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The southern region of the department of Córdoba, Colombia, in the last ten years has shown growth in the cultivation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) as an alternative to replace illicit crops and improve the quality of life of the families that They have gone through armed conflict. The production system has shown potential given its yields that exceed the national average; However, there is no evidence of the presence of a study that investigates the efficiency in the allocation or investment of resources. The objective of the work was to determine the technical efficiency of this crop with information obtained from a structured survey applied to 158 cocoa farmers in the municipalities of Puerto Libertador, Montelíbano, Tierralta and Valencia. The information obtained contained technical and socioeconomic variables that allowed calculating the current state of the technical efficiency of cocoa cultivation for this region of the country. The technique used was the stochastic frontier through the estimation of parameters by the least squares method to a Cobb Douglas type production function. Although the yields are not low, the results show that the farmer has a technical efficiency of 39%, attributed to underutilization of resources resulting in a production gap. It is concluded that this inefficiency is also associated with social factors such as the advanced age of farmers and low levels of schooling, mainly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research study compares two methods of cellulose extraction from Theobroma cacao L. (CMT) clone Federación Arauquita 5 (FEAR 5) husks. Method 1 (Lubis) is an alkaline treatment with heating that uses sodium hydroxide and whitening with sodium hypochlorite. In the second method, a soxhlet extraction is conducted for a period of six hours, followed by an alkaline-acidic treatment. Physicochemical and thermographic analyzes are conducted to identify characteristics specific to the extraction method. The results show that the highest mass cellulose yield is obtained by the modified Lubis method 1 with 27.09%. It is concluded that the cellulose obtained can be produced and used to develop biotechnological products, contributing to the circular economy and the sustainable development of cocoa in the Department of Risaralda, Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodways and cooking are intimately linked to daily life and to the identity of societies. In this article, we explore the culinary practices of a middle-status household of the Pre-Columbian Maya site of Sihó, Yucatán. We applied spot test chemical analyses on pottery fragments and analyzed starch grains from pottery and obsidian prismatic blades recovered from a kitchen context within domestic group 5D72. The main results are the identification of starch granules of cacao (Theobroma cacao), sweet potato (Ipomea batatas), chili (Capsicum sp.) and corn (Zea mays) in jars, bowls, and vessels, some of them with damage from culinary processes such as grinding and cooking. Based on above, we looked at the evidence to propose the possibility of certain prepared, served, and consumed dishes at this domestic group, to analyze the household's access to food goods and to compare it with the same topics in elite houses such as the Central Group, seat of the ruler elite, and Group 5D16, which housed secondary elite. In this way, we discussed some identity aspects of Group 5D72 and its relations to other households of Sihó. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Cientifica Multidisciplinaria Mikarimin is the property of Revista Cientifica Multidisciplinaria Mikarimin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the discussion on modernization process of Ecuador's economy during the early 20th century, which was marked by fluctuations in the price of cacao and significant political events. Topics include liberal revolution led by Eloy Alfaro, the construction of the Durán-Quito railroad, and key legislation on labor and social welfare, as well as significant political crises and conflicts; and including a civil war and a border dispute with Peru.

The main objective of this research is to evaluate the potential of phenolic compounds obtained from the fermentation of solid residues in the post-harvest of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) in order to obtain the cocoa mucilage, 15 kg of cocoa were used for the extraction of the cocoa mucilage, which was subjected to a fermentation process for 5 days, The identification of phenolic compounds was carried out by HPLC/DAD chromatography, in which compounds such as theobromine, theophylline, epigallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, and p-hydroxybutyric acid were detected, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeine, acadio caffeic acid, vanillic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, p-coumaric acid, among others, the determination of antioxidant activity was carried out by the decolorization of beta-carotene, which decolorizes rapidly without the presence of an antioxidant, The application of the phenolic compounds was carried out in sausage-type sausage products, where they were subjected to a sensory evaluation to see their possible acceptance, which allowed us to conclude that the