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Cardiovascular disorders are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. To reduce cardiovascular risk, it is essential to address modifiable risk factors through healthy lifestyle changes. In this context, mobile applications have emerged as a promising tool in the prevention and control of these risk factors. This review study examines the role of mobile applications in decreasing cardiovascular risk. Comprehensive searches were conducted in specialized databases, and four relevant clinical trials were selected. The characteristics of mobile applications varied in each study. Some provided information on diet and physical activity, while others offered risk factor tracking and reminders. However, the validation of these applications was limited in most cases. Regarding the effects on cardiovascular risk, the results were mixed. Some studies found significant reductions in systolic blood pressure, glucose, and waist circumference, as well as improvements in physical activity and treatment adherence. However, consistent changes in cholesterol, diabetes control, smoking cessation, or cardiovascular events were not observed. Although mobile applications show potential in reducing cardiovascular risk by providing information and support, further research and validation are needed to optimize their effectiveness. It is necessary to tailor these applications to individual needs and ensure their scientific backing to achieve more consistent and beneficial outcomes in the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bempedoic acid is an orally administered prodrug that, like statins, reduces cholesterol biosynthesis (by inhibiting ATP citrate lyase, a key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis prior to 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl CoA reductase). Its lipid efficacy has been evaluated in several clinical trials, achieving a 17-28% reduction in LDL-c levels, and showing an anti-inflammatory effect. Unlike statins, their use is not associated with myotoxic effects. Recently, the cardiovascular benefit of bempedoic acid in patients intolerant to statins has been confirmed in the CLEAR OUTCOMES clinical trial. The use of bempedoic acid has been approved as an adjunct to diet and statins, alone or in combination with ezetimibe, in patients with hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, or statin intolerance. New recommendations also suggest their use as alternative drugs in individuals at high cardiovascular risk or with very high LDL-c levels who do not reach lipid targets with other lipid-lowering drugs. Likewise, it could be considered as a second- or third-line therapy in patients intolerant to statins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triglycerides are associated with cardiovascular risk largely mediated by their final product of catabolism, the cholesterol-rich remnant, which may come from the liver or the intestine. There is a direct association between fasting and postprandial triglycerides and cardiovascular risk. ApoB is associated with the number of particles and the amount of RC, which explains its determining role in CVD. Non-HDL cholesterol represents atherogenic lipoproteins, with correlation and concordance with apoB; both are cardiovascular risk markers. Lipoprotein (a) is a cardiovascular risk factor not only because of the cholesterol and apoB it contributes, but also because of its proinflammatory and prothrombotic activity. Viewing these factors holistically, it is important to note that it is primarily a reduction in apoB, remnant cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol that reduces cardiovascular events. A 10% weight loss improves TG levels without reducing apoB or cardiovascular risk. Of the classic lipid-lowering agents, high-dose statins and ethyl eicosapentanoate reduce cardiovascular risk through apoB, RC, and non-HDL reduction. To date, we do not have lipid-lowering agents aimed at reducing Lp(a), which is only slightly reduced by PCSK9 inhibitors and markedly reduced by LDL apheresis. These residual risk markers serve not only to stratify cardiovascular risk but also to establish follow-up goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitigating residual risk is one of the primary objectives of cardiovascular medicine, achieved through a holistic and transdisciplinary approach to managing cardiovascular risk factors. It involves the use of increasingly potent therapies that can positively impact clinical outcomes while ensuring patient safety. Consequently, the use of PCSK9-inhibiting medications has become a straightforward and highly recommended strategy in clinical practice guidelines for lipid management and lipid-related risk factor intervention. These medications have effectively been proven to reduce recurrent cardiovascular events and have a legacy effect on lipid levels, and are considered safe in achieving extremely low LDL-c levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residual cardiovascular risk is defined as the risk of cardiovascular events that persists in patients despite reaching low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure and blood sugar treatment goals, according to the current treatment standards. In light of today’s evidence, residual risk changes the perspective beyond the current definition toward several aspects like residual thrombotic risk; residual metabolic risk and the role of lipoprotein a, triglycerides, remnant cholesterol and HDL; the residual risk of diabetics aside from A1C control; and residual inflammatory risk. All of these are treatment goals which affect the outcomes, producing a greater reduction of residual cardiovascular risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of chronic diseases that shows multiple biochemical and inflammatory alterations that increase the risk of morbidity and mortality. The aim was to describe the inflammation markers, cardiovascular risk and dietary intake of subjects with MetS. In a cross sectional survey Patients with MetS from two specialized care units in chronic diseases of Laguna from Durango were included. It was found that 100% of the subjects presented abdominal, 34.4% had a medium-high cardiovascular risk (CVR), 49% with platelet/lymphocyte ratio and 45.2% with neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio above the average. Dietary Intake was high in calories, cereals and foods of animal origin and low in fiber. The risk of morbidity and mortality at 10 years is obviously important, so strict control is necessary and evaluation of factors associated with the metabolic and inflammatory lack of control that they present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world’s