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This study describes the evolution of multifactorial productivity in the manufacturing sector of the Colombian coffee region (Caldas, Risaralda and Quindío) in the period 2005-2019 through a panel of microdata obtained from the Annual Manufacturing Survey (EAM). To meet the objective, the methodology proposed is used to correct simultaneity biases, using the demand for intermediate inputs as a proxy for productivity and gross capital formation, in addition to real wages to estimate the functions of production by departments that make up the coffee axis. The results suggest that productivity in the department of Quindío has had an unfavorable behavior with respect to Caldas and Risaralda in the aggregate sphere, which may be the consequence of a heterogeneous industrial composition between the departments of the coffee region, where the added value tends to concentrate on areas of intensive industrial activity in physical and human capital such as Caldas and Risaralda. On the other hand, the findings at the firm level show that there is a dissimilar behavior between Caldas, where large companies are more productive, and Quindío, where productivity increases in smaller companies; meanwhile, for Risaralda the results are consistent given the size of the company [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on analyzing the productivity of Ecuadorian companies, through their own and contextual characteristics. The analytical part of the article surveys the vast literature devoted to productivity. From this framework, several testable propositions linking the companies' size and investment in Research and Development (R&D), with productivity. To test these propositions, we use data from the Economic Census (2010), which contains information from 511.130 firms, given their nature, the methodology used is Quantile Regression. This study provides evidence that both the size of the companies and the investment in R&D have a positive impact on Ecuadorian companies' productivity, which is consistent with the existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to determine if there is a dependency association between the characteristics of micro, small and medium-sized companies (MSMEs) in terms of size, seniority, level of education of their managers and gender, and the taking of credit «drop by drop». An investigation is developed with quantitative methodology and the population under study is taken as MSMEs of the city of Bogotá (Colombia). As main findings, it is identified that there is a dependency association between the variables of company size, company age, managerial level of education, and taking credit «drop by drop» (informal loans). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the productivity of an economy requires improvements in the productivity of its companies, and therefore greater business success. It should be noted that a company on the road to success is more productive. The objective of this paper is to analyse how internal and external factors influence the labour productivity of companies. This paper provides evidence that recognises the importance of the quality of business management, on the one hand, and the factors related to the functioning of markets and institutions, on the other, in determining the productivity of companies. The results show that business management practices and the quality of the business environment jointly determine the productivity of companies. However, there are differences according to the size of the companies, so that smaller companies have lower business productivity that can be increased if they improve their management practices and their physical capital endowment per worker. In addition, if institutions invest in improving the environment in which businesses operate, they are more likely to achieve greater business success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current crisis that affects economic and social aspects requires the participation of all agents for its solution. Companies must be the engine behind this economic and social change that bet on a competitive economy capable of generating welfare and employment. However, the starting situation raises certain difficulties, such as the size of the companies or the low starting levels in the use of technology. The digital transformation of companies and the economy is the crucial factor in improving this competitiveness. The axes of digital transformation, such as internal, external and improvement of digital skills must advance in a coordinated way. Digitalization is also an essential element in achieving the sustainability goals that we have set ourselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to examine how the conditions of the media internships in Journalism change according to the size of the company, distinguishing between small (1 to 20 employees), medium (more than 20 and fewer than 100) and large ones (100 or more). In order to achieve this, a questionnaire was provided to those students from University of Málaga and Complutense University of Madrid who had carried out their internships in media outlets during the 2017-2018 academic year (n=144). The results indicate the existence of different internship patterns: in small companies the retribution tends to be higher --although it is also where more internships remain unpaid--, students dedicate less time than their peers, their opinions are more heard, the relationship with their tutors is more fluid and they usually stay in a stable area of the company. In big companies the opposite phenomenon emerges, and it is nevertheless where there is a greater sense of belonging by the students --the majority of them would like to continue making a career in them--, while in small and medium companies the preference for a change prevails. In summary, the research shows well-differentiated internship profiles based on the size variable, which invites reflection on the characteristics of the companies and their role in the formative curriculum of Journalism students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between