the vaccine by the parents of adolescent girls. Objective: To correlate knowledge of human papillomavirus, knowledge of the vaccine against the virus, and beliefs about the vaccine with vaccine acceptance among parents of adolescent girls aged 9-12 years in Chihuahua, Mexico. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional study was conducted with a census sample of 145 parents of girls between the ages of 9 and 12 enrolled in three public elementary schools in an urban area of Chihuahua, Mexico. Results: Knowledge of human papillomavirus was related to vaccine acceptance (p < 0.009), as was knowledge of the human papillomavirus vaccine (p < 0.030). In contrast, beliefs about HPV and the vaccine were not related (p < 0.747). Discussion: The results are consistent with previous literature in that knowledge of the virus and its vaccine is low, but the scores were lower in this study. In contrast, HPV vaccine acceptance tends to be high, as in previous studies. Conclusions: Knowledge about human papillomavirus and the vaccine was associated with parental acceptance of giving it to their daughters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans is a rare lung disease; there are limited reports in South America. Case report: We report 10 patients with this disease diagnosed at the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño-Breña (Lima-Peru). The median age at diagnosis was 19 months and all patients had a history of severe acute respiratory infection. The most frequent symptoms were cough, respiratory distress, wheezing, and hypoxemia. The mosaic attenuation pattern was the most frequent on the tomography. All the patients had positive serology for adenovirus. The treatment received was methylprednisolone pulses, azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine, and inhaled corticosteroids. No patient died during the follow-up. Conclusions: In previously healthy children with a history of severe acute respiratory infection and persistent bronchial obstructive symptoms, the diagnosis of postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans should be considered. This is the first report in Peru with a therapeutic regimen adapted to our institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Impetigo is the most common infectious disease in children, with an estimated global prevalence of more than 162 million in any time, with a higher incidence in tropical climates and in populations with low income. Clinically there are two types of impetigo, non-bullous which is the most frequent, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, and bullous impetigo caused exclusively by Staphylococcus aureus. CLINICAL CASES: Three pediatric cases are presented: case 1 with non-bullous impetigo, cases 2 and 3 with bullous impetigo. In cases 1 and 3 Staphylococcus aureus sensitive to oxacillin was cultured. The three cases received management with oral dicloxacillin, due to the extent and severity of the condition and, due to a history of several cases of impetigo in the neighborhood of case 3. This treatment was effective in cases 1 and 2, but in case 3 a partial response was obtained, so it was indicated trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, with relieve of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Impetigo may respond effectively to topical or systemic treatment, or a combination of both. The emergence of strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin has caused failures in the efficacy of beta-lactams, so in these cases, the administration of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin or doxycycline (in older than 8 years) has been effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Pilomatricoma is a benign tumor that originates from the hair follicle matrix. The diagnosis of pilomatricoma is clinical and histopathological confirmation is required. CLINICAL CASES: Case 1: A 6-year-old female patient presented with a subcutaneous tumor on the internal surface of the left thigh. Physical examination revealed an asymptomatic, firm, well defined, subcutaneous nodule with bluish discoloration of the overlying skin. The clinical diagnosis was pilomatricoma. The histopathological diagnosis was a veno-lymphatic malformation. Case 2: A 14-year-old male patient presented with a subcutaneous tumor on the external surface of the right arm. Physical examination revealed a painful, well defined, irregular shape subcutaneous nodule with bluish discoloration of the overlying skin. The clinical diagnosis was pilomatricoma. The histopathological diagnosis was a granular cell tumor. CONCLUSIONS: Pilomatricoma is the second most common skin tumor in the pediatric population. The treatment of pilomatricoma is surgical excision. Multiple pilomatricomas may be sporadic, familial, or associated with an underlying genetic syndrome. Differential diagnoses of pilomatricoma in a child include multiple tumors that may simulate pilomatricomas. The histopathological study is required and the integral management of children is imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: During the coronavirus pandemic, various neurological manifestations have been reported. The pediatric population is affected less frequently and seriously. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between acute neurological symptoms in pediatric patients with confirmed COVID - 19 infection. DESIGN: Case series of patients with acute neurological symptoms temporarily associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection; Patients younger than 17 years of age with Guillainacute symptoms such as ascending weakness with areflexia, decreased visual acuity, encephalopathy, ischemic cerebrovascular event, or muscle weakness with elevations of plasma creatinine kinase (CK) were evaluated. RESULTS: In this study, 23 patients with neurological symptoms who attended the emergency room consecutively over a period of 4 months were evaluated. 