population lives longer and longer and has more cardiovascular risk factors, there is a greater prevalence of cardiovascular disease, including heart failure. Advances in medical knowledge, specifically in molecular, physiological and clinical fields, provide new and improved pharmacological treatments, cardiac devices and surgical procedures today which have optimized this condition’s prognosis. The available surgical procedures for treating heart disease include heart transplantation, which is useful for patients with advanced disease or disease which is refractory to the ordered and implemented interventions. The world’s first heart transplant was performed in 1967, and Colombia’s first in 1985. As of 2021, more than 1,400 heart transplants had been performed in this country. This procedure seeks to improve the quality of life and survival of patients who need it. The purpose of this article is to compile the historical events surrounding this surgical procedure around the world and in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality, and community pharmacy (CP) can help patients improve modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF): hypertension (HT), dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus (DM), smoking, and obesity. Professional pharmaceutical services related to community health include this type of action. The aim of this study was to determine the socio-health and pharmacotherapeutic profile of patients with CVR treated in Spanish CP, to design the most effective intervention for them. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2017 and February 2018. Using a data collection form, data from patients in four CP, two in Seville and two in Badajoz (Spain) were recorded through individualised interviews. Results: The initial sample (n=100) was reduced to 98 patients, older (61.5±10.1 years), 51.0 % male, with low educational level (53.1 %) and most of them living accompanied (87.8 %). 74.5 % were patients in primary prevention and their CVR level was moderate (2.51±1.89). Hypertension (83.7 %), dyslipidaemia (64.39 %), diabetes II (38.8 %) and obesity (52.0 %) were the most prevalent factors. Almost half of the patients (48.5 %) exercised regularly and 23.5 % were smokers. The drugs most commonly used were lipid modifiers (59.4 %), oral antidiabetics (37.5 %), antithrombotics (32.2 %) and beta-blockers (28.1 %). Conclusions: The use of forms aimed at detecting the educational and pharmacotherapeutic needs of CVR patients will allow one to establish different strategies to improve their ability to manage their disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To present the prevalence of adults who attended for chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCD) detection tests in the previous year, the prevalence due to previous diagnosis of some CNCDs, as well as the proportion of those who follow pharmacological treatment. Materials and methods. Information from the questionnaires of 11 895 adult participants in the Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2022 was analyzed. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals are presented. Results. In the previous year, 12.2% of adults were tested for diabetes, 9.1% for hypertension, and 9.0% for dyslipidemia. The prevalence of diabetes due to a prior diagnosis is 10.9%, hypertension is 15.9%, and hypercholesterolemia is 30.6%. Among them, 89.5, 81.7, and 60.4% follow pharmacological treatment. Conclusion. The percentages of those who attended for screening tests are still low and lesser than those observed in 2012. Both the prevalence due to a previous diagnosis of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia have increased, while that of hypertension decreased by 0.17%. It is recommended that the detection of cardiovascular risk factors, including diabetes, be carried out in an integrated manner, and the treatment rates be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article was to determine the benefits and risks of a vegan diet, as well as to identify gaps in knowledge around the impact of a vegan diet on health. A review of the literature published in PubMed and Google Scholar was carried out. Multiple studies show beneficial effects of the vegan diet such as lower risk of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, etc. In contrast, a vegan diet has been associated with an increased risk of fractures, orthorexic disorders, megaloblastic anemia, etc. It cannot be said that the vegan diet has more risks than benefits or vice versa, rather, the risk-benefit must be evaluated in each person. Multiple gaps in knowledge were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The myocardial efficiency index (MEI) correlates the Myocardial Oxygen Consumption (MVO2) with the Maximum Oxygen Consumption (VO2max), this index provides information about the cardiovascular efficiency (CVEf). In athletes, the MEI improves after a micro-cycle training, however in patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing Cardiac Rehabilitation Program (CRP), IEM behavior could be a good estimator related to the improvement training period. The objective of this study was to determine the myocardial efficiency index behavior in patients with heart disease and high cardiovascular risk (HCVR) after a CRP. Methods: Ambilective, descriptive, analytical, non-randomized cohort study was conducted. Patients with heart disease of mixed etiology and HCVR admitted to a CRP for 4-6 weeks were selected. All patients performed a maximal exercise test in band before and after the CPR. Thresholds of VO2 peak, METs-load, Double product (DP) and MEI were determined. A cut-off point for the MEI was established using a ROC curve with a value of 7.37, area under the curve: 0.68 (95% CI 0.61 - 0.76, p < 0.001), sensitivity 0.60 and 1-specificity 0.35. Results: 193 patients with a mean age of 62.3 years were included, predominantly men (66.2%). Percentages changes in the MEI: -27.1% (p < 0.001), METs: -43.1% (p < 0.001), DP: 5.7% (p < 0.01), and MVO2: 8.3% (p < 0.01) were observed at the end of CRP. Conclusions: Significant change in the MEI were observed after CRP associated to CVEf improvement, suggesting that this parameter could be considered as a good clinical tool in the CRP care programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipoprotein(a) (Lp (a)) is a plasmatic lipid protein complex, which represents a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, conventional lipid assays are unable to measure or estimate Lp (a) and there are no specific therapies approved to substantially reduce Lp (a) concentrations. We report the case of a 49-year-old man with low cardiovascular risk who developed an acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation probably due to elevation of Lp (a) is reported. The purpose of this case report is to highlight the detection and analysis of Lp (a) in the assessment of cardiovascular risk. In addition, current and emerging therapies are described in patients with elevated Lp (a). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropometric parameters for the estimation of body composition are variables commonly used in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs). In this regard, infrared thermography (IT) could be used as a tool that provides relevant information in the CVRFs assessment by estimating skin surface temperature and its relationship with the anthropometric measures associated with these factors. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of skin surface temperature in adult men with anthropometric variables associated with CVRFs. The study gathered sixty-four healthy men aged 26.4 ± 7.8 years, 76.1 ± 13.3 kg body mass, 171.3 ± 7.2 cm height and 25.9 ± 3.7 kg/m2 body mass index (BMI). Anthropometric assessments of 6 skinfolds (tricipital, subscapular, suprascapular, supraspinal, abdominal, mid-thigh, and calf), waist and hip circumference were conducted, as well as IT surface temperature measurements at the measurement areas. Significant negative relationships were found between surface temperature and skinfold measurements at the subscapular, supraspinal, thigh and calf levels (p < 0.01; r = -0.39 to -0.55). The average IT temperature of the 6- folds and all individual folds IT had significant negative correlations with BMI, waist circumference, waist hip ratio, waist height ratio, and the sum of 6 skinfolds (p < 0.05; r = -0.35 to -0.65). There is a relationship between skin surface temperature and some body composition anthropometric parameters that indicate and association with CVRFs, therefore, IT may be a useful tool to complement the assessment of these parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HEARTS in the Americas is the regional adaptation of the World Health Organization's Global Hearts Initiative, which will be the model for risk management for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in primary health care in the Region of the Americas by 2025. It has already been implemented in 21 countries and 1045 primary health care centers throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. It takes a public health and health systems approach to systematically introduce simplified interventions at the primary health care level and focuses on hypertension as a clinical entry point. This paper introduces a new, improved application (app), the main component of which is the calculator for CVD risk and hypertension management. The paper summarizes the risk assessment approach and the methodology used by the World Health Organization to update its cardiovascular risk charts in 2019; describes the app, its use, functionality and validation process; and provides a set of practical recommendations for optimizing CVD risk and hypertension management by using the app in clinical practice. The HEARTS app is a powerful tool to improve the quality of care provided in primary health settings. The creation and dissemination of the HEARTS app is an essential step in the journey towards eliminating preventable CVD in the Americas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with pulmonary hypertension present limited tolerance to exercise and aerobic capacity; which is reflected in the reduction in peak oxygen consumption and their functional performance. This intolerance to exercise has traditionally been attributed to cardiac and respiratory dysfunction. However, as it happens in other chronic diseases, lower-limb and respiratory muscle alterations are also involved in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Increasing evidence suggests that physical exercise training is an efficient and safe strategy. The recommendation for light and moderate-intensity exercise is made within the framework of pulmonary rehabilitation, and its benefits have been previously described. In diseases such as COPD, lower-limb muscle function, exercise tolerance and quality of life improve following exercise training. And just as with COPD, it is necessary to promote evidence-based interventions with pulmonary hypertension. This narrative review focuses on the evaluation, safety and efficacy of training the respiratory muscles and the muscles of upper and lower extremities in patients with pulmonary hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents studies related to Hypertension, a disease of clinical importance due to its prevalence with greater predominance in men than in women. Topics include arterial hypertension is the main factor risk for cardiovascular and related diseases that give rise to a marked increase in cardiovascular morbidity; and therapeutic approach to the decision to start antihypertensive treatment based on criteria, blood pressure values systolic and diastolic.

Introduction. Diseases like diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure are increasingly frequent worldwide, with significant associated social costs. Objective. To evaluate the prevalence of high blood pressure and diabetes in workers in the marketplace of a municipality in Antioquia, Colombia, and the associated risk factors. Methodology. An analytical cross-sectional observational study was conducted on a census of 194 workers, of which 152 had a medical-labor assessment and a survey of socio-demographic and labor data. A previous standardization of the evaluators was made with data quality control and univariate and bivariate data analysis, with IC 95%. Results. 57% were women, 73.4% earned less than the current legal monthly minimum wage; 65.8% worked between 9 and 12 hours, and 11.9% between 13 and 18 hours per day. 62.4% don't engage in physical activity, and 67.0% prefer fried food. 20.9% had high blood pressure that was associated with marital status, age, seniority in the trade, systolic pressure at the time of evaluation, family history, and gender. 