phenolic compounds extracted from the extract of Thebroma cacao (mucilage) were an important source of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa is one of the products with the highest production and export in Ecuador, which has positioned it, in recent years, in fourth place internationally, being a great generator of income for the country. Over the years, the international marketing of this product has generated various changes in the market, affecting the Ecuadorian cocoa sector. The exposed condition led to this research, whose purpose is to compare the exports of the cocoa sector in South America between the years 2012 and 2022. For this purpose, a comparative and descriptive study was carried out about cocoa exports in the South America countries, through documentary analysis and statistical data obtained from TRADE MAP, using the time series methodology on the volume of exports in recent years, with the application of the SPSS statistical software. Thus, market predictions for the next six years were established. It is noted that the cultivation of cocoa benefits more than 300 thousand producers, promoting the growth of the economy in the American meridian. Finally, it could be seen that over the years there were percentage variations in exports on which correlative projections were based, distinguishing Ecuador since it has remained among the main cocoa exporting countries, standing out for its quality, productive capacity and export, with the aroma cocoa phenotype being the most sought after by its buyers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetive: To determine the socioeconomic factors that affect the yield of the cocoa crop (Theobroma cacao L.) in Nicaragua. This research will contribute to provide information, precise and necessary to the design of projects and research focused to the needs and reality of cocoa crops smolholders. Methodology: A multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and multinomial logistic regression (MLR) were performed. 28 social and economic variables were used. A survey in 2018 with a sample of 140 farms, from a universe of 923, was conducted, 23 communities located in the municipalities of Rancho Grande, Río Blanco and Matiguás in the North center of Nicaragua Results: The MCA results indicate that the correlated variables with the greatest impact were the change in yield and the support received by the producers. The decrease in yields is due to the lack of of support, but also to formal support, represented mainly as a acces to credit, the increase in yields occurs when informal support is received. Conclusions: The yield of cocoa changes according to the support received. Limitations: The research shows that cocoa production in the área of study is affected according to the type of support received. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), has its origin in the Amazon and is usually grown under the shade of trees and or in full sun exposure. This variability in light conditions makes physiological responses different between cocoa cultivars. In the coming decades, an inevitable increase in global temperature is expected. By 2050, it is estimated that in the Latin American tropical region these increases will lead to reductions in precipitation greater than 10%, that is, we will have drier environments, which will undoubtedly affect cocoa cultivation. There is uncertainty in the possible effects of changes in temperature on cocoa due to the lack of information and the few cultivars that have been evaluated. The information collected in this review serves as a basis for understanding the responses of cocoa to light and temperature conditions and it is undeniable that more research is required to achieve a greater understanding of the complexities of climate changes and their effects on cocoa production. One aspect that stands out is a focus on research that must be carried out in field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of @limentech: Ciencia y Tecnología Alimentaria is the property of Journal @limentech, University of Pamplona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Introduction: In Tena, individual cocoa production is limited by problems such as: high humidity in the environment, inefficient drying of the fruit, contamination (drying on roads), low value added and internal consumption. Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of a direct solar drying system for cocoa beans in Tena. Materials and Methods: A tent-type natural convention and direct tipe solar dryer was constructed for an experimental drying analysis for 5 kg of cocoa beans and evaluation of temperatures in the system, drying speed, humidity and thermal efficiency. Results and Discussion: During the experimental analysis, the average difference in air humidity outside and inside the dryer was 10 % during the hours of higher solar irradiation, in the first five days 40 % of the humidity was lost in the cocoa beans, while in the following three days 7 % of the humidity was reduced. The average efficiency of the solar dryer was 15.38 %. This indicates an adequate operation of the dryer; the results obtained were within the range of 3 % to 65%. Conclusions: The dryer's efficiency was evaluated by drying 5 kg of fermented cocoa, obtaining at the end of the process 3.72 kg of cocoa with a humidity of 