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Objectives: To establish the anatomical location and characteristics of the mental foramen and the presence of accessory foramina through the evaluation of cone beam computed tomography in an Ecuadorian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 203 tomographies scans of adult patients (90% dentate and 10% edentulous) of both sexes (100 men and 103 women) aged between 20 and 65 years were analyzed. The scans were collected as a convenience sample from the UDICIS Professional Development Center, the Clinic of the University of the Hemisferios, and the private clinic Buccal Dental Studio in Quito, Ecuador. The variables studied in the transaxial plane were analyzed through 1 mm slices and 0.5 mm intervals. Results: The location of the mental foramen was predominantly found along the longitudinal axis of the second premolars on both the right and left sides, according to the classification by Al Jasser & Nwoku, in position IV (45.81%, 46 men and 47 women), followed by positions III, V, II, and VI. Regarding the size of the mental foramen, the size of 2 mm to 2.99 mm predominated in both sexes (n=85: 41.87%). The prevalence of accessory foramina was 39%. Conclusions: The mental foramen was located on average 13.65 mm above the mandibular base and 15.1 mm from the foramen to the alveolar ridge. Its most frequent location was below the axis of the second lower premolar (position IV). The oval shape predominated, with a size ranging from 2.0 mm to 2.99 mm. Accessory foramina were found in 39% of the cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The lower second molar mostly has a C configuration and it is important to know the internal anatomy and classification to have a better clinical approach, so the objective was to evaluate the prevalence and types of C-shaped canals in permanent mandibular second molars by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: 150 CTHC images of mandibular second molars were used. The following was recorded: sex, presence of Cshaped canal, location, morphology and type of C configuration according to Fan's classification, which is divided into C1, C2, C3 (c and d), C4 and C5. The chi-square test was used to analyze the differences between groups (p=0.05, considered a statistically significant difference). Results: Of the 300 teeth evaluated, 12.6% had C-shaped canals. There were no statistically significant differences between C-shaped canals and sex. This configuration tends to appear bilaterally, however, when it appears unilaterally, we find it mostly on the right. At the level of the pulp chamber floor and middle third, C1 was the most frequent and at the apical level it was C4 for both parts (37 and 47). Conclusions: The prevalence of Cshaped canals is not high. Bilateral appearance is more common than unilateral. Fan's classification is a complement to Melton's, since it will help us understand in more detail the morphological changes of this configuration along the root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

De humani corporis fabrica libri septem is a book written by the Flemish Renaissance physician and anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), who was a professor of anatomy at the University of Padua and physician to the court of Emperor Charles V. It is in this book that for the very first time in detail, a learned academic lesson on the anatomy of the human body can be observed, in a compendium of seven books, based on direct dissections of the corpse, created and documented by a young professor (Vesalius at the age of 28) for his Medicine students. This work was printed in ciceronian latin and published in Basel in 1543 in the workshop of the humanist, linguist, and printer Johannes Oporinus (1507-1568), and illustrated by artists from the Titian workshop such as Jan Stephan van Calcar (1499-1546). Nowadays considered a literary, scientific and artistic jewel, Vesalius'fabrica of 1543 was a milestone in the history of medicine and is considered the foundation work of modern anatomy atlases, and basis for the teaching method of the discipline in medical careers worldwide. This original Mexican volume, is now considered part of UNESCO World Heritage and is the first book of its kind in America since the 16th century. It is part of the old and rare book collection of the Palafoxiana Library in the city of Puebla in Mexico. In this article, its characteristics are described and for the first time, documented in detail from its original source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a basic subject, the study of human anatomy challenges the development of generic skills in students. Such is the case of collaborative work which is transcendental in the areas of healthcare work. Consequently, an inverted classroom is developed wherein teamwork activities are developed. The objective of this work is to analyze the impact of the flipped classroom on collaborative work in teaching anatomy. A quantitative, cross-sectional, non-experimental study that involved the implementation of a flipped classroom in an Occupational Therapy course in 2023 was applied. From 5 planned sessions, work was developed in 6 groups; they included content synthesis and clinical cases. At the end of the semester, a grade average (GA) was determined, along with a self-assessment (SA) and co-assessment (CA) measuring collaborative work through 3 sub competences (SC1-SC3) (scale 1.0 to 7.0). Statistical tests were applied to determine differences between SC1-SC3 according to SA and CA, by groups and if there is a relationship with GA. The Mann Whitney U test did not show differences between SA and CA. The Friedman test did not show differences between SC1-SC3. The Kruskal-Wallis H test found differences in sub competences according to groups; SC1 could influence GA, SC2 records differences in group G1 and G5, and "conflict management" (SC3) does not differ significantly between the groups. The Spearman correlation presented a weak positive association between the sub competences and GA, although the p-value was not significant. It is extremely necessary to promote collaborative work at the beginning of the undergraduate degree. In this context, human anatomy is an opportunity to promote its development. This can be generated within the framework of the inverted classroom promoting collaborative work activities, and academic performance as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iliopsoas muscle is the main hip flexor being an accessory lateral rotator of this, its fibers run posterior to the inguinal ligament, crossing anterior to the pelvis. This course occurs in a groove located between the iliopubic eminence medially and the anterior inferior iliac spine laterally. Although there are antecedents of this groove, no relevant comments are found in international anatomical terminology (IAT) as a groove within the pelvic bone reliefs. This groove is associated with the tendon in different hip dysfunctions, such as the hip snap (coxa saltans). The objective of the research is to expand the clinical and anatomical knowledge of this groove and its inclusion in international anatomical terminology. Within the inclusion criteria, articles published in Spanish and English were selected that referred to the groove and/or keywords such as "iliopsoas muscle", "iliopsoas muscle", "iliopsoas groove", "coxal groove", "iliopsoas groove". and “iliopsoas muscle” “coxal groove”. The search engines used were Pubmed, Google Scholar and Springer Link. The relevance of the iliopsoas muscle groove gives way to discussions regarding its shape and depth, as well as a point of reference associated with different clinical situations related to this groove and probable predispositions to injuries or snaps that occur in the hip. Finally, knowledge of the groove for the iliopsoas muscle is important to consider in research that addresses this region, as well as its ana [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of medicine begins with the study of the macroscopic and microscopic structure of the human body, which has evolved over the years. In 2019 with the Covid-19 pandemic, education changed from the traditional in-person to virtual modality, which implied a series of changes for teachers and students. In the present work, a questionnaire was administered to 123 medical students at the Catholic University of Santiago of Guayaquil in 2023 about the teaching of anatomy and histology during and after the pandemic. Among the results, 43.1% prefer face-to-face evaluations, 86.2% state that the teacher-student relationship is better in person, virtual education generates demotivation in 57.7%. In theoretical anatomy and histology, it is preferred that the teacher use all the teaching resources available, as well as in practical anatomy, and in practical histology, however, the use of a microscope is preferred by 45.5%. For this reason, face-to-face education is preferred both in theory and in practice of anatomy and histology, being flexible in the pedagogical resources of theory, but in practice, especially in histology, the student prefers conventional teaching. In conclusion, the study of basic medical subjects should be done in person whenever possible, and use the virtual modality in special cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective. The anatomy and release of the mandibular osseocutaneous ligament under direct visualization using the endoscope is defined as a surgical strategy in facial rejuvenation surgery. Methods. Ten endoscopic series are presented for the localization, identification, and anatomical characterization of the mandibular osseocutaneous ligament, as well as its release in patients undergoing deep-plane facelifts. An easy and safe maneuver for locating this ligament is described, as well as its precise anatomical characterization using the endoscope for possible modifications in deep-plane surgery. Results. The ligament is located through the inferior masseteric space with the endoscope, after passing through the platysma and achieving visualization of the depressor anguli oris (DAO) with its origin on the mandibular border and crisscrossing medial fibers of the platysma and insertion into the modiolus. In the anterosuperior recess of the DAO, the ligament can be found and defined, as well as precisely released. Conclusions. Our methodology provides a level of certainty and safety to deep-plane and extended SMAS techniques, and becoming a surgically easy-to-perform tool when the surgeon intends to modify the osseocutaneus mandibular ligament in deep-plane surgeries and when we want to limit skin dissection to improve vascular safety of the skin flap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Eighty Years' war (1568-1648), amidst the struggle for the independence of the Netherlands from the Spanish Empire, a 26-year-old Rembrandt created one of 17th-century's masterpieces painting. The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, painted in 1632, is a widely recognized masterpiece known for its detailed portrayal of the human anatomy, as well as for the amount of information available about its content and the moment immortalized. At the center of the piece lies the dissection of the left forearm illustrating muscles and tendinous structures such as the flexor digitorum superficialis, the abductor digiti minimi, the flexor pollicis longus tendon, the Camper's chiasma, and seemingly nervous structures. The painting embodies the pursuit of scientific progress, empirical confirmation, and the conveyance of knowledge. This article focuses on analyzing the accuracy of the forearm dissection as well as the potential anatomical errors in the structures painted by Rembrandt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bony tissue variation called Ponticulus posticus (PP) is described in the posterior arch of the atlas, which has been associated with the development of cervical pain. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of PP in digital lateral cephalograms. This study was an observational descriptive study, in which 450 digital lateral cephalograms obtained from the database of the Oral and Maxillofacial Imaging Service of the Faculty of Dentistry of the Andrés Bello University, Viña del Mar, Chile, were analyzed. The presence of PP was analyzed in each cephalogram, and the Cederberg and Stubbs classification was used to determine the degrees of ossification. The Chi-square test was applied to establish an association between the presence of PP with gender and age. Of the 450 lateral cephalograms, 42.4 % presented PP, with a higher prevalence in the 21-40 year range. In terms of the degree of ossification, grade 2 was the most prevalent type (25 %), followed by grade 4 (9.5 %), and grade 3 (8 %). No association was found between the presence of PP with age and gender (P > 0.05). PP is common in the population and is observed at different ages without a sex preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