9.2% had diabetes mellitus, and this was associated with marital status, age, and systolic pressure at the time of evaluation. Conclusions. There is an informal working population with a high burden of disease and risk factors, which shows the need for public policies and programs specifically focused on their risk and lifestyles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although panoramic radiography is not an initial diagnostic test for detecting carotid atherosclerosis, we cannot ignore its value in viewing these lesions as incidental findings that can be great allies in early diagnosis and prevention of serious vascular events. The aim was to evaluate the prevalence of calcifications in the bifurcation of the carotid artery on routine panoramic radiographs as a diagnostic principle, as well as its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors in Brazilians. We analyzed 449 panoramic radiography exams from the database of the Department of Radiology of the Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil. After obtaining blood pressure measurements and information on smoking and systemic diseases, the researcher observed on the panoramic radiograph, the presence or absence of the radiopaque mass in the regions of the cervical vertebrae C3-C4. In the case of a suggestive image of atheroma, an anteroposterior radiography was performed to confirm the diagnosis. The Chi-square test of normal distribution for independent and random samples with a 95 % confidence interval was applied to the data. Confirmation of carotid calcifications occurred in 8.5 % of the study population (38 cases). We did not find any relationship between the presence of calcifications with smoking, sex or previous family history. However, 49.1 % of cases occurred above sixty years old and there was a significant relationship with hypertension (P = 0.006). The greatest risk was presented in elderly and hypertensive patients, so we highlight the importance of a thorough observation by the dentist of panoramic radiographs to detect any alteration of the normal anatomy and in the positive case, proceed with the referral as soon as possible for a conclusive diagnosis by a specialist, being able to thus assist in the prevention of severe vascular episodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To estimate changes in the quality of process of care and its association with glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods. Changes in compliance of 14 process of care indicators for 9 038 adults with type 2 diabetes and glycaemic control in a subsample were estimated. Averages, weighted changes and associations without or controlling for other factors were estimated using statistical weights for the combined data (Ensanut 2012 and Ensanut 2018-19). Results. From 2012 to 2018-19, glycaemic control doubled. Early detection of complications and increased insuline use improved, but identification and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors decreased. The overall quality of care was associated with optimal glycaemic control. Conclusions. There are areas of opportunity for improvement of quality of care, that deserve comprehensive strategies and continuous monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the principal cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Obesity, sarcopenia, insufficient physical activity, and sedentary behaviors synergistically impact cardiovascular risk. Objective: Evaluate cardiovascular risk in relation to physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and body composition. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional observational study in 95 total males and females. Cardiovascular risk was determined using the Framingham score, which corrects for total area of atherosclerotic plaque. Risk was also determined using body composition, anthropometry, bioimpedance and dynamometry as indirect indicators, physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and a validated questionnaire. Descriptive, correlation and association analyses were conducted with 95% confidence. Results: 95% of women and 98% of men presented with an elevated cardiovascular risk; 51.5% with obesity, 95.5% central obesity, and 47.3% with diminished muscular strength. Significant positive associations were observed between cardiovascular risk and waist circumference (rho=0.26; p=0.024). There was no significant association between muscle strength and cardiovascular risk (rho=-0.21, p=0.065). Sedentary behavior increased cardiovascular risk (OR=3.9; p=0.033). Conclusions: Central obesity and staying more than six hours per day in a sitting position are factors associated with cardiovascular risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome is becoming commoner due to a rise in obesity rates among adults. Generally speaking, a person with metabolic syndrome is twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease and five times as likely to develop diabetes as someone without metabolic syndrome. Increasing oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome and Parkinson's disease is mentioned in the comprehensive articles; however, the system review about clear relation between metabolic syndrome and Parkinson's disease is deficient. In this review, we will focus on the analysis that the metabolic syndrome may be a risk factor for Parkinson's disease and the preventions that reduce the incident of Parkinson's disease by regulating the oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, chronobiology has occupied an increasingly more significant place in modern medicine, being recognized as a relevant modifier of the course, diagnosis, and treatment of numerous medical disorders, including hypertension (HTN). The effect of circadian rhythms in the physiology of blood pressure (BP) has been widely studied, with the sum of different neurohumoral factors dictating a normal tendency towards a decrease in BP during the night. The loss of this pattern could lead to worse clinical outcomes. Based on these premises, the concepts of dipper vs non-dipper patterns (DP vs NDP) have been introduced, referring to those with the nighttime decrease vs those without it. Numerous differences exist between patients with DP and NDP regarding their cardiovascular risk profiles, HTN severity, target organ injury, and frequency of long-term complications. Therefore, categorization of patients by their BP circadian rhythms is an attractive prospect for guiding treatment and prognosis in clinical practice. Current research has emphasized optimization of the management of hypertensive patients through this and other tools, due to the overwhelming epidemiological impact of this disease. Thus, this review discusses key clinical aspects for understanding circadian BP rhythms, as well as DP and NDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a global public health problem; today they constitute the first cause of disease and death in the western world. Currently in Latin America and the Caribbean, cardiovascular diseases account for 31% of all deaths. It is estimated that 20.7 million deaths from CVD will occur during the next 10 years. Dyslipidemia is a serious current problem because the condition an increase in mortality in adults. People affected with hypercholesterolemia can avoid cholesterol-lowering medications, with a diet based on functional foods (probiotics). Having a stable and balanced intestinal microbiota is a guarantee of health. Objective: To analyze the use of probiotics in nutritional therapy on dyslipidemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Methodology: A retrospective and comparative descriptive bibliographic review study was carried out with the following descriptors: lipid profile, probiotics, dyslipidemias, which met the inclusion criteria. The search occurred between february 2019 a february 2020. For a total of: 135 articles published between: 1965 to 2020. Results: Researchers seek to develop therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome, with the use of probiotics. A current meta-analysis found that probiotics decreased serum levels of Total Cholesterol and LDL-col in hypercholesterolemic adults, which means that probiotics can reduce CVD morbidity. Conclusion: Probiotic supplementation could be taken as a new therapy for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic non-communicable diseases are leading cause of death worldwide. Among them, cardiovascular diseases are main cause of mortality and the main risk factor is hypertension, which is usually asymptomatic until the harmful effects are manifested. There is a strong relationship between hypertension and kidney, because on the one hand hypertension is the major risk factor for the initiation and progression of kidney disease and at the same time hypertension is the result of kidney disease itself. In this review, different aspects of arterial hypertension will be analyzed, such as its prevalence, classification, etiology, heritability and relationship with chronic noncommunicable diseases and the importance of the kidney in the regulation of blood pressure; as well as kidney disease and its relationship with hypertension and the deleterious consequences for health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: arterial hypertension is a health problem with high prevalence worldwide, considered one of the main cardiovascular risk factors, being a very frequent reason for consultation, both in primary care and in emergency services. Objective: to determine the Therapeutic effectiveness of two homeopathic remedies in the treatment of Hypertensive Urgency and the comparison of these remedies. Method: quasi-experimental study of 60 patients with Hypertensive Urgency in the Emergency Department of the José Martí Cast of the "Marta Abreu" polyclinic, between January 2018 and December 2018. Patients with characteristics from the homeopathic point of view of Lachesis and Aconitum were chosen and they were also randomly divided into each of the remedies in a study group that applied the homeopathic remedy to the (200CH); 5 sublingual drops every 10 minutes and another control with Captopril (25 mg) 1 tablet in both cases the blood pressure was taken systematically. Results: the ages of 50 to 60 years and the female sex predominated, in addition in both remedies the BP was reduced fundamentally at 45 minutes in both the study group and the control group, the adverse effect in the study groups that prevailed was burning in the tongue and cough in the control groups. Conclusions: it was evidenced that the homeopathic remedies studied are effective in the Treatment of Hypertensive Urgency, lowering blood pressure as well as Captopril with minimal undesirable effects in relation to conventional treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: exposure to cardiovascular risk factors generally begins in adolescence. Objective: to describe the cardiovascular risk factors present in adolescents treated in the Family Medical Office 6-13 of Encrucijada during the year 2018. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during 2018, the population was 107 adolescents, a non-probabilistic sampling was performed, a sample was selected for convenience that was constituted by 83 young people to whom the identification test of the disorders due to alcohol consumption was applied also they were interviewed and physical and complementary tests were carried out. Epidemiological variables and cardiovascular risk factors were defined. The percentage analysis and the Chi square test of independence were used. Results: 30.1% of adolescents passed through the middle stage, 56.6% belonged to the female sex, 80.7% had no morbidity, hyperlipoproteinemia had an incidence and a prevalence of 6%; the 69, 9% were normal weight and 38.6% were exposed to two or three risk factors. Conclusions: female predominated that went through the middle and late stages. Among the cardiovascular risk factors, a personal history of arterial hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia and diabetes mellitus were common. Teenagers were generally exposed to two or three cardiovascular risk factors. The number of predisposers was associated with the late stage and the male sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of risk factors for cardiovascular disease among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in two hospitals in Chiclayo. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried-out among 100 admitted patients with ACS, a survey was applied to gather information on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. To evaluate symptoms associated with sleep-apnea we applied two scales, the Peruvian version of the Epworth somnolence scale and the snoring-somnolence scale. Results: the most frequent risk factors were abdominal obesity 87/88 (98.86%), age above 55 years in males and 65 years in females: 78/100 (78%), blood hypertension: 71/100 (71%), dyslipidemia: 54/97 (55.67%) and sedentarism: 49/97 (50.51%). Advanced age, blood hypertension, sedentarism and abdominal obesity were more common in females, while smoking was more common in males. Conclusions: The most frequent risk factor was abdominal obesity and the less frequent was family history of ACS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are a public health problem. In this group, coronary artery disease has shown an increase, in particular, in the prevalence of acute myocardial infarction in 35-54-year-old women. The World Health Organization suggests studying this issue based on regional differences to find solutions. Objective: To analyze socio-cultural and healthcare characteristics associated with coronary artery disease in women from Nariño. Materials and Methods: Case study (women with coronary artery disease) and controls (women without coronary artery disease) served in reference institutions of Nariño. The sample was made of 35 cases and 105 controls through non-probability sampling. Results: Features such as being a smoker, hypertensive and living in an urban area showed greater association with coronary artery disease: Odd