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Copyright of VAD: Veredes, Arquitectura y Divulgación is the property of Alberto Alonso Oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The retreat of glaciers is a reality throughout the Andes Mountain range, especially in low-altitude mountains. One of these cases is the loss of the remaining ice mass in Carihuairazo (Tungurahua, Ecuador), which in recent years has experienced a considerable retreat. This research aims to characterize the retreat of this glacier and its implications for the nearby community (Cunucyacu) through the application of a multi-source methodology, which includes the collection of glacier aerial photographs, data from nearby meteorological stations, the use of global climate reanalysis data, interviews with community members, and mountaineers who work and frequent the area. To characterize the glacier's mass evolution, a hydroglaciological model was applied, using input data from meteorological series, and its parameters were calibrated with the photographic record of the glacier's outline. The results show a glacier loss of 99% of its surface in 1956 (0.34 km2) by 2021. The model successfully simulates the glacier area variation over 67 years, revealing a continuous decrease since 1978, with short periods of recovery and equilibrium, where temperature is the variable that best explains the glacier's retreat. However, the model fails to consider the effect of external factors, such as the eruption of the Tungurahua volcano that could enhance the glacier retreat. The Carihuairazo glacier is in a situation of inevitable disappearance, highlighting the vulnerabilities of communities facing this phenomenon as a consequence of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper describes a singular group of evidence gathered on a small hill at ca. 900 meters of altitude. The hill is located in mid-eastern Asturias, near the Cantabrian Mountains in the northern part of Iberia. The archaeological remains consist of one prehistoric barrow at the top part which is already included in the Sites and Monuments Record. Moreover, several other tiny elevations surround the main barrow, and around them, a few new enclosures have been identified. Despite their irregular conservation, all of them have small parapets meaning clear archaeological features. Old and new data were gathered thanks to three different techniques used in this research: fieldwork, aerial photographs and LiDAR analysis. Due to the lack of archaeological excavations and geophysics analysis, the chronology suggested here must be, at this point of the research, very broad. Finally, the manuscript explores different kinds of enclosures, from prehistoric and historic times, which can be similar to the evidence identified in el Cuetu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualization: Direct measurement of biomass in pastures is the most reliable method; however, it is a destructive and wasteful method. Knowledge gap: Recently, techniques using remote sensing to estimate physiological and morphological characteristics in crops have been investigated from their optical properties and reach biomass estimates. It is valuable to evaluate these techniques in perennial forages such as Kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus). Purpose: This work aimed to develop a methodology to estimate biomass in prairies based on their spectral and morphological characteristics using different sources of remote information. Methodology: A grazing strip of 1870 m² was used, subdivided into 27 subplots, where direct measurements of biomass and undisturbed height (ASD, for its Spanish acronym) were carried out. Aerial photographs were taken with a UAS. A Sentinel 2B satellite image that captured the scene of the study site coinciding with the UAS flight date and the field measurements was selected. A digital elevation model (DEM) was calculated using aerial photogrammetry techniques, which was used to estimate pasture height. The Red-Green-Blue Vegetation Index (RGBVI) was calculated from the orthophotography, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was determined from the satellite image. The height measured in the field was correlated with the estimated height by DEM using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The biomass measured in the field was correlated with the NDVI, RGBVI, and the estimated height through linear regression models. Results and conclusions: A strong correlation (0.64) was found between the directly measured height and the height calculated using the DEM. However, the correlation between NDVI and biomass was low (R2= 0.13), and no relationship was found with the RGBVI index (R2= 0.02). An average relationship (R2=0.42) was found between the height estimated by DEM and the biomass, indicating that this is a promising methodology to replace destructive methods and to provide more accurate information in time and space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Entorno Geográfico is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper describes a singular group of evidence gathered on