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A clear discrimination against women has been verified in multiple areas, among which it is worth mentioning the prevention of occupational risks due to the use of asbestos. The absence of a gender perspective in the Law on the Prevention of Occupational Risks, the traditional regime of employer responsibilities, or the traditional Social Security protection system are fundamental elements to deal with. A truly relevant aspect in conducting this study has been the absence of scientific or informative doctrine in this regard, since, among other reasons, the construction of Law has been conducted from a reality corresponding to the masculine sphere. For this reason, among the bibliography and non-legal sources, scientific-medical articles, interviews, information provided by victims' associations and press releases predominate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercialization of asbestos in Europe in the second half of the 20th century translated into consumption of millions of tons of this material. Occupational exposure to asbestos is controlled under the 2009 European Union Directive. Currently, through epidemiological surveillance and pathology registries (mainly mesotheliomas), it is possible to record past exposures. Despite prohibiting its use, large amounts of asbestos remain in buildings, infrastructures and vehicles, among others. The road to elimination of existing asbestos began with a 2013 European Parliament Resolution and the Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee (2015 / C 251/03). To better understand barriers to implementing these plans, we reviewed the experience in Poland the only country that to date has implemented an action plan with great financial support, together with actions carried out in Spain generally, and Navarre specifically, given the latter's exhaustive registry of exposed workers. The enormous economic effort required to implement these plans, along with the environmental risks associated with asbestos abatement, require detailed planning, which should consider understanding why the objectives set by Poland, a benchmark country, have not been achieved to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an occupational tumor caused by asbestos exposure. In Mexico, as asbestos usage is not prohibited, an increase in the number of cases is expected. Asbestos exposure is ubiquitous due to the great amount of products in which it is present. Its carcinogenicity is caused as the inhaled asbestos fibers cannot be eliminated by macrophages and, thus, they travel to the pleura through lymphatic pathways, producing a persistent inflammatory response. Diagnosis approach includes occupational history, along with clinical signs and symptoms, and paraclinical studies, such as pleural fluid cytology, chest x-rays, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and biopsy with immunohistochemistry. The main differential diagnosis is lung adenocarcinoma. Regarding the treatment of this tumor, it mainly comprises palliative care, even though chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and, in selected cases, surgical treatments have been used. There is an urgent need for general physicians and specialists to identify asbestos exposure, in order to make a timely diagnosis. Research is necessary to develop screening and prompt diagnostic tools, along with an epidemiological surveillance program for the workers and the general population exposed to asbestos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to describe clinical and radiological features of patients with pleural mesothelioma, according to main histological types. Methods: clinical records of inpatients admitted with diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma to the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias in the last 11 years, were reviewed. Results: we analyzed 85 cases confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The most frequent histological type was epithelial (84.7 %), followed by sarcomatous (12.9 %) and mixed (2.4 %) types. Comparison between epithelial and sarcomatous types showed no differences in age (53.7 ± 13.1 vs. 55.9 ± 11.0 years, respectively), male:female ratio (2.3:1 vs. 1.8:1), history of asbestos exposure (34.7 vs. 27.2 %), tobacco habit (54.2 vs 45.4 %), occupation, evolution time (4.8 ± 3.3 vs. 4.4 ± 3.7 months), pain, dyspnea and cough, right-side predominance (55.6 vs. 81.8 %), radiological image with pleural effusion (59.7 vs. 36.4 %) or pleural thickening (38.9 vs. 63.6 %), and diagnostic efficiency of closed pleural biopsy (58.3 vs. 27.2 %). Conclusions: our results suggest that clinical and radiological features of epithelial and sarcomatous histological types are very similar. Additionally, we found a high frequency of epithelial mesothelioma, which contrasts with findings from other countries, suggesting that the type of asbestos or other factors involved in the development of pleural mesothelioma differ from those existing in other regions of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is mainly caused by asbestos exposure. For its diagnosis it is necessary to make a thorough occupational history, to analyze the clinical symptoms and auxiliary tests, being the most important computed tomography and biopsy, which is considered as the gold standard. Computed tomography is relevant because it is a non-invasive test that is usually done first and can lead to diagnostic suspicion for MMP. Treatment is mainly palliative even though chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery have been used, nevertheless prevention, through asbestos banning, is the only effective policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]