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Copyright of Revista Electrónica Gestión de las Personas y Tecnologías is the property of Revista Electronica Gestion de las Personas y Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista CES Derecho is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present article considers the classification of information technology as a trade facilitation tool. The classification includes information technologies for facilitating border-crossing procedures and within the country. The information technologies for facilitating border-crossing procedures focus on data transmission and cover some aspects of trade facilitation: electronic documents, data exchange standards, coordinated border management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Electrónica Gestión de las Personas y Tecnologías is the property of Revista Electronica Gestion de las Personas y Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencia Jurídica is the property of Universidad de Guanajuato and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Modern Russia experiences a phase of changes in its political landscape. Contrary to calculations for the modern Russian policy hoping for a “reasonable" political economic gains approach, what has developed are national emotions and instincts, in short, nationalism. Thus the modern oppositional movements of Russia are usually considered as a unitary movement. However, there is a variety of coexisting movements. In this paper it is possible to see the existence of very active oppositional movements, ranging from those on the extreme right to those on the extreme left. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciencia Jurídica is the property of Universidad de Guanajuato and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencia Jurídica is the property of Universidad de Guanajuato and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Inevitably, any explanatory dictionary contains cycles in its definitions, that is, if a word is defined in the dictionary and then used in a definition, there is always a path in the dictionary that returns to the same word. In a good dictionary the cycles are long, but they are unavoidable. A computational dictionary cannot contain any cycles in its definitions without them affecting the ability of logical inference of computer systems. In this study, we name semantic primitives to such words in the dictionary that if removed, the cycles would be eliminated; that is, those words would not have a definition and, in this sense, they are primitive. In this research, our goal is to keep as many words in the dictionary, i.e., to minimize the number of semantic primitives. We present a method that achieves the smallest set of primitives obtained so far. In order to accomplish this, the representation of the dictionary was used as a directed graph, and a differential evolution algorithm, that determines the order in which the graph should be built, was applied to the dictionary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method for creation of dictionaries marked with specific values (for example, emotions, polarity) for use in various tasks of automatic natural language processing. In the created dictionary, the selected words are tagged with six basic emotions. For this, they are first analyzed (annotated) manually by multiple annotators and automatically weighted on the basis of these evaluations. The method was applied to the Spanish language. The paradigm chosen for tagging the words that form the dictionary corresponds to basic emotional categories: joy, anger, fear, sadness, surprise and disgust. Unlike other dictionaries, our dictionary contains weightings that correspond to percentages of probability of being used with the sense related to emotion. Each word was evaluated by multiple annotators, and, subsequently, the agreement between them was analyzed with the method of weighted kappa adapted for multiple entries. On the basis of these results, we propose a new measure that estimates the probability of the affective use: probability factor of affective use (PFA), which serves to provide potentially emotional words with the weight. PFA can be used as data in automatic systems for emotional analysis of texts. PFA refers to the use tendency of each word, which is useful for automatic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]