William Shakespeare is considered the most important writer of the English language, and his works demonstrate a deep knowledge of medical topics. In passages of his works, he refers to the liver, pia mater, heart, bile and gallbladder, blood, and fetal circulation, directly or through metaphors, sometimes based on the theories of Galen and Avicenna. It is speculated that he may have obtained this knowledge from his father-in-law, Dr. John Hall, from the 'Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum,' or from William Jaggard, who published some of his works and the first English anatomy book [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dynamis is the property of Dynamis - Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Granada and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro is the property of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The mammary gland has its embryological origin, later it differentiates histologically and anatomically; over time new findings have been discovered, as well as new terminology. The aim of this work was to describe the update on the morphological aspects of the mammary gland. A search for articles was carried out in different primary and secondary sources of scientific literature such as: Pubmed, Embase, WOS, Scopus, Scielo, obtaining 623 publications, 53 selected for review and 17 included. The breast has been updated in morphological aspects; the ducts are located close to the areola and the nipple where they open directly, the branches of the ducts are located close to the areola; the nipples have between 15 and 20 lobes, of which only 5-9 are true mammary duct orifices, there are no lactiferous sinuses, so the milk flows directly into the nipple, in terms of innervation of the breast they are innervated by the anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves. The existing evidence demonstrates the need for permanent studies in the field of morphology, as described in this review article on the breast. In different aspects, such as terms, functions and structures. This information is important for undergraduate and postgraduate training, and its use in the clinic, identification of pathologies, lactation clinics, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objective: Using videos as complementary teaching material can replace part of the teaching hours and be helpful in acquisition of knowledge in Otorhinolaryngology. To evaluate this alternative the impact of visualizations of 4 videos on performance in specific questions of the Otorhinolaryngology exam will be analyzed and students’ perception of these videos will be evaluated. Method: Quasi-experimental analytical study, conducted in 213 students of Otolaryngology of Autonomous University of Madrid divided in two groups (intervention and control). Differences between intervention and control group were analyzed using the chi-square test or the exact Fisher test (p value<0.05 statistically significant). Feedback from students on the videos was collected. Results: The total number of video visualizations was 883. Significant differences were observed (p < 0.01) on performance in question "ear 1" with 27.78% of success rate of the experimental group versus 7.50% of the control group, and in question "neck 2" with 38.89% of success rate of the experimental group compared to 81.80% of the control group. Most opinions about the videos (94.87%) were positive. Discussion and conclusions: No significant impact on performance was found, easy access to videos and positive feedback from students highlight its usefulness as a complementary teaching material to classes in Otorhinolaryngology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testut & Latarjet (1980), Bouchet & Cuilleret (1986), Latarjet & Liard (2005) y Rouvière & Delmas (2005) describe the intrinsic relationships of the renal pedicle (PR) from two coronal planes, the renal pelvis (PER) being the element that limits between both. Trivedi et al. (2011) showed relationships between the elements of the RP that do not coincide with the descriptions provided by these authors. Knowing the possible variants in the intrinsic relationships of the RP is of the utmost importance in surgical practices such as renal transplantation (García de Jalón Martínez et al., 2003). Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the variable relationships between the elements that make up the RP in the juxtahilar region of the kidney. 23 RP were studied, formalized at 10 % and provided by the Dissection Team of the Second Chair of Anatomy of the University of Buenos Aires. PRs were classified into two groups. In Group I, the tributaries of origin of the renal vein (RVOA) were in the same coronal plane. In group II, the AOVRs were in different coronal planes. Each group was subdivided into different patterns. Patterns I and II, with the highest incidence, were associated with group I and patterns III, IV and V with group II. In pattern I, the VROA were anterior to the renal pelvis (PER) and posterior to the prepelvic artery (PPA). In pattern II, AOVRs were prior to PER and APP. Patterns I and II make up group I and presented a higher number of incidence in our investigation. There are also variants that occur less frequently than these patterns, these comprise group II of the classification proposed in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To start teaching anatomy, the recently established medical school of the University of Tarapacá (UTA) acquired innovative and state of the art technological resources in digital and 3D media. The first cohort of medical students used these resources in 2016 and positively assessed the subject studied and its didactic methodology through a combined approach (BLearn). These results were published in 2018, and it was deemed a successful local teaching model until 2019. Since the beginning of 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic impacted Chile particularly hard, and universities had to adapt their teaching model. In our case, we carried it out by teaching the subjects using a comprehensive online learning approach through the Internet (E-Learn). The first and second semester of anatomy were taught to 36 students in the first year of medicine 2020. In addition to traditional resources such as study texts and laboratory guides, to migrate to a fully online ELearn course model, the digital and 3D resources stored in the local database of the SECTRA® digital dissection table and its RIS/PACS portal IDS7 SECTRA® platform were used to be taught via the internet through Zoom® in real-time and via Intranet UTA platforms in conjunction with Moodle® for the tasks and subsequent evaluations. The transition from a B-Learn model to an E-Learn model was carried out successfully thanks to the experience gained in previous years in terms of design and use of teaching resources, in addition to the local database with previously stored anatomical resources in digital format. Student performance was outstanding during the pandemic, showing the versatility and adaptation of new digital native students to emerging learning conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The teaching of anatomy is transcendental for every profession in the health care area. In the Chilean context, this is characterized by being mainly traditional with a one-way transfer of information. Currently, it is proposed to achieve a more significant learning, with based models such as Flipped Classroom. The objective of this study is to compare the academic performance between the traditional model (TM) and the flipped classroom (FP). Two 1st