a small hill at ca. 900 meters of altitude. The hill is located in mid-eastern Asturias, near the Cantabrian Mountains in the northern part of Iberia. The archaeological remains consist of one prehistoric barrow at the top part which is already included in the Sites and Monuments Record. Moreover, several other tiny elevations surround the main barrow, and around them, a few new enclosures have been identified. Despite their irregular conservation, all of them have small parapets meaning clear archaeological features. Old and new data were gathered thanks to three different techniques used in this research: fieldwork, aerial photographs and LiDAR analysis. Due to the lack of archaeological excavations and geophysics analysis, the chronology suggested here must be, at this point of the research, very broad. Finally, the manuscript explores different kinds of enclosures, from prehistoric and historic times, which can be similar to the evidence identified in el Cuetu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Agrology Subdivision of the Agustín Codazzi Geographical Institute (IGAC), through the Internal Interpretation Working Group, carried out the 1:25.000 scale geomorphological mapping of the Department of Cesar, Colombia, following the methodology proposed by IGAC, which is based on a hierarchical geomorphological classification used for soil surveys. The methodology applied in the geomorphological mapping process for soils provides a technical reference that allows to identify and delimitate geoforms in a standardized way of semi-detailed scale for the different areas in the Cesar Department. Therefore, for this interpretation, digital stereoscopy techniques were used from photogrammetric and Orthophoto mosaic blocks generated with aerial photographs. Likewise, as from products obtained from Digital Elevation Models (DEM), basic and thematic cartography and multispectral images, were provided by the IGAC National Satellites Images Bank. The geomorphological zoning revealed 5 geomorphological landscapes: The High-elevation Mountain, the foothills located at its base, the hills formed by scattered low reliefs, the Valley with its elongated alluvial deposits and the Plain formed by extensive alluvial planes associated with the Magdalena River. The geoforms identified are mainly composed by transported clastic sediments and alterites from different types of rocks. The arrangement of the current geographical relief is strongly related with the Quaternary climate changes, especially in the Holocene, due to the changes in sea level that affected the Colombian Caribbean Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales Interdisciplinares is the property of Common Ground Research Networks and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Boletin de Geologia is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The location of the Balearic Islands in the centre of the western Mediterranean and their usefulness as a naval and air base, was an important factor for the observation and monitoring of the islands by the Axis and Allied forces. From October 1941 to March 1944, the Balearic Islands were closely monitored through aerial photographs taken by the British Royal Air Force in reconnaissance flights departing from Gibraltar. These photographs were used to report to the war cabinet on the situation in the ports and airfields. In addition, high-resolution photographic images were used in special interpretation reports for each island. These technical photo-interpretation studies were part of an exhaustive territorial analysis in preparation for a military occupation. The discovered historical aerial photos are of great interest because, by means of georeferencing, it is possible to analyse the historical evolution of the geomorphology (coastline and beach-dune systems), biogeography (vegetation and wetlands), land use, infrastructures (including ports and airports), urban development, and even the first tourist facilities at the beginning of the 1940s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Caldasia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The indicators related to the Regulatory, Provisioning and Cultural Ecosystem Services were mapped, based on semi-structured interviews of owners and Administrators of 32 farms with banana crops, in Quindío Colombia. Three visits were made per site and ethnographic methods were used as a means of data collection, such as dialogue, approach to farmers and their families and semi-structured interviews. Aerial photographs were taken, in order to effect the division of the lots. In these lots, the geospatial position of the SE indicators was considered. The maps were created by means of the Argis 10.1.1 software, a Geographic Information System (GIS) tool. The combination of the participatory mapping of the indicators associated with the ecosystem services, with the GIS tool and the hierarchical analysis of clusters, allowed the grouping of the farms, facilitating the identification of the lots in which both threats and strengths in the generation of said services are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangroves have different degrees of interaction between oceanographic, climatic, geomorphological and soil conditions. Those interactions have strong impacts on local salinity conditions and availability of water and nutrients at local level, and on mangrove structure and composition. Based on the analysis of aerial photographs, field sampling and statistical multivariate analysis, floristic composition and structure of the mangroves present in the Sanguaré Natural Reserve were analyzed. Three types of forests were identified according to the physiographic classification of mangroves. A fridge mangrove dominated by Rhizophora mangle L. in a juvenile state, with low structural development, and two types of inland or basin mangroves dominated by Avicennia germinans (L.) L. The first of them, located behind the fridge mangrove, showed high salinity in the soil and in the interstitial water, predominance of sandy sediments, and low values of height and diameter at breast height (DBH) average of the trees. The second, with a low number of adult trees in all diameter categories, high basal area, low natural regeneration potential, and high concentrations of Fe and Cu in the soil, probably associated with contamination by domestic spills. The location of the first inner mangrove behind the fridge mangrove reveals the typical zonation of many mangroves in the world. The floristic composition, structure and distribution of the mangroves in the Sanguaré Reserve are the result of the interaction of local environmental variables such as salinity and soil texture, as well as the anthropic intervention prior to the establishment of the reserve and the current human presence being very close to the mangroves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of economic activity in the Oviedo region in northern Spain in recent decades has deeply altered the territorial model. The traditional dichotomy between rural and urban landscapes is blurring, and many functions are being relocated in formerly rural areas. The construction of motorways, and other transport infrastructures, accompanied by the triggering action of both public and private investment, lax legal frameworks, and the amount of flat land, are the main factors that explain the process. Using historic aerial photographs and data gathered by public institutions, this article offers thematic maps to understand the phases and distribution of the spatial diffusion process. The spatial-temporal sequence of landscape changes helps us understand the processes of development in a peri-urban landscape characterised by a diffusion of functions and its role in landscape configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Given their sedimentological, hydrological, and hydraulic characteristics, tropical piedmont rivers create braided courses interwoven with numerous channels that vary in quantity and size in a main riverbed, depending on climatic conditions. This article presents an analysis of the morphodynamical behaviour of a tropical piedmont river in Colombia (the Guatiquía river), as the basis for the evaluation of the susceptibility to flooding of a riverside city (Villavicencio). The study was carried out by (i) analysing historical information consulted in technical reports produced by the Colombian Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology, and Environmental Studies (ideam), the Agustín Codazzi Geographic Institute (igac), and the Colombian Geological Service; (ii) studying hydrological series; (iii) processing and interpreting aerial photographs and multispectral satellite images over a period of 78 years; as well as (iv) by producing the geological and geomorphological cartography with fieldwork controls and support. Thus, it was possible to determine, on the one hand, the dynamic behaviour of the braided courses within the boundaries of the main riverbed of the river system, and, on the other hand, the susceptibility to flooding of the city of Villavicencio, with 64.7 ha in the medium-high category and 17.9 ha in the high category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The report is about the inclusion in the cultural heritage inventory of Asturias of two archaeological sites: the Roman military camp of El Chao de Carrugueiro and the Castro de El Cueto Tablao in Villar de Vildas. The Roman camp of El Chao de Carrugueiro is located in the Penouta mountain range and has been identified through aerial photographs and surveys. On the other hand, the Castro de El Cueto Tablao occupies a small hill at the base of the slope of the Cereizales mountain range. Both places show evidence of Roman progression during the Cantabrian Wars and deserve to be included in the cultural heritage inventory of Asturias as archaeological sites. [Extracted from the article]