7 %. The main factors affecting the dryer's efficiency are: the relative humidity of the sector, the solar radiation that falls on the solar dryer and the exposed area of cocoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to give an account of the production of cacao in the Girón governorate and its circulation in the internal market of New Granada, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The aim is to reconstruct the commodity chain of cacao, with the different necessary links for the creation of this commodity. The different phases necessary for the cultivation and preparation of cacao are described, as well as the necessary social and commercial relationships between merchants and farmers that allowed for both the financing and circulation of the crops. For the development of this work, testaments, and debt and payment records registered in the Girón notarial archive were reviewed, as well as the alcabala record books of the city and the trade guides located in the Nation's General Archive. The comparison of notarial and fiscal sources allows for an account of the necessary relationships between local merchants and farmers, the magnitude of the cacao trade, and its importance within the local economy at the end of the colonial period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of @limentech: Ciencia y Tecnología Alimentaria is the property of Journal @limentech, University of Pamplona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Nutrición Clínica y Dietética Hospitalaria is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Dietetica y Ciencias de la Alimentacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M. is the property of Knowledge E DMCC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The cultivation of cocoa has become an item of great social and economic importance in Ecuador, being significant the realization of an agroecological diagnosis, to provide tools for the benefit of the sustainability of this crop. The objective of the research was to identify the limitations for the sustainability of cocoa cultivation in the Milagro canton, Ecuador, through an agroecological diagnosis that included social, economic, environmental and technical elements. The study population consisted of 70 cocoa producing families in the area. The census was used as a technique and the questionnaire as a data collection instrument. The elements that limited the sustainability and agroecological management of the cocoa crop were: the lack of benefits, the use of protective equipment, occupational safety and worker training. The lack of proper management of chemical waste and residual water was recurrent. Most of the producers had access to basic services, education, availability of food, markets to sell their production; however, it is necessary to carry out the review of the group that stated that they did not have the mentioned aspects. There was no sustainability in environmental and technical aspects, requiring an intervention in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We know of no studies on the microsporogenesis of the cocoa plant, and little is known about the ultrastructure of its pollen grains. Objective: To describe microsporogenesis and ultrastructure of pollen grains in T. cacao. Methods: We processed over 30 flowers for each floral stage and stained with Safranin-Alcian Blue, PASAmidoblack and Lacmoid. For transmission microscopy we processed samples on resin and stained with toluidine blue. For scanning electron microscopy, we fixed and dehydrated in 2.2-dimethoxypropane, critically dried and coated with gold. Results: Anthers differentiated by a cellular mass at the ends distal to the staminal filaments. During development, the anther wall has several cellular layers reduced, at maturity, to the epidermis and endothecium. Microspore mother cells divide by meiosis to form tetrads. The tapetum is secretory and intact until the grains are released, to later degenerate. Pollen grains are isopolar, spheroidal, small, tricolpate. Ultrastructure has a semi-tectate sporodermis, with reticulate ornamentation, and heterobrochated reticulum with the muri without ornamentation. Exine is deposited before intine. The orbicles are individual, smooth, and varied in size. There is abundant pollenkitt on the tectum and between the columellae. The intine is thin, but develops widely in the colpus areas, forming a compact internal intine and an unusual external intine with a columellated appearance. Conclusion: Anther structure and development follows the angiosperm pattern. Simultaneous microsporogenesis and centripetal deposition of the sporodermis are known from Malvaceae, but intine characters are novel for the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fermentation of cocoa is a process carried out by microorganisms whose composition and activity is relevant in the synthesis of precursor molecules for flavor and aroma. The objective of this study was to carry out a microbiological, sensory, and bromatological characterization of cocoa beans during the fermentation process in genotypes ICS 95 and CCN 51. For this, cocoa beans were extracted during the fermentation process, taking samples every 24 hours for seven days. In the laboratory, the isolation and identification of the present microorganisms were carried out. Yeasts were identified