innovation and employment in the Peruvian manufacturing industry based on the model developed by Jaumandreu (2003) and Harrison et al. (2008) and distinguishes between two types of innovation: product and process. The results show that process innovation reduces the level of employment by an average of 0.45% by replacing employment with more efficient physical capital. However, product innovation is found to increase the level of employment by an average of 0.67%, mainly because a new product is brought to market. The results obtained are robust according to size of firm, the quality structure of the workforce, and technological capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Argentina, the informal economy represents approximately a quarter of total production. This study examines size and determinants of revenue underreporting in Argentinian registered firms from the perception of professionals in the field of the economic sciences. We propose a theoretical model that is empirically validated by an ordinal logit regression analysis. According to the results, the degree of revenue underreporting decreases with company size. Other significant determinants of the phenomenon are firm and entrepreneur characteristics. Furthermore, revenue underreporting is positively associated with excessive bureaucracy, low probability of detection, avoidance of changes in tax typology, increase in revenues through sales without invoices, uncertainty generated by the economic recession; and negatively with the lack of control of the business. Administrative and regulatory simplification stands out as a desirable policy for the reduction of partial informality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An algorithm to simulate and estimate the savings in electricity consumption costs of micro, small and medium size enterprises (MSMEs) has been used, and its reliability has been verified in an enterprise. The methodology includes Peruvian regulations to determine the charges corresponding to each electrical tariff, and thus can be applied for any kind of MSME in low and medium voltage. From the electricity consumption profile and tariff in three representative MSMEs it was possible to simulate the changes in the electricity tariff and the rating factor. With this methodology it was possible to identify the most convenient tariff for each MSMEs considering their rating factor during peak hour (PH) and non-peak hour (NPH). The satisfactory results of the simulation show that the methodology represents an important tool to increase the productivity and competitiveness of these economic units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the business dynamics of the manufacturing industries sector of the department of Huila (Colombia) during the period 2012 to 2017. A study was carried out with a quantitative approach of retrospective descriptive descriptive type, the source of information in the national database "Single Business and Social Registry (RUES) ". Companies registered under manufacturing industries were taken as the main sector where the variables were studied: economic activity, size, location and renewal of the commercial register. A direct association was found between business survival and micro and small sized businesses; and between business size and registered economic activity. These results offer a baseline to design and implement future projects that allow improving business development and, likewise, regional productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the conditions of extracurricular internships carried out by Spanish journalism students in order to describe their regular professional routines, the elements that most frequently determine their work and their level of satisfaction with the stay. A survey was conducted in the universities of Málaga and Complutense of Madrid (n=210), whose results present an asymmetric internship system: among other findings, the training conditions depend on factors such as the type and size of the company or the section where the students are allocated; the supervision is dissimilar, with company tutors being much more dedicated than the academic ones, hardly known by the interns; and more than half of the students have been compelled to sign pieces they find unethical or barely professional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between university - business cooperation and its effect on entrepreneurial innovation performance. It has three purposes, to examine the effect of universitycompany cooperation on innovative business performance and to determine whether the size of the company and the expenditures on research and development are factors that influence to develop the cooperation university-company for innovation. The national survey of innovation activities of Ecuador was used in 2013 with a stratified sample of 2.815 companies from 24 provinces of Ecuador. The logit, probit and tobit models were used for the econometric analysis. The research findings indicate that university - business cooperation positively influences the development of business innovation, and there is an influence of the size of the companies in the university-business relationship. However, this double helix has no relation with the investment in research. and development of companies in Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: La desigualdad salarial en los Estados Unidos ha sido objeto de numerosas investigaciones que no han tenido en cuenta la relación entre el tamaño de empresa y la distribución salarial. En el presente estudio se descomponen las diferencias salariales entre grandes, medianas y pequeñas empresas de 1992 a 2012, identificando los efectos y rendimientos de las características observadas de los trabajadores, así como la desigualdad residual. En ese periodo los tres tamaños de empresa convergieron hacia una mayor uniformidad y hubo un aumento generalizado de la desigualdad salarial, principalmente en la mitad superior de la distribución y en las grandes empresas, que presentan el mayor nivel de desigualdad residual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Se