year courses were intervened, from the Nutrition and Dentistry degrees at Universidad de La Frontera in 2022, in which TM and FP were applied, comparing the performance with a post-class test in Nutrition, and workgroup in Denistry. Descriptive statistical analyzes and tests that compared the grades obtained were performed. In one of the groups, the students were segmented by performance to analyze how each model affects the type of student. A better post-test average was obtained with FP in Nutrition; 4.9 ±1.3, in contrast to an average of 4.2 ±1.3 for TM (1.0 to 7.0 scale). Student's t test showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05), and the ANOVA test reported differences in the results in FP, with better performance in that case. For Dentistry there were not significant differences (p>0.05) in the evaluations of the workgroup with TM and FP. It is imperative to improve the Anatomy's teaching in favor of achieving significant learning, mediated by peer work and the student as the protagonist proposing FP, which in turn benefits individuals with lower performances at the beginning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe the forearm muscles of the domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) and compare them with those of the dog. The limited available literature on cat anatomy and the use of non-standardized terminology in it led us to investigate this species and its peculiarities. The cadaveric material used consisted of thoracic limbs of cats and dogs, injected with 10% aqueous formalin solution and preserved by immersion in the same solution. Significant differences were observed when comparing the structure and topography of the muscles located in the cranial-lateral and caudal cells of the forearm in cats and dogs. They are described following an anatomical-functional criterion. The observed differences were characterized based on photographic records of the dissections. By observing and comparing the thoracic limbs in both species, it can be concluded that the cat has a greater relative muscular development in the forearm. However, the arrangement and direction of the muscles are very similar to those observed in the dog. The cat's great ability to perform pronation-supination movements was evidenced by the presence of a greater number of muscle heads and their marked relative development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Estomatología is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Anatomical knowledge of the nasopalatine canal (PNC) is essential for performing surgeries in the anterior sector of the maxilla and thus anticipating possible complications. The objective of this work is to evaluate and determine the anatomical and dimensional variations of the CNP according to sex, age and dental status. This cross-sectional study analyzed a total of 251 CBCT images obtained from the database of the Oral and Maxillofacial Imaging Service of the Faculty of Dentistry of the Andrés Bello University, Viña del Mar, Chile. To evaluate the statistical association between CNP variations with sex, age and dental status, the Student's T test, chi-square and ANOVA (p<0.5) were performed. The CNP showed variability in terms of morphology and dimensions. The most predominant shape of the PNC was cylindrical (65.33 %) and the most frequent shape of the canal curvature in the sagittal plane was straight inclined (54.98 %). The mean length was 10.92 ± 2.82 mm, being greater in men (p<0.01). The most frequent anatomical variation in the coronal plane was the single channel type (57.76 %). The effect of sex on the distance between the anterior wall of the PNC and the buccal crest of the maxilla was not significant (p>0.05). In addition, a significant difference was detected between the dental state and the dimension of the vestibular table in relation to the CNP (p<0.01). CNP variations should be considered to avoid potential complications during surgical procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the pandemic and the restrictions regarding in person attendance, different learning methodologies had to be explored and implemented to virtualize the contents in the Anatomy subject. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of teachers and students regarding the methodologies used in the virtualization of this subject. An observational-descriptive study with a quantitative approach was carried out. The study population was a convenience sample made up of 57 students and 4 teachers of the Normal Human Anatomy and Embryology subject of the Dentistry degree, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar campus during 2021. These participants answered a validated questionnaire that included closed questions with a 5-level Likert scale, considering learning dimensions, motivation and performance, and qualifying questions to find out the perception of the strategies and resources used. Students positively perceive all digital resources, highlighting the Normal Human Anatomy Manual, with learning being the best evaluated dimension. The best perceived active strategy in terms of the 3 dimensions corresponds to the case method. In contrast, the inverted classes were perceived negatively in all dimensions. In relation to teachers, the best perceived digital resource was videos and capsules, highlighting the motivation dimension. The best evaluated active strategies were the case method and inverted classes. Despite having a positive perception regarding virtualization, there is no agreement between the best evaluated active strategies and digital resources among teachers and students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We make a review of the first years of the Argentine Association of Anatomy, which was created in the year 2000 and which is currently still in force. Its origins, objectives, first presidents and congresses are described, as well as publications, in addition to its inter-societal relations, among them the Chilean Society of Anatomy stands out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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From the most remote Jurassic time, the Greek civilization, the Claudio Galen’s ancient Rome, the Middle Ages and contemporary Renaissance, the Harvey and Malpighi’s modern age, as well as the 19th century considered as the "modern period" of Anatomy, where Galen's descriptive vision is expanded, and Vesalius' architectural vision, have been the arts an important factor to take into account in the science development. Leonardo da Vinci and Andrés Vesalio are considered great anatomists, who contributed the most with their art to its development. The current influence of the successful contributions of these two universal men in the anatomy rooms are considered as essential ideas, since the classical anatomy teaching has been carried out in all the world’s universities by means of cadaver dissection methods, established methodology in the anatomical environment that should not be dismissed or replaced, if not complemented with the new current resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the position of the mental foramen evaluated in panoramic radiographs in a radiological center, Lima 2022. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective investigation was carried out; which consisted of a sample of 276 digital panoramic radiographs. The position of the mental foramen was evaluated using the observation technique, using the All Jasser classification for the horizontal dimension, as well as the Parmani classification for the vertical dimension; In addition, the analysis was carried out by descriptive statistics to measure the frequencies and percentage. Results: It was observed that the most prevalent mental foramen position was between the lower premolars in the horizontal dimension with 49.3% on the right side and 52.9% on the left side and in the vertical dimension the position of the mental foramen more The prevalence was between the apex of the first and second premolars with 49.3% on the right side and 52.9% on the left side. Conclusions: The most prevalent position of the mental foramen was between the lower first and second premolars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of the relationship between the maxillary sinus and the apices of the upper posterior teeth is crucial to avoid complications when considering different treatments. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, with a convenience sample of 383 images of upper posterior teeth roots, obtained by means of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) from a radiological center in Viña del Mar, Chile. Each root was classified according to its vertical relationship with the sinus into 4 categories (0: apex is not in contact with the lower contour of the sinus; 1: apex is in contact with the sinus; 2: apex laterally to the sinus; 3: apex protrudes in sinus). In addition, its distance was measured in mm. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The tooth farthest from the maxillary sinus was the maxillary first premolar (4.2 mm), followed by the maxillary second premolar (1 mm). In the upper first molar, the most distant root was the mesiobuccal (MV) 1mm, followed by the distobuccal root (DV) 0.6mm and the palatal root (P) -1mm. In the upper second molar, the furthest root was P 0.4mm, then DV 0.3mm, and MV -0.11mm. In reference to the categories, it was observed that most of the roots are far from the sinus, with the P root of the first upper molar and the MV root of the second upper molar being the most protruding (42 % and 26 % respectively). The first premolar is the posterior maxillary tooth that is furthest from the maxillary sinus and as one advances posteriorly there is a tendency to decrease the distance between the apices and the maxillary sinus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In preliminary studies, we observed a high prevalence of the use of psychoactive substances (PS) among Anatomy students, with a greater impact among recurrent students or those with work activities. The cause of use is multifactorial, but risk and precipitating factors stand out, such as the workload of the curriculum, study demands, distress due to negative cadaveric coping, the new educational context and the number of hours of sleep. The objective was to compare the prevalence of SP use between the 2011-2019 cohorts, with a focus on behavioral determinants. Observational, cross-sectional and comparative study using a standardized and anonymous survey in 945 students (year 2011= 122; year 2013= 158; year 2015=204; year 2017= 228; year 2019= 233). Statistical parameters were applied, significance was defined as p<0.05 and the ethical-legal requirements for research were met. We observed a significant increase in reported SP consumption in order to increase study hours, highlighting the use of coffee, energizers, psychotropic drugs (modafinil) and acetylsalicylic acid. We found that the number of working hours was proportional to the amount of substances used; and in the recurring group, the correlation with the use of psychoactive drugs was presented (modafinil: r> -0.84; AA: r> -0.71). In the case of benzodiazepine anxiolytics, it was associated with lack of sleep and distress due to negative coping with the study with cadavers. In the cohorts compared for a period of 9 years, we found a high prevalence of psychoactive substance use with an increasing trend. The variables work activity and recurrence were determinants for the use of substances, and issues related to university adaptability and negative study coping with the corpse were associated; all with pedagogical impact on the teaching and learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current context involves a generally increasing access of technologies and information, which has a strong impact on the classroom. Students are passive and reluctant to the traditional teaching model. Thus, innovations take center stage, such is the case of the Flipped Classroom (FC) model. The aim of this paper is to describe the application of FC in the teaching of human anatomy in a university environment. Four sessions of the General Anatomy program were intervened with a group of 41 students. The content was approached in 3 stages: pre-class, class and post-class, using multimedia resources and platforms such as Moodle and YouTube. The activities included virtual lessons, group work and minimalist quizzes. At the end of the semester a student perception survey was applied. Achievement percentage in preclass were 40.45 %, 55.46 %, 43.75 % and 76.04 % for sessions 01 to 04. The grades for class group work were 5.8±0.34, 6.1±0.46, 6.0±0.78 and 6.7±0.38 for the sessions worked. In the survey 63.2 % and 76.3 % of the students stated that they "very satisfied" that FC enhances autonomous and collaborative work, respectively. 