using amplification of the ITS region (Internal Transcribed Spacer), while bacteria were identified by sequencing the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Subsequently, cocoa beans were dried to 7% moisture, identifying the sensory profile from prepared cocoa liquor, through trained evaluators. The analyses allowed the identification of microorganisms such as Candida orthopsilosis, Hanseniaspora opuntiae, Issatchenkia orientalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kodamaea ohmeri, Tatumella sp., Tatunella ptyseos, Lysinibacillus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Acetobacter pasteurianus, Acetobacter sp., Gluconobacter sp., Gluconacetobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Bacillus cereus and Serratia marcescens. Sensory analyses indicated that the ICS 95 genotype presented better descriptors than CCN 51, such as walnut, fruit and floral, reflecting more intense basic flavors. On the contrary, in the CCN 51 genotype, a higher proportion of polyphenols, theobromine, and carbohydrates were detected. These results will allow determining the potential effects of these microorganisms on the sensory quality of cocoa beans, to significantly improve fermentation processes at an industrial level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualization: The floristic analysis of the components associated with the cocoa crop is considered as a keystone to design relevant agroforestry models. Knowledge gap: In the Pacific Coast of Nariño, traditional agroforestry systems of cocoa have a diversity of secondary species; however, there are few studies that have identified and characterized their economic and environmental benefits. Purpose: The objective of this research was to characterize the woody species existing in traditional cocoa agroforestry systems (Theobroma cacao L) of four community councils: Alto Mira, Bajo Mira, Rio Chagui and Las Varas, in the municipality of Tumaco, Nariño. It was developed within the framework of the project called "Study for the improvement of productivity and sensory quality (aroma and flavor) of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) regional department of Nariño", in which an inventory of the different tree species was made, and the diversity of these systems was determined by means of the Shannon and Simpson index (D). Methodology: 22 sampling plots, of 400 m² each one, were inventoried. Richness, density, basal area, frequency, dominance, abundance, and the index of ecological importance value (IVI) were determined. Finally, diversity was determined using Shannon's and Simpson's indices. Results and conclusions: 150 specimens of woody plants were found in the four councils, concentrated in 27 species. The community council Las Varas had the highest density with 0,014 ind/m²; there, the species with the highest number of individuals per family were Tabebuia rosea, Cedrela odorata y Cordia alliodora. The families that stood out the most for their abundance were Rutaceae, Moraceae, Meliaceae, Annonaceae and Sapotaceae. The species with an outstanding importance due to their value index were Cedrela odorata, Cordia alliodora, Pouteria sapota y Tabeuia rosea. Finally, in the Shannon and Simpson indices there were no significant differences; however, Las Varas council was prominent for its greater diversity of species, due to the different studies of implementation and evaluation of agroforestry arrangements that have been established in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad & Divulgación Científica is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Trace: Travaux et Recherches dans les Amériques du Centre is the property of Centro de Estudios Mexicanos & Centroamericanos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agroalimentaria is the property of Alejandro Antonio Gutierrez Socorro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agroalimentaria is the property of Alejandro Antonio Gutierrez Socorro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Cocoa is a very important crop in Ecuador, on account of the large quantities that are exported. Among the varieties grown is CCN 51, which has the highest yielding properties. Since the level of processing in terms of drying done by farmers in the area is very artisanal, it becomes necessary to seek new options for this process. Objective: To analyze the parameters for drying CCN 51 cocoa on an integral farm for its possible industrialization. Materials and Methods: The methodology applied was experimental, drying at temperatures of 45 and 60 °C in equipment with and without air flow, calculating the different drying kinetics in the 4 proposed treatments. Results and Discussion: The best result among the 4 treatments tested was the one used in an air flow equipment at 60°C, according to the Statgraphics Centurion XVIII statistical software data, where the best linear regression adjustment of R² was 97.95% and the correlation factor 0.98, while the linear regression model that best adjusted to the drying kinetics was the square root-Y logarithmic-X in the same treatment. Conclusions: The research concluded that the drying process carried out on the CCN 51 cocoa samples from the study area at 60°C had the best results, which is favorable for possible industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The use