Changes in mangrove coverage in Culebra Bay, North Pacific of Costa Rica (1945-2010). Despite the economic and environmental services that mangroves provide, they continue to be threatened by overexploitation, pollution, and land use change. Costa Rica has mangrove areas on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, and cover has been declining since the 1980s. However, data on mangrove coverage are not continually updated and are often based on inaccurate estimates. It is therefore necessary to assess the current extension and variation of the mangrove cover in recent years, to determine changes. The mangrove cover was analyzed in two mangrove forests located in Bahía Culebra, North Pacific: Iguanita and Playa Panamá. For this, aerial photographs and satellite imagery were used to study changes for a 65 year period (1945-2010). Spatio-temporal changes were found in mangrove coverage, adjacent forests and areas without vegetation. Lower mangrove cover occurred during the 1970s (28.4 ha in Iguanita and 4.8 ha in Playa Panamá); but increased in recent years (38.9 ha in Iguanita and 12.0 ha in Panamá). Changes in forest cover by the Iguanita and Playa Panama mangroves were related to the history of land use around Bahía Culebra. Before 1980, there was extensive and intensive cattle ranching, increasing the deforestation rate; after that year, these practices were abandoned and secondary forest coverage increased until 2000. To ensure the adequate protection of mangroves, it is not only important to protect mangrove forests, but it is also necessary to establish buffer zones on their surroundings, to mitigate and/or reduce possible impacts. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 955-964. Epub 2016 September 01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a methodological alternative for the generation of information used in the planning of forestry activities. A forest venue located in the south of the state of Nuevo Leon was taken as a site of research. The methodologies were based on the use of high-resolution satellite images which have been validated using the traditional materials (aerial photos) which served to describe the distribution of forest resources of the area and to make a comparison with regard to the quality of information obtained from these two materials. These materials were processed with the support of computer and specialized software from the Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems located in the Division of Forest Sciences of the UANL (Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon). A comparison of the forest standing was made on the orthophoto and on the satellite image, with coverage for the area of study, finding that the one carried out on the satellite image presented sufficient quality to better identify the species composition and age structure. The use of high-resolution satellite images for the development of the forest mapping offers advantages over the orthophotos, in particular by the spectral resolution, which makes the forest standing in some cases easier, have the potential to be obtained repeatedly, can be processed digitally and obtain other variations such as vegetation indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The report is about the inclusion in the cultural heritage inventory of Asturias of two archaeological sites: the A Pedra Dereta camp in the council of Boal and the remains of the Roman military camp of El Chao de Carrugueiro near Boal. Both places are considered Roman camps from the Augustan period and have been identified through aerial photographs and surveys. The importance of these places and their connection with other nearby sites that show the Roman progression during the Cantabrian Wars is highlighted. The report recommends the inclusion of these places in the cultural heritage inventory of Asturias as archaeological sites. [Extracted from the article]

Using maps of vegetation cover, aerial photographs and field data, we evaluated the fragmentation status of tropical dry forest at the high basin of river Cauca in southwestern Colombia. The study area had 608992 ha, ranging from northern Cauca to central Risaralda. Forest cover represented 1,76% of the analyzed area, scattered in about 1600 fragments with a mean patch area of 6,03 ha. 75% of the forest fragments were separated by a distance of 500 m or more from its nearest neighbour. Only nine fragments had an extension over 100 ha, most of them with dendritic shapes and up to 17 core areas. This configuration would make them behave more like separate small patches than a continuous large patch. In this landscape, edge effect is expected to greatly influence species composition of dry forest fragments. Evaluation of regional species richness should account for the contribution of other arboreal landscape elements. Bamboo forests and riparian forests are especially important since they increase landscape connectivity. In this context, any conservation or restoration initiative should involve management of the landscape matrix, sugar cane and pastures, in order to make them less resistant to the movement or organisms between landscape elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo enfoca en el uso de sensores remotos y los sistemas de información geográfica (SIG). Se incluye varios ejemplos de sensores remotos que funcionan en maneras diferentes. El artículo presenta fotos de lugares diferentes en Costa Rica sacado con las cámaras fotográficas.

