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The article presents preliminary results on the morphological and vascular changes in the dominant follicle during the ovulatory process in llamas. The role of South American Camelids (CSA) in the pharmaceutical industry is highlighted due to the nanoantibodies they produce. Induced ovulation in CSA and the use of color Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate follicular blood flow are mentioned. The study also mentions advances in the research of the ovulatory process in llamas, where an increase in follicular growth and changes in blood flow before ovulation were observed. The objective of the study is to establish the structural and vascular modifications in the dominant follicle to predict the success of other reproductive biotechnologies in this species. Additionally, other studies related to reproduction in animals, including South American camelids and llamas, are mentioned. [Extracted from the article]

In this study a new treatment protocol named Web-Synch for synchronization of ovulation was evaluated by the determination of the ovulation time and pregnancy rate at fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in suckled beef cows. In Experiment 1, all cows (n=52) were randomly divided into three treatment groups. The Web-Synch treatment (n=19), Day 0: Prostaglandin F2α (PGF) + insertion of a progesterone (P4) - releasing device, Day 5: 0.02 mg busereline acetate (GnRH).The J-Synch treatment (n=15), Day 5: 2 mg estradiol benzoate (BE) + P4 device. The Co-Synch 6 d treatment (n=18), Day 5: GnRH + P4 device. On Day 11 devices were removed from all cows and received PGF and 105 IU of reCG. All animals that expressed estrus were inseminated on Day 14 (72 hours after device removal) and those that did not express estrus received GnRH and were inseminated at the same time. Transrectal ultrasonographic examinations were carried out to determine follicular diameter, ovulation rate and CL size after ovulation. In Experiment 2, cows (n=19) were randomly divided to receive four treatment groups in 2 x 2 factorial design. The Web-Synch treatment, Day 0: PGF + device with 0.7 g of P4 (n=5) or with 1.0 g of P4 (n=5), Day 5: 0.02 mg GnRH. The J-Synch treatment, Day 5: 2 mg BE + device with 0.7 g of P4 (n=5) or with 1.0 g of P4 (n=4). On Day 11 devices were removed and all cows received PGF and 105 IU of reCG. Cows were inseminated and were examined by ultrasonography as in the Experiment 1 to determine follicular growth, ovulation time and ovulation rate. In Experiment 3, suckled beef cows (n=213) were divided in a 2 x 2 factorial design as in Experiment 2, and were inseminated and evaluated for estrus and pregnancy rates at FTAI. In Experiment 1, ovulation rate did not vary among treatments, being 100, 83.3 and 80.0% for Web-Synch, Co-Synch 6 d and J-Synch groups, respectively (P>0.1). Follicular diameter at FTAI was greater in the Web-Synch and Co-Synch 6 d groups (11.8 ± 0.4 and 11.7 ± 0.5 mm, respectively) than in the J-Synch group (9.8 ± 0.6 mm; P<0.05). Corpus luteum volume did not differ among Web-Synch, CoSynch 6 d and J-Synch treatments (3208.0 ± 436.4, 3315.2 ± 510.9 and 3369.3 ± 415.3 mm3, respectively; P>0.1). In Experiment 2, in cows treated with the Web-Synch protocol, the largest follicle diameter was greater at 60, 72 and 84 h in comparison with that observed in the J-Synch protocol (P<0.05). However, the maximum follicular diameter did not differ between treatments (P>0.1). Ovulation rate and ovulation time did not vary between protocols, being 80.0% and 94.5 ± 3.5 h for the Web-Synch protocol, and 100% and 96.7 ± 5.1 h for the J-Synch protocol (P>0.1). In Experiment 3, estrus and pregnancy rates at FTAI did not differ between treatments, being 66.0 and 58.7% for the Web-Synch treatment and 58.0 and 54.1% for the J-Synch treatment (P>0.1). In conclusion, the Web-Synch protocol could be consider as a new alternative for synchronization of ovulation and FTAI in suckled beef cows. The high ovulation rate at the end of treatment, the induction of a prolonged proestrus and the acceptable pregnancy outcome define it as an encouraging alternative to the conventional estradiol-based treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive efficiency of a herd is of enormous importance in the viability of a livestock business. A technical update was made of the most common handling errors that affect artificial insemination (AI) efficiency, with the aim of implementing simple but highimpact corrective measures. The AI technique encompasses multiple management factors that impact on the pregnancy rate, several of them will be considered. The review is framed in the following aspects: a) Errors in the management of heat detection: practical, simple and economical solutions b) Errors in the handling of frozen semen, thawing technique and elements to carry out the AI y c) Rectal-cervical method: difficulties in sowing and errors in the place of semen deposition in the female genital tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background/aim: To investigate the relationship between subfertility etiologies and success rates in controlled ovarian stimulation and intrauterine insemination (COS-IUI) cycles. Materials and methods: The medical records of 218 couples who applied to a university-based fertility center were analyzed retrospectively. Detailed infertility examination data and pregnancy outcomes were compared according to different subfertility etiologies. The study groups with regard to subfertility etiologies were minimal-mild endometriosis, unexplained infertility, and mild male infertility. The primary outcome measure was live birth rate. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding demographics except for total motile sperm count. Live birth rates in the male infertility group were comparable to the endometriosis and unexpected infertility groups (6.6%, 11.9%, and 10.3%, respectively; P = 0.63). Conclusion: The success rate of the mild male subfertility group following COS-IUI cycles for live birth rates was similar to those of the endometriosis and unexplained subfertility groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiovulation and embryo transfer is a technique used in genetic breeding programs. The synchronizationmultiovulation protocols of bovine embryo donors, as well as the embryo collection technique have improved, however, the technique should still be maximized. This study was done with the objective of evaluating the effect of the administration of propylene glycol (PPG) in multiovulated donor cows on the production and quality of embryos. The study was conducted in Pococi, Limon, Costa Rica, from February 2011 to January 2012. Daily and oral administration of 300 mg PPG was given from one week prior to one week after the starting of the synchronizationmultiovulation protocol. Embryo flushing was performed every two months and seven cows were used. Ovarian evaluations were performed using transrectal ultrasonography before and during the days of the synchronizationmultiovulation treatment. The embryos were collected and classified at the age of seven days. Treatment with PPG did not affect the number and size of ovarian follicles as measured by ultrasonography. Likewise, the number of structures collected and their quality did not improve with supplementation. The results of the experiment suggest that other factors, unrelated to the effect of PPG supplementation, affect the animal response to treatments for multiovulation and embryo collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fixed- time artificial insemination (IATF, in Spanish) in beef cattle has provided the use of genetically superior bulls in order to maximize the quality of calves. However, implementing this reproductive technique has proved to be difficult to apply in heifers nursing calves for several months of lactancy. An immediate solution to fertility decline of cattle includes the use of hormones. Some hormonal treatments have been developed which are able to control the moment of the first artificial insemination (IA) and the following inseminations in non- pregnant heifers as well as for the treatment of anestrus. The objective of this work was to evaluate two protocols with prolonged proestrus performing artificial insemination at fixed time at 60 or 72 hours in dual purpose cattle from the Ecuadorian Amazon. The study was held from October 2015 to October 2016. A total of 226 multiparious Brows Swiss cattle with nursing calves were inseminated at 60 (T1, n=115) and at 72 (T2, n=111) hours after removing the progesterone device., The conception rate for T1 was 61% (70/115) and for T2: 47% of pregnancy (52/111), showing significant differences (p≤0.05). The estrus was expressed on average by 70.8%, with no significant difference between the protocols (P = 3.15, p≥0.082), for T1 it was 76% (87/115) and for T2 of 65%. The follicular growth at the withdrawal of the progesterone device (T1: 9.53 ± 0.11 mm, T2: 9.87 ± 0.12 mm), the IATF (T1: 12.3 ± 0.12 mm; T2: 11.9 ± 0.12 mm), and the corpus luteum size (T1: 23.1 0.14±mm; T2:22.8 0.15 ±mm) did not show significant differences p≥0.5 between both protocols. It was concluded that both protocols did not show significant differences regarding follicular development at the time of withdrawal of the IATF device and the size of the corpus luteum size measured at day seven after withdrawal. However, the pregnancy rate was higher for the 60-hour protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Severe ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome is the most serious complication of ovarian stimulation during the induction of ovulation. Characteristic findings are the presence of increased ovarian volume and ascites in relation to fluid extravasation due to increased capillary permeability whose severity can lead to respiratory failure, renal failure, and hemodynamic collapse and thromboembolic events. Objective: To describe a clinical case of OHSS, along with a review of the literature on the pathology, aimed at the diagnosis and optimal treatment of patients with these clinical characteristics. Case presentation: A 29-year-old patient with a history of polycystic ovarian syndrome who presented severe Severe ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome as a secondary complication to gonadotrophic stimulation. The clinical profile showed enlarged ovaries in the sonographic test; anasarca due to ascites and bilateral pleural effusions and respiratory failures that belong to a respiratory distress type in this adult patient. Paracentesis was performed and noninvasive mechanical ventilation was used, achieving lung expansion with it. Discussion: The analysis of this case was started seven days after the administration of gonadotropin, favored by the patient's previous conditions, with no lethal complications. Conclusions: Paracentesis may be an effective therapeutic option in the treatment of ascites with compromised lung function. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation is a strategy to avoid intubation in these patients, which avoids the periods of exhaustive sedation and the consequent risk of bronchoaspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Antepartum evaluation of the cervix is a necessary procedure in obstetric practice to predict the response to pre-induction, induction, and onset of labor according to cervix ripening. The review aims to provide one more tool to evaluate the condition of the cervix before the labor by means of cross evaluation of its speculum examination, as an alternative that can be used in obstetrics. The method, besides being useful and noninvasive, reduces interobserver variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El artículo discurre sobre la inseminación intrauterina heteróloga como una opción para el tratamiento de parejas infértiles. Se afirma que la inseminación es el tratamiento de elección para las parejas con factor masculino severo, para las mujeres solteras y para las parejas de homosexuales lésbicas. También se describe el proceso de combinar la inseminación intrauterina con la inducción de la ovulación.

El artículo discurre sobre el tratamiento de parejas infértiles a través de la inseminación artificial homóloga. Se incluye información sobre la inseminación intrauterina, la inducción de la ovulación en combinación con la inseminación intrauterina y el embarazo múltiple, el cual es una complicación frecuente del proceso.

Se presenta información sobre el tema de la prevención del embarazo múltiple asociado con tratamientos de infertilidad. Se recomienda una explicación detallada a la pareja de las ventajas, desventajas y efectos posibles de la inducción de la ovulación, además de la supervisión estricta del número de embriones implantados.

Objective. To induce spawning on Pimelodus pictus and to evaluate the response on total ova recovered maturation and ovulation rate using two hormonal treatments. Materials and methods. Mature females were captured and immediately induced with Carp Pituitary Extract (CPE) and a mixture of an analogue of salmon Gonadotropin-releasing hormone plus domperidone (Ovaprim®). A total doses of 5.5 and 7.7 mg/kg and 0.5 and 1 ml/kg, were used. The total dose was divided into two doses and injected with an interval of 12 h (first dose: 10% and second dose: 90% respectively). Results. Females from all treatments responded with greater than 50%, to a latent time of 6 h 30±20 min at 27.4±0.2°C, the response being higher for both protocols with CPE (p<0.05). The oocyte diameter before, during, and after all treatments increased, being higher and different (p<0.05) for the treatments with Ovaprim®. Fecundity reproductive ranged from 818 to 1185 ova/female, with this variability being further discussed. Conclusions. This study demonstrates the potential of induced breeding with Pimelodus pictus as host for two hormonal inducers with the primary option being the use of CPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Se presenta una introducción a este número en la que el editor discute temas como la fertilización in vitro, los métodos de estimulación ovárica en ginecología y la calidad embrionaria evaluada como evolución a la etapa del blastocisto y el euploides.