of stone mills (melanger) for the transformation of cocoa beans into chocolate is an option for small-scale production. With this project, the incidence of particle size on the flavor profile of cocoa paste was determined. The flavor profile of the cocoa pastes was also elaborated based on 75, 50 and 30 μm, where the tasters indicated that while the granulometry was reduced, the perception of the acid taste of the paste decreased, however, the bitterness remained constant and the other attributes (astringency, roasted, cocoa, seedy, fruity, floral and fatty) were perceived with higher notes as the cocoa paste became finer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in agricultural biodiversity is one of the keys to success. In the efforts of achieving a sustainable agriculture, the fundamental motivation in this research, was to evaluate the impact of the diversification of short-cycle crops in a System Agroforestry of Theobroma cacao L., in the Jamal massif, Baracoa municipality, on Sialitic Brown soil, undulating relief and average slope of 15 percent. Taking an extensive bibliographical review as a starting point, the materials and methods were established, selecting two plantations located in the same edaphoclimatic conditions. In one of them, alternatives were applied for the diversification of crops in the cocoa agroforestry system (polyculture) and in the other the normal conditions of the management of monoculture plantations were maintained. Plantings were carried out during the period from February 2017 to the first semester of 2018, in the Jamal cocoa massif, Baracoa municipality. Short cycle crops used: Zea mays L. (corn), Cucurbita pepo L. (pumpkin), Cajanus cajan (L.) (pipe pigeon pea) Huthy, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. (malanga). The productive efficiency of intercropping crops was compared to those carried out in monoculture, for which the equivalent index of land use (IET) was used. Coinciding with several expert researchers on the subject, it was validated that polycultures achieved greater efficiency than monoculture crops by presenting IET values greater than unity (1), without affecting the main crop and its yields. It was shown that associating short-cycle crops with cocoa cultivation allows obtaining various crops, increasing agricultural production, generating additional income for the producer and improving their food sovereignty, factors that positively impact the sustainability of the cocoa agroforestry system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of BIOAGRO is the property of Revista BIOAGRO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista CIENCIA UNEMI is the property of Universidad Estatal de Milagro (UNEMI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this project was to evaluate the physical and sensory quality characteristics of (39) thirty-nine cocoa samples collected in producing farms located in the municipalities of Oporapa, Saladoblanco, Elías, and Tarqui, in the southern zone of Huila. The collected samples were subjected to physical evaluation according to NTC 1252:2012 to perform a sensory evaluation, according to NTC 3929:2009 by a trained panel. Later a statistical analysis was performed, which allowed establishing significant correlations and differences between the evaluated municipalities. According to the results, the percentage of well-fermented grains for the four municipalities is an average of 62.6 %, and that of insufficiently fermented grains at 26.9 %. The municipality of Tarqui presented the best results of physical characteristics and sensory of cocoa beans, while Oporapa presented a high tendency to have pasilla grains. As possible causes, the genotype, the harvest of overripe ears, delays in the shelling of harvested ears, deficiencies in turning during fermentation and drying, harvest of ears affected by any disease, use of inadequate spaces or surfaces and under control in fermentation times and temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Analyze the governance models established around the Designation of Origin (DO) of cocoa in Latin America, in the cases of Cacao Amazonas in Peru and Cacao Grijalva in Mexico. Methodology: A case study methodology in comparative perspective was performed, built from documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews applied to key actors Results: Case studies showed a divergent behavior around their governance models. As well as in terms of the different levels of societal articulation, information symmetry, existence of collective decision-making mechanisms, participation of government actors, and of public policies aimed at promoting the cocoa chain. Limitations: it is necessary to include in future research the case of other cocoa territories such as Ecuador, which also has a DO Cacao Arriba. Conclusions: DOs are positioned as tools to promote territorial development based on the aggregation and value they can generate in the territories; however, the governance model defines the implementation of these initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of the physical characteristics of cocoa such as the bean index and the percentage of husk is a parameter of interest in the commercialization of dry cocoa. This methodology is supported by the Colombian Technical Standard NTC 1252, to determine the physical