analiza el impacto del control del cumplimiento de cuatro normas laborales (salario mínimo, cotización a pensiones, contrato de trabajo escrito y horas de trabajo) en el Perú, donde la reglamentación y las sanciones varían según el tamaño de la empresa. Con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares y una estrategia de variable instrumental, la autora se centra en un margen de ajuste previamente no analizado, la reducción del tamaño de la empresa para beneficiarse de normas más flexibles y sanciones más bajas. Los resultados muestran que la inspección tuvo poco efecto en el grado de conformidad o en el tamaño de las empresas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the inclusion of Mexico in the OECD, this research paper attempts to answer the question of technological innovation for increasing the competitiveness of the four largest firms in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico economically and socially based on their size and characteristics. The research was part of a study conducted in the southeast of Mexico and it was sponsored by the FORDECyT. The current model of the OECD (2009-2010) with standards on the appropriation of knowledge, adapted to the direct interview method was used for the analysis.Although the results showed a noticeable backwardness in the four companies analyzed regarding the appropriation of knowledge, they also show ethnic and cultural differences in the Maya peoples living in this region when it comes to social businesses. They adopt complete technological packages and / or globalizing market models. When facing the impossibility of adopting or appropriating socially the knowledge, they are dependent on their workforce or their ancestral patterns of production and exploitation of the main resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the historical returns of the companies listed on the Colombian stock exchange, from January 2004 until June 2012, in order to determine the possible presence of a risk premium in smaller companies relative to larger ones. This premium is known as Size Effect and it has been found that it is significant after adjusting of risk by Capital Asset Pricing Model. The results obtained in this work for the stock market in Colombia do not show the presence of an additional risk premium due to the size of enterprises, rejecting both size effect and reverse size effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use information from surveys of economic expectations to see if the effect of monetary policy differs between large and small companies. The methodology used is vector autoregressions with regime change, MS-BVAR. According to the impulse response functions, to a shock in interest rates, the business climate both large and small companies regime responds positively during expansions, while during contraction responses are negative and more pronounced. The results suggest that larger firms are more sensitive to interest rate shocks. This is probably due to the low level of financial deepening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of quality systems provides internal and external benefits. This paper examines the relationship between the quality certification from the Institute for Spanish Tourism Quality in the performance and size of the hotel chains operating in Spain. This study shows that certification has a positive effect on the results and the size of the hotel chain is not a relevant factor to be certified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the importance of innovation and technology development in a country's economy, there has been an increasing need for selecting indicators to measure the degree of innovation of its companies. The indicators related to patents offer an excellent measure of this capability and can be used as an important source of information by innovative organizations, although the studies assessing this utility are scarce. This study, conducted throughout 2007, proposes a technology watch oriented analysis of the level of use of patent databases from more than 500 Spanish companies that have issued at least one patent in the period 1988-1998, followed by discussion of the study results. The analysis took into account global data, company size and sector of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the internationalization process of the firms, integrating contributions from the knowledge-based theory of the firm and the literature on international business to develop a conceptual framework for the contribution of experiential knowledge to improved performance in foreign markets. For this purpose, the structural equation modeling methodology is used to relate the different levels of experiential knowledge with the firm's stock of knowledge and the influence of this stock of knowledge on the adaptation of organizational capabilities to the market environment. Likewise, the work provides empirical evidence relating knowledge management to foreign market performance in a sample of Spanish small and medium-sized export firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serving the majorities market appears difficult for large companies, given all there is to be learned and the need to “begin from scratch”. For smaller companies focused on a market niche, the challenge posed may center in economies of scale they must reach to become profitable. The balance will favor those companies that manage, concurrently, to “bridge” the best of both scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we analyze the relationship between the size, financial profitability, and technical efficiency of banking institutions in Spain. The analysis is carried out by the use of multivariant techniques, factorial analysis, and cluster analysis to establish groups of banking institutions of homogeneous size. A non-parametric methodology, data envelopment analysis (DEA), is used to obtain the coefficient of technical efficiency of each banking institution. In addition, the influence of each institution found to be efficient in the previously conducted efficiency analyses is studied with the aim of determining if any financial institution (bank) affects the results in a particular way. Also, the bootstrap technique is used in order to obtain confidence intervals regarding the average efficiency and median efficiency of the banking system. Finally, the relationship between entity size, financial profitability, and estimations of technical efficiency are analyzed. Information on 82 Spanish banks (36 banks and 45 savings banks), representing nearly the entire Spanish commercial banking system, was used. [TRANSLATION]