73.6 % preferred the FC model over the traditional one. The FC model has shown to promote a better evolution of the teaching-learning process, being adaptable to basic science disciplines such as human anatomy. A positive experience of this innovation must be supported by well-structured programming, support inside and outside the classroom, and the adjustment of successful strategies. There is an imminent need to adapt to the new context where access to technologies and information is a priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corpse's putrefaction is caused by the action of bacteria, fungus, heat and humidity. To prevent the corpse from being destroyed, it is necessary to perform some procedures on it that modify the physical and chemical properties of the organic matter through different means. The cadaveric preservation processes are mainly caused by the exposition to external natural factors of time, mode and place, or to chemical factors injected. Many of the used formulas have always been jealously guarded and transmitted orally to selected groups. This tradition continues nowadays. The development of scientific knowledge boosted the register and diffusion of the current preservation techniques. This work proposes to put on paper the teachings of the master of anatomy, Professor Rodolfo Manuel Lafalla (†), about compiling preservation techniques without formaldehyde that were taught to him and transmitted throughout time in informal registers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Entramado is the property of Universidad Libre Seccional Cali and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tiempos Modernos is the property of Tiempos Modernos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and objective. Plastic surgeons continue to search for measures to create perfect breasts and avoid complications and undesirable results in aesthetic breast surgeries. We set out to evaluate and describe the deep relationship of the clinical submammary fold of patients in the thorax, to establish its correct position and effectively recreate or reposition it in aesthetic breast surgery. Methods. A descriptive, prospective and longitudinal study was performed. The population consisted of 16 female patients (32 breasts) underwent primary aesthetic breast surgeries, mastopexy with or without implants. In all the breasts, during surgery, and as part of the surgical dissection necessary for the intervention, the internal anatomy of the clinical submammary fold was documented, describing its components (subcutaneous cellular tissue, mammary gland) and its relationship with the chest wall (muscle, ribs and intercostal space). Results. The clinical submammary fold was more closely related to the subcutaneous cellular tissue and projected more frequently towards the sixth rib. We found that it was composed of a single tissue in 43.8% (14 breasts), of which 92.84% (13 breasts) were subcutaneous cellular tissue and 7.14% (1 breast) was mammary glandular tissue. In 56.2% (18 breasts) it was the combination of subcutaneous cellular tissue and mammary glandular tissue. Regarding the relationships with deep structures of the clinical submammary fold, it was found in costal arches in 75% (24 breasts), more frequently the sixth costal arch, and in 25% (8 breasts) in intercostal spaces, more frequently in the fifth one. Conclusions. Based on our findings, we establish guidelines to locate the clinical or preexisting submammary fold in a more anatomically correct position and thus be able to couple it with the surgical submammary fold (retropectoral) in primary and secondary breast surgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To provide reference values for anatomical measurements of tendinous structures and metacarpal ligaments in Colombian Creole donkeys using ultrasonography as a measurement tool. Materials and methods. Ultrasonographic examination of the tendons and ligaments of the palmar metacarpal region of limbs was performed in 15 clinically healthy donkeys. The variables to be measured were: cross-sectional area (cm2), lateral medial width (ALM) (cm) and dorsal palmar thickness (EDP) (cm). Results. It was found that there is no difference in the measurements between the two members or in relation to sex. In addition, it was found that the structure with the largest area in the proximal areas (1A and 1B) was the suspensory ligament (0.548 cm2), and in the distal ones (2A and 2B) the deep digital flexor tendon (0.468 cm2). Conclusions. Anatomical measurements of the tendinous structures and the palmar metacarpal ligaments in Colombian Creole donkeys are similar to those found in the international literature. Reference values for anatomical (morphometric) measurements of palmar metacarpal tendons and ligaments in Colombian Creole donkeys were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injuries to the common fibular nerve and/or its derived branches result in total or partial loss of the ability to dorsiflex the ankle-foot complex. A viable option to treat this pathology is nerve transfer, which consists of using a donor nerve to restore function to a damaged nerve. The use of the nerve for the soleus muscle (SN) is frequent as a donor to restore the function of the common or deep fibular nerve, for which it is essential to know in detail the anatomy of this nerve. Twenty-two lower limbs belonging to the anatomy units of the Universities of Chile and Santiago were used. Dissection was performed until the SN was reached, the number of main and secondary branches (SB) was observed, as well as their origin and length, and the leg was divided into quadrants to determine the location of the motor points. The SN in most cases (95.4 %) is unique and originates from the tibial nerve or from the common trunk with another muscular branch. The average distance between the origin of the NS and the biepicondylar line was 28.77 mm; the average length of NS until its division into SB or direct penetration was 52 mm. The NS was divided into SB, observing that in 12 cases it was in 2 branches, in 3 cases in 3 branches and in 7 cases there were no SB. The motor points were located in the proximal fifth of the leg, 23 cases in the first lateral quadrant and 4 cases in the first medial quadrant; in the proximal quarter of the leg, 7 cases in the second lateral quadrant and 4 cases in the second medial quadrant. The data obtained will be a contribution to anatomical knowledge and reconstructive surgery of the nerves of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic forced universities to abruptly teach their subjects in an online or semi-face-to-face format. This is how the use of the Hyflex educational model emerged as an alternative. The objective of this study was to know the perception of students and teachers about the experience in the use of Hyflex in anatomy. Mixed-type descriptive study was carried out, with a convenience sample of 115 students and 7 teachers who participated in Applied Anatomy during the year 2021 in the Skills Rooms of the Simulation Hospital of the Andrés Bello University, Viña del Mar, Chile. Data collection was through a self-application questionnaire with a 5-level Likert-type scale and a focus group with a script of 9 semi-structured questions. The quantitative data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and the application of the Mann-White test to compare between groups with a P < 0.05. Qualitative data were analyzed using grounded theory to identify main categories and subcategories. Both teachers and students had a good perception of the use of Hyflex. In both groups, the highlight was that it enabled access to online content and activities that complemented face-to-face activities. However, both groups agreed that