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The article "40 years observing atoms" highlights the importance of the scanning tunneling microscope in surface exploration and the development of nanotechnology. It mentions the prominent role of the Spanish scientific community in this revolution, as well as the contribution of José María Góméz Rodríguez and Juan José Sáenz Gutiérrez, professors at the Autonomous University of Madrid. The article also mentions the invention of the transmission electron microscope and the importance of Spain in the development of scanning probe microscopies. It discusses the development of the first STM and its impact on surface physics, as well as the development of AFM as an alternative for insulating materials. The socio-economic impact of AFM is highlighted, and the presence of an AFM on NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander mission is mentioned. Additionally, the creation of the first STM laboratory at UAM and the introduction of SPM in Spain are mentioned. It is expected that increasingly smaller instruments will be developed, and significant advances are being made in multimodal property determination. Scanning probe microscopy tools are versatile and low-cost, making them suitable for use in education. [Extracted from the article]

The 53rd International Physics Olympiad took place in Tokyo from July 10th to 17th, with the participation of 398 students from 84 countries. The Spanish team won three bronze medals and the overall winner was Bowen Yu from China. During the competition, experiments were conducted using a forced mass-spring system and an optical system to study birefringence, in addition to addressing theoretical problems related to nuclear physics and surface tension. The students also enjoyed cultural activities and sightseeing in Tokyo. The next Olympiad will be held in Iran in 2024. [Extracted from the article]

The article "TOOLS FOR DETECTING NON-LOCALITY IN COMPLEX SCENARIOS" talks about the experimental observation of correlations between entangled quantum systems that challenge our conception of reality. It highlights a recent study in which surface states of heavy fermions were observed in the compound URu2Si2, using a microscope designed and built in Madrid. Additionally, it mentions the interest in addressing similar problems from the perspective of surface physics. It also discusses Bell's inequalities and the local and non-local correlations that can be obtained from them, with applications in information theory and the technological sector. Finally, it mentions the Kibble-Zurek mechanism, which describes the dynamics of phase transitions and predicts the formation of topological defects, and presents a study examining Ising-like domains in spin systems. [Extracted from the article]

In a recent article in the Spanish Journal of Physics, it is reported on a study conducted by an international collaboration that includes researchers from Spain, Colombia, France, Japan, and Sweden. The study focused on observing surface states of two-dimensional heavy fermions in the compound URu2Si2. Using a microscope designed and built in Madrid, the atomic lattice was accurately measured and terraces were identified where these heavy fermions were observed. The quantization of these states when confined has been characterized, but there are still unexplained phenomena, such as the observation of a lattice symmetry breaking and its connection to a "hidden order" phase. This study lays the groundwork for future research in surface physics. [Extracted from the article]

We present a study of the diffusion of Ar atoms adsorbed on a surface of MgO(100). This work was done by applying a dissipative molecular dynamics scheme. It is solved the Langevin equation and there are introduced two sources of noise: white Gaussian and white shot noises. The influence of the surface adsorbate interaction is shown through two potential energy surfaces: flat and corrugated. The calculated diffusion coefficient value is in agreement with the experimental data found in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A study was carried out in a half continuous one incompressible and not viscous, in which the Function of Current thinks about in it anoints sphere, where it is finite and null in the frontier, being obtained the conditions of formation of the spherical Vortex; where the current surfaces are proportional to the fourth power of the vectorial radius, also getting, the principle of dividing current for this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sequence of the previously reported transitions in CsHSO4 at around 60, 122 and 141°C, were examined by using termogravimetric, TGA, differential scanning calorimetric, DSC, and impedance analysis, IS. Our results show evidences that the reported DSC endothermic anomalies at around the previous temperatures, instead of being due to phase transitions could be better explained as a consequence of a chemical decomposition process at or very near the specimen surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the purpose of making an experimental analysis of the evolution of surface object it is necessary to calculate the three-dimensional reconstruction of surface at any instant using a global coordinated system. This work shows an alternative that allows to reconstruct the 3D surface of the object from a global coordinate system. A device of stereoscopic digital treatment allows to determine the absolute position of the optical head of reconstruction. Using this information the height is calculated with respect to a global coordinate system. So the 3D reconstruction is obtained independently from the massive displacement of optical head. The device was implemented to measure the temporary variation of the external surface in analogous qualitative models of mud volcanoes caused by the impulsive forces of gases at the interior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper study the recovery surface of microscopy sample by stereoscopy. With the purpose of obtaining the corresponding points, a robust technique of correlation was used. This technique makes use of the denominated coefficient of correlation and relaxation procedure. The relaxation partly solves the problem of the ambiguity, allowing to the even candidates to reorganize they themselves under the continuity restriction and unicity in relation to neighboring his pixels. Epipolar geometry was estimated using an initial set of matches, because the search is reduced of the plane 2D to a straight line. The images stereo are obtained by a camera from two points of view with respect to the position of the sample; for such aim, monochrome CCD camera was reconciled of advisable way to the microscope with the purpose of registering these images. Final surface of the sample, was done by the method of triangulation, leave off the technique of reconstruction with respect to the projective base, because in microscopy depth of field is relativity reduced. After multiple tests, the results fall within the waited for margin of error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]