characteristics in the regional genetics FSV41, FEAR5, FLE2 and the universal genotype CCN51, cultivated in the municipality of Rionegro, department of Santander. This research was conducted with the main harvest of 2019 and the analysis of the information was valued in triplicate for each of the samples supporting the statistical analysis and the results obtained. The results present the FSV41 genotype with outstanding characteristics such as the large grain index and lower percentage of husk, in addition, the FSV41 genotype has fine attributes of flavor and aroma and is considered a promising genetic material of interest for its attributes in crop renewal and implementation of cocoa plantations for the economic and social contributions in the cultivated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytosanitary problems caused by vascular fungi affecting CCN-51 cocoa plantations have become very important in recent decades, due to the damage they cause. Species of the Botryosphaeriaceae family are associated with cankers and drying of buds, downward death, fruit rot and neck rot, symptoms that have been observed in different areas and that reduce plant production. In order to characterize and identify pathogenic isolates of this fungus at the molecular level, five symptomatic trees were sampled from farms located in the cantons of: Buena Fe, Mocache, Quevedo, Quinsaloma and Valencia of the province of Los Rios, obtaining 15 isolates from which DNA was extracted and sequences from the ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) and EF1-a (Elongation factor of alpha) regions were used. Sequence sizes were verified by electrophoresis and putative identities of 3 species were established using the Basic local aligment tool (BLAST). Phylogenetic trees constructed using maximum likelihood and nearest neighbor algorithms, with isolates in five cantons, confirmed the presence of Lasiodiplodia theobromae in Quevedo, Diplodia seriata in Quinsaloma and Botryosphaeria dothidea in Valencia, Mocache and Buena Fe, highlighting a polytomy among the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-harvest processes in cacao beans are decisive for the development of specific flavors. However, these reactions are subject to the initial characteristics, making it important to know the different conditions that occur in each material, and thus ensure that the possible mixtures during fermentation are the most appropriate. In accordance with the above, the need arises to carry out this study, which aims to characterize the physicochemical variables during the fermentation and drying of cacao materials. Ten materials were selected, following variables such as % weight loss, % moisture (testa and cotyledon), pH (testa and cotyledon) and fermentation rate during fermentation and drying. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance by Anova and Tukey's multiple comparison tests at a= 0.05. The results showed a significant difference in terms of % cotyledon moisture, % testa moisture, cotyledon pH, testa pH and fermentation index, which suggests the difference that exists in fermenting materials, which can influence the sensory quality of cacao produced in Colombia, which are mostly mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualization: The cocoa fruit (Theobroma cacao L), is composed of seeds (main object of interest for producers), placenta and shell (agro-industrial waste) with unknown or wasted properties by the farmer, which is why they are discarded in productive environments, causing various problems. This has led to the development of research on the knowledge of compounds with functional characteristics, mainly the cocoa shell as it is the largest post-harvest residue. The present investigation is evidence of total phenol content and antioxidant capacity present in these residues. Knowledge gap: Ignorance of the properties of the residual cocoa shell and with it, the extraction methodologies of these compounds, causes an inadequate handling of approximately 80% of the cocoa fruit, becoming the origin of problems that affect the production, by its deposited on the ground. Purpose of the study: To evaluate the content of total phenols and antioxidant capacity of ethanolic extracts of cocoa fruit shells (Theobroma cacao L.) from the department of Huila. Methodology: Cocoa fruits were collected from the municipalities of Elías, Oporapa and Timana, located in the south of the department of Huila, Colombia; They were taken to the biotechnology laboratory of the Centro de Gestion y Desarrollo Sustainable Surcolombiano- Yamboró headquarters and were physically characterized. Then, the fruit peel was removed, it was extracted at different concentrations of solvents and the total phenols were quantified by the Folín & Ciocalteu method and antioxidants by the DPPH method to be converted to the inhibition coefficient (IC50). Results and conclusions: The fruit shells resulted in an average of 82.95% of the total weight of the cocoa fruit taken from the 3 municipalities. The content of total phenols varied between 129.91 and 42.62 mg EAG / g. The antioxidant capacity against the DPPH radical varied with respect to the IC50 from 4.92 to 12.32 mg/mL. There was a relationship between the content of total phenols and antioxidant capacity depending on the method of extraction, quantification and analysis thereof. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Roca: Revista Científico-Educacional de la Provincia de Granma is the property of Universidad de Granma, Departamento Editorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Investigaciones Agroindustriales is the property of Revista Colombiana de Investigaciones Agroindustriales del Centro Agropecuario Sena Buga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The project arises as a response to the business challenge presented to the University - Company - State Committee (CUUES) and the Research Results Transfer Office (OTRI), which expresses the need to have a technology-based system with the capacity to monitor and manage the cocoa traceability process during the storage and manufacture of chocolate. In view of the above, the objective of this article is to propose the use of the Holt-Winters model as a strategy to predict the behavior of environmental variables that could be present in the cocoa bean storage process, incorporating the use of techniques analysis supported in time series. According to the results obtained, the proposed model allowed predicting the behavior of temperature, relative humidity and dew temperature, as a strategy for the control of fungi and mold that could emerge in the grain during its storage. Additionally, the proposed model can be considered as a very important prediction tool during the cocoa traceability process, reaching adjustment levels higher than 0.9, accompanied by a very low standard error of estimation and with a confidence level of 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining certain recreational activities with agricultural production contributes favorably to tourism; for this reason, this research analyzes the competitiveness of the tourist destination and the development of the Ecuadorian cocoa routes. A quantitative approach with a non-experimental, descriptive and cross-sectional design is used to collect information on 9 of the 16 identified tourist routes in Ecuador, where cocoa varieties are grown, especially fine aroma cocoa with denomination of origin. The objective is to analyze the competitiveness of the tourist destination and the development of the Ecuadorian cocoa routes in relation to the factors that contribute to the development of a tourist activity: product, performance, future and support for community tourism and, in this way, to understand the opportunity for tourism and cocoa production growth to be sustainable. There is an imbalance between the evaluated variables that do not favor the destination to reach a level of competitiveness compared to others that offer the same or similar product; in addition, there is a lack of strategies, actions or a monitoring and control process, which does not contribute to tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of stone mills for the processing of cocoa beans is an alternative for the small-scale production of chocolate. With this project, the refining time of the particles was determined to obtain cocoa paste for different purposes. The cocoa paste production line was on a laboratory scale and artisanal. During the refining process, the average diameter of the particles was measured every 15 min for 5 h. This process was carried out in triplicate and the granulometry of 75, 50 and 30 µm was obtained after 150, 225 and 285 min of refining, respectively. In general, with the obtained values, a mathematical model was adjusted, that explains the reduction in the size of the particles for this type of stone mill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agroindustrial Science is the property of Agroindustrial Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the Eighties, the central Costa Rican government has promoted the "agricultura de cambio" program whose main effort has been to encourage the substitution of traditional agricultural crops (black bean, maize and rice) by introducing new profitable plants as commodities (pineapple, peppermint, orange). Nevertheless, organized campesinos as the Asociación de Productores de Cacao Agroambientalistas (ASOPAC) are trying to maintain, promote and diversify their agricultural systems. This effort does not fit with the main purpose of governmental technicians who trying to engage them in specialized skill activities, related to the cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plant management. With the use of participatory, ethnoecology and social approaches it was investigated the existence and evolution of campesino biocultural knowledge in the Guatuso zone. These results shown that local farm arrangement's are focused on productive diversification, where the cacao cultivation is not the core anymore. Also, there were identified 63 plant species growing between the cacaotal. Likewise, it was shown the frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri) disease influenced as a change's generator towards the cacaotal management where the corpus, the praxis and cosmos were modified and allowed the introduction of resistant clones currently widespread on the zone. There were discussed the changes generated in the construction of the body of knowledge as a consequence of the arrival of diseases which influenced the evolution of current biocultural campesino knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]