they do not learn more in the online format than in person. In addition, in the focus group interviews two main categories emerged, satisfaction (highlighting the subcategories content understanding, administrative aspects, access to information) and modality (quality of learning, performance, participation, reception of information and social aspects). Hyflex is an alternative to teach anatomy content, although students and teachers perceive that attendance is essential to provide an adequate learning experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mylohyoid muscle, one of the suprahyoid group, forms the floor of the mouth. Its main function is swallowing. It is a margin between the sublingual and the submandibular spaces and is important in the pathway of oral and maxillofacial infection. In prosthodontics, it is one of anatomic landmarks that limits the lingual margin of the mandibular denture. Currently, the muscle receives much interest in the fields of maxillofacial reconstruction and rejuvenation. The hemorrhagic issue around the mandibular lingual region is usually involved with the mylohyoid especially in the dental implant installation. This review covers anatomic features of the mylohyoid muscle with diverse clinical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Human Review is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The following study consisted of an anatomical description of the bony segments of the splanchnocranium of older animals, focused on horses (Equus caballus) and cattle (Bos taurus). The skull constitutes the bony skeleton of the head, housing the brain and sense organs; thus, it gives structural support to the face and contains the initial sections of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. It comprises a series of bones articulated with each other, allowing us to distinguish bone segments that limit the face (splanchnocranium). However, although the vast literature on their anatomy in these species is one of the contents in anatomy subject programs for students of the veterinary area, there are very few texts that generate a comparative differentiation in parallel to the time to study these structures. For this reason, we sought to create an article that allows a comparative start to be made to the head of larger animals, focused on cattle and horses, specifically at the level of the bones of the face or splanchnocranium. It was possible to distinguish a series of structural differences and dimensions between the bone segments of both species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Puma concolor is one of the largest carnivores present in Chile, although its size varies according to the geographical area in which it is found. It is increasingly common to find them outside their habitat and more in our environment. Its ecological, reproductive and nutritional aspects are known, but very little is known about its anatomy, which creates a challenge in the veterinary morphological area that needs strengthening. The present study consisted of an anatomical description of the appendicular skeleton of three adult specimens of Puma concolor (3 males) in the veterinary anatomy laboratory of the Universidad San Sebastián, headquarters of Patagonia Puerto Montt, which allowed a detailed study of the conformation of the skeleton of each structure present in the thoracic appendicular skeleton of these specimens. This allowed us to achieve results of morphological interest and delve into the anatomy of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical-emotional perceptions have proven connotations in training and professional future. To analyze the evidence on the measurement instruments to evaluate the physicalemotional perceptions in students of Anatomy in medicine. Systematic review in which observational studies from 2010 to 2020 were consulted in the Scopus, Ovid, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science and ProQuest databases, with validated search terms. The study selection process was synthesized in a flow chart. Data extraction and quality assessment were done by three independent reviewers using scales from the National Institutes of Health in the United States; The agreement between reviewers was assessed with the Fleiss kappa coefficient. 28 differentiated studies were included in validated measurement instruments (n 16) and studies that used other collection instruments (n 12). The most frequent types of validation were internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha and construct, factor analysis. There is an acceptable number of instruments that evaluate the subject, new studies are required that provide evidence of the rigor in the measurement processes with cross-cultural adaptation and of different types of instrument validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The pancreatic ducts and duodenal papillae present variable location and morphology. This variability must be known when performing endoscopic, surgical or radiological procedures that involve them; necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of bilio-digestive pathologies. The objective of the present study is to review the anatomy of these structures, record possible variations and carry a review of the literature. Material and method: A descriptive, observational anatomical study was carried out, in which 40 duodenum-pancreatic blocks were dissected from adult corpses of both sex preserved in formaldehyde. We recorded the frequency, location and morphology of both duodenal papillae, the prevalence of the main and accessory pancreatic ducts and the site of junction between the two ducts. These findings were compared with classic and recent literature. Results: The percentage relative frequency of the major and minor duodenal papillae was 100% and 87.5% respectively. The first was predominantly located at the second portion of the duodenum, in its middle third and in the posteromedial sector (82.5%); while the minor papilla was found in the upper third of the second duodenal portion, anteromedial sector (80%). The main and accessory pancreatic ducts were found in 97.5% and 87.5% of the cases, respectively. The junction of the pancreatic ducts was found in 54.3%. Conclusions: Classical anatomy prevailed in the studied structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced all university teaching to be taught online, including the teaching of human anatomy. The objective of this work was to evaluate the students' perception regarding digital resources and active strategies used in the online version of the human anatomy subject. The sample consisted of 77 first-year dentistry students who were studying anatomy. For data collection, a self-application questionnaire and three focus groups with semi-structured questions were used. Quantitative data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and