ratios= 21.11; CI 95% 3.97-112.26 and Odd ratios= 9.47; CI 95% 2.87-31.23, accordingly. A proportion of women with coronary artery disease stand out as culturally characterized by keeping their illness a secret not to worry others. Discussion: Being a smoker and hypertensive are key factors to develop coronary heart disease; these situations can be induced by family, social, cultural and occupational issues faced by women. Conclusions: Women with coronary artery disease were characterized as being smokers, hypertensive and living in an urban area; it is thus necessary to generate specific prevention and control strategies for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (HIPN) or Hakim-Adams syndrome, distinctive clinical entity due to gait and balance disorder, urinary incontinence and dementia; it shares these characteristics with other neurological entities that present physiopathological mechanisms and common triggering events. There are cardiovascular risk factors related to physiopathology, wind mechanism disorders, cerebral venous compliance, cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics (CSF), disorders in the subependymal blood flow of the Bateman-Bradley effect), causing the symptoms of HIPN. Methods: With the objective of knowing the physiopathology of the HIPN, 5 terms will be used through the PubMed database, Google scholar, Nat Neurosci, to obtain information on the subject. Results: a total of 233 articles were found. It was divided according to the type of didactic purpose cut to the topic. I-idiopathic hydrocephalus of normal pressure; II cardiovascular risk factor; IIIcerebral compliance and Windkessel mechanism; IV- paravascular spaces and V - ischemia of deep white matter. Conclusion: In the pathophysiology of HIPN, a more exhaustive investigation of the different disorders in cerebral parenchymal functioning, in the wind mechanism, the cerebral venous pleasure and the subependymal blood flow disorder of the deep white matter, is fundamental for the mechanism pathophysiology of HIPN. According to the consulted reviews, we know that there are multiple risks for the pathophysiological development of HIPN and among these are cardiovascular risk factors with a Windkessel mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the characteristics of the components of metabolic syndrome (MS) among patients with normal glucose and fasting dysglycemia in the adult population of Trujillo. Methods: Secondary analysis of descriptive, comparative and relational type. Database was analyzed of MS previous study in adults of 20-79 years in Trujillo between 2010 to 2014, developed through medical screening campaigns cardiovascular risk factors. Group 1: MS included 127 adults with normal fasting glucose (NG). The group 2 included 110 adults with MS and dysglycemia fasting (DG). Student t test was used to compare means and the Z test to compare proportions, with a significance level of 0.05 and confidence intervals of 95%. Results: Serum levels of fasting triglyceride (TG) were (219.09 ± 101.83 mg/dl and 192.3 ± NG 103.17 mg/dl in DG, p= 0.004) and frequency of hypertriglyceridemia was (85.04% and 63.64% in NG in DG with p =0.000) and low HDL cholesterol (71.65% and 51.81% in NG in DG, p=0.002). Conclusions: Higher level of TG and increased frequency of hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol in the NG group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe blood pressure (BP) values monitored at home (MAH) and to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) in young medical students of a private university in Lima, Peru. Methods: Descriptive study of medical students between 18 and 23 years of age who filled-in a questionnaire on epidemiologic and life style data. An anthropometric evaluation was performed as well. Results: 46 students of the second year at the Medical School were recruited. One participant had high BP previously. Prevalence of high BO was 4.3%; 26.1% had overweight, mostly in males. Abdominal obesity was seen in 45.7% and abdominal obesity adjusted by age was seen in 65.2% of females and in 52.2% of males. Males had higher BP values; 66.7% of overweight and 100% of obese participants were sedentary. Over weighted participants had higher mean BP levels (p<0.05) compared to those with normal body weight. A linear regression was observed between mean BP values and cervical perimeter and abdominal circumference. Conclusions: Frequency of high BP found was not predictable. CRF such as overweight, abdominal obesity and sedentarism were prevalent in this population. BP-MAH should be introduced in future studies of high BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: chronic degenerative diseases such as coronary heart disease are caused by various risk factors, habits and styles of unhealthy life, so that prevention and health promotion based on theories or models of nursing, play an essential role in solving public health problems. Objective: To develop a proposal for implementation of nursing care to patients with cardiovascular risk supported by the Health Promotion Model (HPM) of Nola J Pender. Proposal: The care of people is proposed based on the HPM where the nurse: 1)basally determines the self-efficacy perceived, health perception, risk factors, the profile of healthy lifestyles and personal factors; 2) gets involved in an education course with the participation of a "model patient" (3-12 sessions of 30-60 minutes during the (s) week (s) of hospitalization) and home monitoring with workshops and written tools; 3) evaluates the effect of the intervention; and 4) follows up with information technology and communication. Conclusion: Nursing care of patients with cardiovascular risk based on the HPM, using information technology and communication, can influence cognitive-perceptual factors, barriers to action, perceived benefits, affections, competition and especially the perceived self-efficacy, modifying active, vicarious, persuasive or emotional risk behavior. However, it is essential to consider the personal, interpersonal, situational factors and prior conduct in educational nursing interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The level of physical activity, smoking and alcohol are cardiovascular risk factors that modify health and quality of life of people. The aim of the study was to determine the level of physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking that occurs in servants from a government institution in Tunja, Colombia. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study in a sample of 71 servants, who were applied three tests about selfprocessed to determine their physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption. Results: The most prevalent level of physical activity was moderate (40.85%); then 43.6% of the sample was spending more than six hours sitting. According to smoking, it was found that 22.54% smoke, getting in three categories in its most mild dependence, alcohol consumption was presented at a 73.24% where 78.85% are social drinkers and 7.69% have hazardous drinking. Discussion: The important physical inactivity found in servants, it was reflected in their body mass index as well as risk behaviors such as alcohol consumption and smoking habits in the future can affect your health, identifying to be performed largest epidemiological studies to deepen the topic. Conclusions: The sample studied presented a moderated level in physical activity along with high prevalence of other cardiovascular risk factors; for all of these reasons, it would be recommended the implementation of active pauses as a measure to stimulate physical exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the risk factors that contribute most to cardiovascular disease. Adequate risk prediction models are needed to address prevention. The objective of this research was to evaluate the reproducibility of a logistic regression model in a population of Carabobo, Venezuela, and the introduction of new variables to improve the model. A total of 202 patients were assessed various risk factors of hypertension with which the reproducibility of an already proposed model was evaluated. Later, the introduction of new variables to the model that could improve it by using the stepwise logistic regression method was evaluated. The model risk prediction that serves as the basis of this study incorporates three variables: systolic blood pressure (SBP), age and body mass index (BMI), from which, in this work, only age and BMI were significant (p-value <0.000 and p <0.012 respectively). A second additional logistic regression assessed the introduction of new variables to the study, where only hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTW) phenotype helps to improve the predictive model of hypertension. Therefore, partial reproducibility of risk prediction model of hypertension was found, in addition to improving it by adding the variable HTW phenotype. We recommend further research in other Venezuelan populations and studies involving other clinical covariates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined as the group of cardiovascular risk factors constituted by central obesity, dyslipidemia characterized by elevated tryglicerides concentrations and low levels cholesterol transportated by high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), anomalies in the glucose metabolism and arterial hypertension, tightly associated to the insulin resistence. The MS is considered a predictor of cardiovascular morbility and mortality. There are different criteria to diagnose this syndrome, the most used one in population studies was proposed by the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program- Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (NCEP-ATP III) and the clinical importance of the diagnostic is related with the potential impact on the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, in patients with and within diabetes, because it is an indicator of high cardiovascular risk. The MS is a result of the action of causal factors on a genetic base, where the surrounding and the life style were important in its expression, because in the prevention of MS is fundametally to obtain a healthy life style, based in adequeated alimentation, regular physical activity and to avoid the overweight. The treatment of the MS included the modification of life style that promote lost body weight and increase physical activity and on adequeated control of risk factors of cardiovascular disease as dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The objectives of the present review summarize the MS, phisiophatology, diagnostic and incidence in the cardiovascular diseases, the prevention and adequeated management. It is concluded that the best way to reduce the MS is based on the prevention, risk factor control of cardiovascular disease, changes of life style that promote an equilibrate diet and regular physical excercises and a suitable therapeutic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) have been associated with patients with schizophrenia. The main objective is to assess the evolution of CRF and prevalence of MS for 12 months in a co-hort of overweight patients diagnosed with schizophrenia schizophreniform disorder or schizoaffective disorder in which the recommendations for the assessment and control of metabolic and cardiovascular risk were applied. Methods. The Control of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Schizophrenia and Overweight (CRESSOB) study is a 12-month, observational, prospective, open-label, multicentre, naturalistic study including 109 community mental health clinics of Spain. The study included a total of 403 patients, of whom we could collect all variables related to CRF and MS in 366 patients. Of these 366 patients, 286 completed the follow-up, (baseline, months 3, 6 and 12) where they underwent a complete physical examination and a blood test (glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides), they were asked about their health-related habits (smoking, diet and exercise) and they were given a series of recommendations to prevent cardiovascular risk and MS. Results. A total of 403 patients were included, 63% men, mean age (mean; (SD)) 40.5 (10.5) years. After 12 months, the study showed statistically significant decrease in weight (p<0.0001), waist circumference (p<0.0001), BMI (p<0.0001), blood glucose (p=0.0034), total cholesterol (p<0.0001), HDL cholesterol (p=0.02), LDL cholesterol (p=0.0023) and triglycerides (p=0.0005). There was a significant reduction in the percentage of smokers (p=0.0057) and in the risk of heart disease at 10 years (p=0.0353). Conclusion. Overweight patients with schizophrenia who receive appropriate medical care, including CRF monitoring and control of health-related habits experience improvements with regard to most CRFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the knowledge, attitudes and believes in overweight people on cardiovascular risk in the district of Chiclayo. Methods: Qualitative an ethnographic study. A probabilistic snowball sample with saturation of 23 participants was carried-out. Interviews were recorded and transcript, analyzing its content in categories. Results: Most of the participants did not know that obesity was a disease, but realized it was a risk factor to develop coronary artery disease; other participants did not know the meaning of the word or confused it with inadequate feeding habits. Most of the participants mentioned that their health status was bad. Some considered that being obese since childhood was normal, with no risk for their health. Reference to uncomfortable situations during routine daily activities was common. Participants mentioned the exclusive genetic origin of cardiovascular problems independent of body weight. Final thoughts: Women showed more concern about their health status and had similar knowledge than males independent of degree of education. Participants acknowledged being overweight, realizing that overweight-obesity were risk factors but no morbid conditions. Myocardial infarction was the most common event related to overweight. Cerebrovascular events were considered a common event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The types of oils used in cooking are important because saturated fats are associated with a risk of heart diseases. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats (Omega 3 and Omega 6) decrease bad cholesterol levels and help to reduce such risk. Canola oil has a beneficial fat profile, high smoke point, light texture, and neutral taste. This makes it a perfect ingredient for culinary uses. FDA¹ authorized a qualified statement for this oil for its ability to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, if used instead of saturated fat. Studies over the past 25 years about the effects of canola oil in the body, proved that it helps to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and recommend taking 1.5 tablespoons of olive oil a day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetive: to determine variation on somatotype and waist circumference (WC) in university students during a three-year follow-up. Methods: a total sample of 36 first-year university students was recruited in 2012. Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype and waist circumference were assessed in 2012 and 2014. Results: male students showed mesomorph component (3.7-5.3-1.8) as dominant in 2012, while in 2014 endomorph and mesomorph components were equal (4.1-4.5-1.6). The somatotype in female students was dominated by endomorphic component in 2012 (5.4-4.6-1.7) and 2014 (5.3-3.2-1.6). Among somatotypes, for both, male and female students, only endomorphy showed statistically significant differences during the follow-up (p=0,00). The endo-mesomorphic somatotype was dominant in men with 61.9% in 2012 and 38.1% in 2014. Women showed a higher percentage for meso-endomorphic somatotype with 60% in 2012 and 80% in 2014. In men, WC between 2014 and 2014 showed a statistically significant increment of 4.8% (p=0,00). In women WC increased by 13.3% but no statistically difference was observed (p=0,10). Conclusions: this study showed somatotypic change with tendency in increased endomorphy in both men and women. Despite WC values were similar to the national mean, cases with cardiometabolic risk increased during the follow-up period based on this measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: hypercholesterolemia is a major modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Its reduction reduces morbidity and mortality from ischemic heart disease and CVD in general, primary prevention and secondary prevention especially. Objective: to determine whether a notarized and intensive clinical practice can overcome inertia and achieve the therapeutic goal (OT) LDL-C <100 mg / dL in high-risk patients attended in Primary Care (PC) in our country. Methodology: epidemiological, prospective, multicenter study conducted in centers of different ACs By AP consecutive sampling 310 patients at high cardiovascular risk (diabetic or established CVD) previously treated with statins, which did not reach the OT included c-LDL. Results: the study subjects had a mean age of 65.2 years, of which 60.32 % were male. The 41.64 % had a previous EVC, acute myocardial infarction (20.33 %), angina (16.07 %), stroke / TIA (9.19 %), arthropathy (5.25 %), diabetes (70.87 %), hypertension (71.01 %), and abdominal obesity (69.62 %). The 43.57 % (95 % CI: 37,21; 50,08) of patients who performed the 2nd visit (241) got the OT. 62.50 % (95 % CI: 55.68, 68.98) of those who took the 3rd (216) got the OT. Finally, 77.56 % (95 % CI: 72.13, 83.08) patients who performed the last visit (205) got the OT. Throughout the study there was a reduction in LDL-C levels from 135.6 mg / dL at baseline, 107.4 mg / dL in the 2nd visit, 97.3 mg / dL in the 3rd visit, up to 90.7 mg / dL at the final visit (p < 0.0001) The increase in HDL-C from baseline (50.9 mg / dL) and final (53.6 mg / dL) was also significant (p = 0.013). Conclusions: the reassessment and intensification of treatment in patients at high cardiovascular risk treated in primary care, applying the indications of the guides, achieves the OT in more than three quarters of the previously uncontrolled within half a year. These results should encourage us to overcome the therapeutic inertia in the control of CVD by early and energetic performance against hypercholesterolemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: hypercholesterolemia-LDL (H-LDL) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The association between H-LDL and feeding has focused on nutritional aspects. The study of the association between eating behavior (EB) and H-LDL in university students, could provide nutritional elements for correction and/or prevention in this population. Objective: to assess the association between EB and H-LDL in university students. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 167 students from the Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico. LDL cholesterol in serum was measured and a concentration ≥100 mg / dL was considered hypercholesterolemia. The EB was assessed using a previously validated questionnaire. The association between EB and H-LDL was determined with a bivariate logistic regression, adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic status, smoking, energy intake, physical activity, presence or absence of obesity and family history. Results: eating lunch (morning snack) was related with 63% lower risk of H-LDL (OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.15, 0.90). Take food away from home once or twice a week was associated with a fourfold increased risk of H-LDL (R 5.14; 95% CI 1.12, 23.62). Subjects who reported consuming excess food (1 or 2, and 3 or more times/week) had higher risk of H-LDL (OR 3.26; 95% CI 1.10, 9.64 and OR 10.52; 95% CI 2.66, 41.60 respectively). Conclusions: some usual EB of the university students (Guerrero, Mexico) involve greater risk of H-LDL. To encourage actions corrective and/or preventive focused on these EB, could improve the health of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]