En los mercados desarrollados, las acciones de las empresas de menor tamaño tienden a ofrecer rendimientos superiores a las de empresas de mayor tamaño. En Venezuela se han encontrado resultados que contradicen esta observación, aunque, en períodos de auge económico, los rendimientos se ajustan a la experiencia internacional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes some of the most common contingency's factors which helps chilean's SME to born and grow up. Lately, some common elements that describes the frame and performance of those organizations are characterized, being detached elements like improvisation and misalign between strategy and production assets (including human resources); facts that drives SME to low performance. To fight against this negative facts, the use of prescriptive normative managements models connected with others non prescriptive but complementary, is suggested. This frame will enable SME to obtain synergy, a real business process improvement and the alignment of them with organization's strategy. Finally, the article gives some proposals to facilitate the new SME's management system adoption, detaching the benefits from competitiveness's improvement and the better access to financing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work shows how the characteristics of the current business environment, in which knowledge and human resources are considered of high importance, should be propitious for implanting technologies like intranets. Nevertheless, this is not happening in Spain's small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). One of the causes of the low rate of adoption is the difficulty for managers to value and measure the benefits generated by intranets inside the organisations. With the traditional methods of economic valuation being questioned, we present the example of an analysis of benefits that intranets generated for 80 SMEs of the ICT sector, carried out by means of a methodology of measurement that combines qualitative and quantitative indicators. The results obtained show the positive contribution of intranets to these organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is not such a thing as "finance for family enterprises": financial crossroads and decisions of family enterprises do not differ from those at the rest of enterprises. The dimension that matters is size: enterprises of similar size share similar problems, regardless who are their owners. Probably, the principle that summarizes the financial dilemma of family enterprises is "to avoid that the cash needs on the enterprise could affect the life plans of the family and conversely" Generally, small and medium enterprises can not satisfy altogether the financial needs of all its affiliates; they tend to distribute few dividends and to pay its members with wages below the market in order to avoid to exhaust the enterprise's resources. The small and medium enterprises will have much more difficulties to overcome de excluding barriers to financial markets in comparison with the big enterprises, due to problems arising from asymmetric information. Therefore, the mix of financing sources through which they get resources are very different between big and small enterprises. Maybe, the most important response from financial markets to the problem of asymmetric information that hit small enterprises is microfinance and particularly microcredit. Opening capital to third parties is a good opportunity to raise funds and provide liquidity to shareholders' equity, to allow them to balance their portfolios or personal investment and make them less vulnerable to the family enterprise's performance. On the other hand, the lack of public scrutiny in many family enterprises can turn, in the long term, into the germ of their destruction, because they have nobody to question their strategies or to sound the alarm before new trends in the market or problems that can be embarrassing for the family. Regardless the size of the enterprises, they all have to build the best possible corporate government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural variables consideration as conditional factors for the managerial development has been a permanent issue in the economic and organizational analysis, creating the study of different realities and needs, mainly associated to the size criterion. In the current case, Competitive Intelligence is understood as basic module for the strategic actions approach which does not depend on the structural scope for its running, but rather the real difference lays on the development intensity, according to the resources and capacities available within the organization. The competitive phenomenon observation, in terms of rivalry, always has been a basic reference for the organizations in the decision making process, nevertheless, the monitoring and analysis system has not (generally) a continuous and methodological character, losing the main value related to the challenges identification, that is to say, the time to anticipate or answer; taking into account key competitive information can appear at any time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article demonstrates that Business Intelligence (Bl) is not only for big firms. SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises) can perfectly apply Bl and organize the management of knowledge. Based on a global model this article demonstrates how a SME can afford and benefit from a Bl team. As is the case for the larger firms, SME will benefit from some collateral advantages such as securing the information that the SME generates. As