qualitative data using grounded theory. The qualitative analysis determined 6 relevant categories expressed by the students: possibility of working collaboratively, feedback spaces, type of information, use of the material, perception of the academic and the time factor. Regarding the quantitative analysis, the manual of Applied Anatomy for Dentistry Students was the best evaluated digital resource (p<0.005), which was statistically significant. It was followed by the Visible Body 3D atlas as the second best evaluated digital resource (p < 0.005). While the analysis of clinical cases and the making of drawings were the best evaluated active strategies, they were statistically significant (p<0.005). The most recommended digital resource by the students, was the manual (30.4 %) followed by the Visible Body 3D atlas (28.5 %). The most recommended active strategy was group labeling of manual models (37.5 %). Students positively perceive the virtualization of the subject, highlighting the role of the teacher through feedback and peer interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain in the talar region of the foot affects approximately one third of people over 65 years of age. Likewise, a large number of patients who consult for this condition reveal radiological findings of an abnormal growth of the hook-shaped calcaneus called a calcaneal spur (CS). The objective of the present study was to relate the prevalence and biometrics of CS in Chilean individuals according to sex and age. A descriptive-correlational radiological study was carried out where 400 lateral projection radiographs of the feet of 200 Chilean patients between 15 and 90 years of age were randomly reviewed. The analysis of the 200 people examined showed that 135 (67.5%) presented CS unilaterally or bilaterally. The presence of at least one CS is greater in the female sex 104 (52%) than in the male sex 31 (15.5%), however, this difference is not statistically significant p = 0.621. The average age of the people who presented CS is 60.43 years, much higher than those who do not present (43.51 years), this difference being statistically significant P = Sig. It can be concluded a prevalence of 67.5% of CS in the study population, higher in the female sex and directly related to age. This information will be of great morphological and medical value due to the little existing literature on this matter in Chilean individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pudu (Pudu puda), belongs to the Artiodactyla order and the Cervidae family, corresponding to the second smallest deer in the world and is endemic to Chile and Argentina. They are herbivores that feed on young leaves and shoots of certain trees, shrubs, herbs, fruits, and flowers. The status of is species is classified as Vulnerable; therefore, its hunting and capture is prohibited, this because its population has decreased substantially due to the loss and fragmentation of native vegetation, forest fires, attacks by feral dogs and poaching. There is little scientific anatomical information available on this species, and even more so regarding its digestive morphology, which is why studies are required to provide specific information on this deer. Two adult female pudu specimens were used, which were donated by the Agricultural and Livestock Service (SAG) of Talca, Maule Region, Chile. Among the results, we can indicate that the oral cavity, salivary glands and esophagus resemble other domestic ruminants; there are also similarities with the field deer, however, there are differences such as the shape and development of the parotid gland; the parotid duct passes ventral to the masseter muscle and opens into a papilla at the level of the upper third premolar; the mandibular gland is divided into three wolves; the sublingual gland only has a polystomatic portion, the dorsal buccal glands are smaller than the ventral buccal glands, the ventral buccal gland is elongated and compact and the presence of a rounded intermediate buccal gland is observed, it has 11 palatal ridges per side in the hard palate and also the incisive papilla is found surrounding the dental pulvino. This information is relevant and corresponds to a report on the specific knowledge of this species, which is endemic, vulnerable, and protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both through dissections in cadaveric material and through imaging methods, multiple anatomical variants have been described in the vascular system, the superior cava system being no exception. These congenital or acquired modifications may difficult the performance of endovascular procedures, such as the placement of central venous lines. For safe performance of such procedures, knowledge of these variants is essential. This study reports the case of an individual with Ebstein's disease surgically corrected by a tricuspid valve replacement and bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis (Glenn procedure), who was admitted for placement of a long-term central venous device. Pre, intra and postoperative imaging studies allow mapping the patient's anatomy, planning and performing the surgical act as well as control of the devices placed during evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In carotid surgery, proper anatomical knowledge is essential to reduce surgical time and complications. The aim of the present study is to provide landmarks for the localization of the facial vein in respect of the carotid bifurcation and its anatomical characteristics. Materials and methods: 20 carotid triangles of formalin fixed adult cadavers were dissected. The following measurements were recorded. The "carotid axis" was defined and measured as the distance in cm following the longitudinal axis of the common and internal carotid artery from the clavicle to the upper edge of the posterior belly of the digastric (L1). Distance from the carotid bifurcation to the carotid axis (L2). Distance among the facial vein and the carotid axis (L3). Distance between the facial vein and the carotid bifurcation (L4). Also, we recorded the number of tributaries received by the facial vein and the exit site. Results: L1 mean 14 cm (range 9.6-15); L2 mean 10.1 cm (range 7.5-12.5); L3 average 8.6 cm (range 5-12.6). L4 Average1.3 cm (0.2-3.1). Discussion: In most of the cases studied, the facial vein was found below the carotid bifurcation, however the distance between the two was 1.3cm on average, so we can say that they are close to each other. Conclusion: The proximity between the facial vein and the carotid bifurcation found in the present study allows us to conclude that the facial vein is potentially useful as an anatomical landmark to locate the carotid bifurcation in carotid surgery. Also, due to its proximity, the facial vein can be injured and thus lead to complications during this procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]