The spatial and temporal variability of the beach-line position at the tidal inlet of Punta Banda coastal lagoon in Baja California, Mexico, is described from the analysis of ten aerial photographs and two satellite images spanning from 1972 to 2003. The results showed that the maximum tidal inlet width (995 m) occurred in 1980. Changes observed from 1980 to 1985 suggest that the extraordinary sediment fluxes that occurred during the winter storms of 1977/78, 1980/81 and 1982/83 were the main source of sediment inducing the growth of the sediment structures that delimit the tidal inlet. By the end of 1985 a new sand bar appeared on the northern side of the tidal inlet and its formation is attributed to a reduction in the ebb and flood tidal intensity as a consequence of the combined effect of the increase in width of the tidal inlet in 1980, of the extraordinary supply of sediments and of the dominant northeast to southwest longshore sand transport. The net growth of the sand bar that shapes the southern side of the tidal inlet was 53 ha from 1978 to 2003, of which 26 ha are located in the inner part of the tidal inlet. This growth and consequent reduction of the tidal inlet could be the result of a reduction in the tidal prism produced by the great amount of sediments supplied to the coastal lagoon by storms and also by the reduction of the lagoon's flushing capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Santa Cruz River Basin, of an approximate area of 58,000 km², was studied using photointerpretation and field checking. Vegetation structure and physiognomy were described with the aid of Dansereau's diagrams (1957), lists of species with indication of their dominance and topographic profiles showing the relationships between vegetation types and physiography. LANDSAT images 1:500,000, bands 5 and 7, and aerial photographs 1:50,000 were used to define and delineate the cartographic units, based on Goosen's physiographic approach (1967) Six vegetation types: desert, semi-desert, shrub-steppe, grass-steppe, desciduous forest and meadow were described, divided in 21 subunits on the basis of physiognomic-structural characteristics and of dominant species. Results were expressed at three different perception levels (Long, 1968): exploratory, scale 1:3.000.000; reconaissance, 1:500,000 and semidetailed, 1:20,000 for those areas with good agricultural possibilities as the Rio Chico flood plain (irrigation). This survey includes some hypothesis about probable successional trends of desertification in the Santa Cruz River Basin. Suggestions are made about the research needs and the use and management of different ecological units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A description of the belts of vegetation in Sierra de San Pedro Mártir, Baja California, is made. Belts were discerned from aerial photographs and verified by field reconnaissance in which the sigmatistic phytosociological method was used. Five belts of vegetation (Inframediterranean, Thermomediterranean, Mesomediterranean, Supramediterranean and Mesotropical) are recognized in San Pedro Mártir. Every belt is defined by means of climatological parameters and dominant plant associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The project intended to evaluate de use of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilization over the concentration of chlorophyll and the production ofcorn (Zea mays). The experiment was developed in Universidad del Tolima's farm in Armero (5° 00' 3.4'' north, 74° 54' 29.1'' west). A plot of land of 320 m^2 was sawn using the material "Pioneer" 30F35VYHR. The application of nitrogen fertilization was developed in three moments (during sowing, at 42 das and at 63 das). The treatments corresponded with the recommended dose of nitrogen fertilization: T1 (100%), T2 (50%), T3 (150%) y T4 (0%). 4 repetitions were developed, and 16 experimental units were distributed in a random blocks design. Aerial photographs were taken 8 days after each fertilization and weekly measurements of chlorophyll and leaf area index were developed. At the end of the cycle, the production of grain per experimental unit was determined. NDVI values were calculated with the zonal statistics function between the NDVI image layer, and the treatment layer and data were processed using Excel and InfoStat. It was found that chlorophyll concentration does not have significant differences among treatments. NDVI presents significant differences among treatments: T4 was different from the others. IAF at 49 das and at 70 das presents correlations with the NDVI of 0,83 and 0,65 respectively. There were correlations inferior to 0,70 among variables (chlorophyll concentration, NDVI and production). Results suggest that exploratory studies could be developed using this method, however, no production predictions or estimations regarding nitrogenous nutritional status can be made based on the NDVI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents views of Mustafa Sahin, archeology professor at Universidad Uludag on Bursa, Turkey, on the discovery of ruined 1,600-year-old basilica in a lake in northeast Turkey and also discusses aerial photographs of the site.