compared to bigger companies, SME are not permitted basic errors, such as believing h an "instant magical solution". Also, the article describes the application of an IQ (Information Quotient) test for taking a picture of the natural Bl already existing within a firm. An analysis of these tests permitted a better understanding of the differences between employees at certain levels, namely production, sales and R&D. Through certain models, readers will see different examples from very basic and part time Bl teams up to almost full time Bl managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro, small and medium enterprises are very important in economy at national and regional level, in industrializes countries and also in those with less development like Mexico. Nevertheless, the owners of these economic entitles have not access to credit and, in many times, they need use informal sources that put them in worst situation. The paper present the most important figures about mexican micro, small and medium enterprises located in Pacific states and describes five financial sources (governmental and NGOs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 65 and 90 per cent of worldwide companies, are family businesses. It has been hard to define in a single word this kind of organizations. Usually, people think that family businesses are small companies and ore often mistaken with small and medium sized enterprises (SME'S). But not all SME'S ore family businesses, and not all family businesses are small or medium. How are Venezuelan family businesses? To answer this question, Debates IESA interviewed members of seven different families that are entailed to companies with different cultural origins, businesses and sizes: Poncho Crema, Postelería Danubio, Fuller, Telares Palo Grande, Tecni-Ciencias Libros, Banco del Caribe y Don Perro. They all hove in common the initiative of a founder, preserved and expanded as the new generations have organized their relationship with the enterprises. When creating a family business, the pioneer will stamp the values that will mold its performance. Even though the founder was the one who promoted the idea that was made real successfully, the successors have to concentrate in directing the enterprise and assure its continuity and the prosperity of the family's equity. in family businesses there are two aspects that are often antagonist: love and money. Combining both requires creativity, an adequate response to circumstances without generating major conflicts between family members, a good communication and a spirit of tolerance. As the business grows and the dynamics between family and business become more complex, communication must become formal One way of doing it would be to establish procedures, conduct meetings to discuss the business' strategies, elaborate a family protocol, as well as planning for family member's participation in the enterprise and its succession. A way of government within the business should also be determined to ensure its continuity. A positive aspect of family ownership is the fact that by controlling the equity the adoption of a long term view is favored. Also, the patient and constant seeking of investments can yield excellent results. However, control of the property could cause distortions; for example, losing sight of the market. Working in a family business may have its advantages that, if properly seized, could end in success, prosperity and the continuity of the business in time. The unity and compromise of the family influence the business" performance, as well as the organizations" mystic: pursuing on ideal a personal sacrifice and long term view. As the enterprise grows, as well as the family, the capital's structure and its dynamic become even more complex. One of the difficulties is defining roles, especially when performed by family members. The lack of definition could interfere with the external professionals' performance within the business, confuse employees and create friction between and family members and externals. Two sensible aspects with growing importance have been women's and in-laws' incorporation within family businesses. Women's participation in family enterprises has become more relevant, as founders or employees. Similarly, in-law relatives' incorporation into the business is always a sensible topic because of the resentments that might arise within consanguineous members. The general recommendation is for the family business to use government bodies and to apply policies and norms to rule family members' participation. One of the most difficult tasks is for the founder to identify the right time to retire. Delaying this decision might be prejudicial especially if it happens when there are opportunities to grow or redefine the business. There are different mechanisms to face these situations.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre la gestión en el entorno empresarial. El autor comenta sobre el estado de la gestión de las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMEs) y las compara con organizaciones más grandes. También se considera la importancia del tamaño de la empresa en su gestión exitosa.

El artículo explora las consecuencias de crecer una empresa y las actitudes posibles de los emprendedores acerca de la gestión de sus empresas. Se discuten de los retos y la crises que suelen ocurrir con la expansión de una empresa, así como las respuestas posibles. Se discute del papel de la madurez y la visión en la realización del éxito en esta actividad.

Se discute la práctica de la Inteligencia Competitiva y la Vigilancia Tecnológica dentro de las empresas de mayor tamaño y los efectos sobre las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMEs). Se discute la situación de las PYMEs canadienses. Se consideran las semejanzas que existen entre la experiencia de estas empresas y las de la Comunidad Hispana. En otro artículo, se propone un estudio sobre la experiencia de un grupo de empresas y la Vigilancia Tecnológica. También se presenta una entrevista con Jan Herring, un experto en Inteligencia Competitiva, sobre el futuro de su disciplina.