10 had a history of contact or infection with SARS-CoV-2. There were 5 men from 2 to 16 years old (mean age 11.6), 4 of them had contact with a relative who presented SARS-CoV-2, and 2 had respiratory symptoms related to the disease of SARS-CoV-2 in the two weeks prior to the onset of neurological symptoms related to the following pathologies: Optic neuritis ((n = 2), Guillain-Barré syndrome (n = 3), myositis with rhabdomyolysis (n = 1), ischemic vascular event (n = 2), acute cerebellitis (n = 1), and Anti NMDA-R encephalitis (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: Neurological manifestations temporarily associated with COVID- 19 infections are present in the pediatric population even in the absence of respiratory symptoms. COVID-19 infection should be considered as an etiology in patients with neurological symptoms, especially if there is a history of contact with a confirmed case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research covered several dimensions related to the transformations in daily and school life, produced by the measures of isolation and preventive and compulsory social distancing. In this paper, we will focus on those repercussions linked to the subjective from the perspective of adults when they talk about their children. In this sense, we share interpretations from a virtual survey carried out by 1280 families from different parts of the national territory, administered in the middle of 2021. At the same time, descriptive references to schooling in households are offered and relationships are articulated to work on the psychosocial effects that the emergency measures imposed, modifying family, school, social, and labour daily life. The qualitative analysis of the open-ended responses is made from a sociopsychogenetic perspective, allowing articulation of subjective, social, and cognitive aspects interpreted from a historical and relational perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aimed to identify and summarize the reliability and validity of the questionnaires that have been designed for assessing self-perceived physical fitness (PF) in children and adolescents. Three electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, SPORTDiscuss and Scopus) were searched systematically from their inception until March 2022. Nine questionnaires were found. Concurrent validity was mostly obtained by correlating the items of the questionnaires with PF field-based tests, and mild to moderate associations were obtained. Internal validity was mostly analyzed by factorial analysis. Test-retest reliability was informed in two questionnaires, and high values were observed. There are several questionnaires of self-perceived PF validated in children and adolescents with psychometric properties generally ranging between fair and moderate. Only the SPHQ-C and the IFIS questionnaires reported acceptable validity, reliability, and internal consistency values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with the increase in violence against child populations, 6 out of 10 girls and boys suffer physical, psychological or sexual violence (State Attorney General’s Office, 2023), this study bases a model understood as a prototype that serves as a reference and example for promote preventive processes that ensure the care of children, through educommunication. Educommunication constitutes a space built by people for people, founded on dialogue, meaning, expression and effective participation, which articulate theory and practice, for educational and communicative interaction, as complementary processes in the development of learning through pedagogical resources, close and culturally appropriate, that promote a critical sense (Zecheto, 2011; Begnini, Arteaga and Arroyo, 2022). Understood in this way, educommunication allows these child populations to exercise their citizenship, beyond that associated exclusively with the exercise of their civil and political rights. A citizenship built on rights as people, which exempts them from inequality, exclusion and violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: therapeutic adherence is variable and can be affected for different reasons. Objective: to describe the frequency and factors or barriers related to lack of therapeutic adherence in pediatric patients with epilepsy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods: cross-sectional study. 101 patients younger than 18 years, with epilepsy and who had appointments scheduled in 2020 and 2021 were included. The information was collected through a review of records, as well as a telephone interview where a validated scale was applied to record data on adherence. The statistical analysis was descriptive. Results: the mean age was 8.2 years; 54.2 were male (54.2%). The highest percentage (75%) had generalized epilepsy and 49.1% received valproic acid. 56.7% presented decompensation of epileptic seizures during the pandemic. 51% had low adherence. The main barrier to non-adherence was not being able to attend the appointment due to COVID-19, followed by financial problems. Conclusions: strategies to reduce contagion during the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the lack of therapeutic adherence in patients with epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]