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Background: Pink coloration of breast milk is uncommon and it's associated with colonization by Serratia marcescens, which is most frequently isolated in intensive care settings. Misinterpretation of the pink coloration may lead to premature cessation of breastfeeding. The objective is to present four cases of pink discoloration. Methods: Two retrospective and two prospective cases of pink discoloration in breast milk are described, which were reported to the lead author. Results: Four healthy mother-infant pairs with documented pink discoloration are presented. S. marcescens was isolated from breast milk samples. All four infants were asymptomatic and underwent enterobacteria cultures. The mothers received outpatient antibiotic treatment, and two infants received treatment as well. Subsequent cultures yielded negative results, and the pink discoloration ceased. All mothers successfully resumed breastfeeding. Conclusions: There are very few reported cases of pink breast milk in the global literature. Colonization by S. marcescens is not an indication for discontinuation of breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study focuses on the conceptualization and graphical characterization of Exclusive Breastfeeding Support Networks (EBSN) in Mexico. Methods: Through a sample design stratified by federal entity with state significance at 95%, a questionnaire was administered online via Microsoft Forms to a representative sample of 2989 women whose primiparity occurred in Mexico. The questionnaire primarily focused on sociodemographic data of the mothers and the structure of their EBSNs during primiparity. Results: In this work, EBSNs are defined as networks mainly composed of women, whose function is to share knowledge and experiences about breastfeeding, as well as to provide emotional and physical support to breastfeeding mothers, contributing to strengthening the emotional and caregiving bonds between mothers and their newborns. Conclusions: Sankey diagrams were employed for the characterization of EBSNs, revealing that the mother of the primipara is generally the main node, resulting in a network with greater flow and reach. Conversely, when the first node is not related to the primipara, the networks tend to be smaller and with less flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human breastfeeding presents characteristics of socioscientific problems, identifying in it different controversies, among which is the one related to the use of breast milk or formula milk. This paper analyzes the influence of an instructional module, which combines three teaching strategies: label analysis, roleplaying and controversy mapping, on the reasoning of 62 preservice elementary teachers on this controversy. For this purpose, a pretest and posttest task were used asking for their reasoned position on which breastfeeding model is better: with breast milk or formula milk. The instructional module has influenced the number of reasons and the types of reasoning made by the participants, but not their positions with respect to the controversy, which were clearly in favor of breast milk. Likewise, a significant increase is found in the number of reasons showing adequate scientific knowledge. Finally, some teaching and other implications for further research are raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a worldwide trend of increasing rates of overweight and obesity in children under 5 years of age. Mothers' beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes towards feeding practices and obesity have direct implications on their children's health. Aim: To explore beliefs about feeding practices and childhood obesity among mothers with children under five years of age in northwestern Mexico. Methodology: Qualitative study with ethnographic approach. Using purposive sampling, nine semistructured interviews were conducted with women with an average of 12 years of education. Results: Beliefs included insecurity in assuming the role of mother, a low perception of family support, and beliefs that were not aligned with the recommendations of exclusive breastfeeding and introduction of complementary foods. In addition, these held the belief that obesity is not a problem due to the young age of their children. Conclusions: There is ambivalence between the participants' beliefs and their practices regarding feeding and childhood obesity. It is imperative to develop education and communication strategies that provide evidence-based information that is easily accessible and available to mothers to prevent nutrition problems during early childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the trends in infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices before and after the Covid-19 pandemic using data from the Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2012, 2018-19, 2021 and 2022. Materials and methods. Study population: women 12-49 years and their children < 24 months. The IYCF indicators were calculated according to the World Health Organization 2021. Logistic regression models were performed for an analysis of trends between surveys adjusted for sociodemographic variables and considering the sample design. Trends in BF and commercial infant formula (CIF) are shown by urban/rural area and mother's employment. Results. An increasing trend was observed in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in children under six months of age (14.8% in 2012, 28.6% in 2018-19 and 33.6% in 2021-22; p<0.001). Consumption of commercial infant formula in children <12 months decreased from 62.8 to 42.8% between 2012 and 2018-19, remaining 43.8% in 2021-22 (p<0.001). Conclusions. Improvement in IYCF practices was observed mainly between 2012 and 2018-19, and the positive trend diminished during 2021-22. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mammary gland has its embryological origin, later it differentiates histologically and anatomically; over time new findings have been discovered, as well as new terminology. The aim of this work was to describe the update on the morphological aspects of the mammary gland. A search for articles was carried out in different primary and secondary sources of scientific literature such as: Pubmed, Embase, WOS, Scopus, Scielo, obtaining 623 publications, 53 selected for review and 17 included. The breast has been updated in morphological aspects; the ducts are located close to the areola and the nipple where they open directly, the branches of the ducts are located close to the areola; the nipples have between 15 and 20 lobes, of which only 5-9 are true mammary duct orifices, there are no lactiferous sinuses, so the milk flows directly into the nipple, in terms of innervation of the breast they are innervated by the anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves. The existing evidence demonstrates the need for permanent studies in the field of morphology, as described in this review article on the breast. In different aspects, such as terms, functions and structures. This information is important for undergraduate and postgraduate training, and its use in the clinic, identification of pathologies, lactation clinics, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To understand the breastfeeding experience from the perspective of a group of women who breastfeed for the first time. Material and methods: Qualitative study from an ethnographic perspective, focusing on a group of women from the eastern region of the Department of Antioquia (Colombia). Intentional sampling until data saturation was used. The group included 16 first-time breastfeeding mothers aged 18 or older, with children under 24 months of age and who were breastfeeding or had breastfed exclusively for at least three months. Semi-structured interviews and participant observations were carried out. Data were analyzed by triangulation and open and axial coding. The results are presented in the form of category descriptions. Results: Four categories were identified in relation to the breastfeeding experience: exhaustion and pain dispelled by love, breastfeeding and the new order of things, emotions of a woman embodied in a mother, and breastfeeding as a social act. Conclusions: Protection of breastfeeding requires special attention to the woman as a subject beyond the act of breastfeeding, giving priority to her physical and emotional health as essential elements that must be kept in mind by healthcare professionals. Studies to assess the effects of creating support groups that foster the exchange of insights to help the breastfeeding woman are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preventing food allergies is key to reducing the incidence of the disease. Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first months of life, in addition to supplementation with vitamin D and, due to the importance of the microbiota, addition of probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotic. Currently, late exposure to foods is controversial, and it is suggested to introduce allergenic foods early, trying not to expose the cutaneous route. The application of biologics in food allergy is an evolving area of research and treatment. Biologics are indicated in diseases evaluated in various studies, such as atopic dermatitis, and are approved by the FDA for prescription; However, its potential administration in the treatment of severe allergic reactions caused by food is still debated. These therapies may change the way food allergy is addressed in the future, but they are still in experimental stages and not widely available. Food anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction that requires quick action. Prevention involves avoiding the triggering food, awareness of symptoms, and availability of epinephrine for immediate administration in case of a reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious gastrointestinal emergency that primarily affects premature newborns. Its pathophysiology is multifactorial and severity can be classified using the Bell staging system. A bibliographic review was carried out based on original scientific articles, meta-analysis and systematic review obtained from different databases and the results of 66 scientific articles were analyzed. It is determined that the main risk factor for NEC is prematurity, the same one that influences the other risk factors. Risk factors were classified into maternal and prenatal, perinatal and delivery, and early neonatal and postnatal risk factors. Preventive measures against NEC include breastfeeding, implementing a standardized feeding protocol, supplementing with probiotics, and restricting the use of antibiotics. Prematurity influences the development of NEC, so it is important that preventive measures are taken to avoid premature births. On the other hand, breastfeeding is the most cost-effective strategy against NEC, which is why greater support for breastfeeding and the installation of human milk banks is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective of this work is to investigate the main factors that condition and undermine Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) in a region with a productive vocation oriented towards tourism: the Riviera Maya of Quintana Roo, Mexico. Methods: An exploratory and descriptive study was carried out on the abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding in women who work in the tourism sector of Riviera Maya, Mexico. A continuous collection questionnaire was applied to find out the conditions and contexts that prevent them from exclusively breastfeeding their children at work. Results: Among the main findings, three factors were found that violate breastfeeding: the flexibility of work prevents women from having access to maternity leave; the null existence of lactation workers in the work centers; the distance between the urban centers of the Riviera Maya and the tourist centers is quite considerable in terms of time and money. Limitations: The study only considers a limited portion of the population of the state of Quintana Roo Conclusions: It is necessary to consider these contexts to adjust Mexican legislation on EBF at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To describe the prevalence of the risk of under or overnutrition and the food intake pattern vis à vis the recommendations of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection and the Colombian Family Welfare Institute. Material and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study carried out in healthy women receiving care in two hospitals of eastern Antioquia, with food and nutrition security in accordance with the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA), in the first trimester of breastfeeding, assessed between 2021 and 2022. The clinical record was used as the source of information. The sociodemographic, clinical, anthropometric characteristics, as well as dietary and micronutrient intake, were measured. Descriptive statistics were used. The prevalence of deficient or excessive energy intake and the food consumption score (FCS) are presented. The EVINDI v5, PC-SIDE v1.0, Stata 16.1 and Jasp 0.16.4 software packages were used. Results: Overall, 30 breastfeeding women were included. The prevalence of the risk of deficient energy intake was 43 %, while the risk of excessive intake was 16 % and the risk of protein deficiency was 98 %. Intake exceeding the reference value for saturated fats was 86 %, and 72 % for simple carbohydrates. The consumption pattern was characterized by exceeding the recommendations for sugars (FCS = 1.29), milk and dairy products (FCS = 1.09), grains, roots, plantains and tubers (FCS = 1.04). Recommendations for the intake of fats (FCS = 0.70), meats, eggs, legumes, nuts, seeds (FCS = 0.49), fruits and vegetables (FCS = 0.41) were not met. Conclusions: The food intake pattern identified is far from meeting the national guidelines, limiting macro and micronutrient intake and contributing to the intergenerational malnutrition cycle. Additional research in the country is essential in order to identify other intake patterns and drive political action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: breastfeeding is a natural biological process in women during pregnancy and its purpose is to feed and protect the newborn baby up to six months of age. Objective: to identify the information that adolescent mothers of infants have about breastfeeding. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. The study population consisted of 68 mothers of infants, belonging to the Type B Health Center of Santa Rosa, Riobamba in Ecuador in the period from November 2021 to April 2022. The sample was selected non-randomly and was made up of 24 adolescent mothers of infants. The variables that were established for the analysis were: age, level of education, pregnancy planning, family support or sentimental partner, type of infant feeding, period of exclusive breastfeeding provided to the infant and information received on the adequate feeding of the infant. Lactating. The data was shown using the different ways of presenting the information provided by descriptive statistics: statistical tables and graphs, in which the summarized data is presented through absolute and relative frequencies. Results: 34 % of the mothers of infants correspond to adolescents. The third level and secondary school predominated as the completed levels of instruction. More than 50 % stated that they had planned the pregnancy and had family support. Exclusive breastfeeding prevailed as the type of feeding and more than half of the infants benefited from exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of life. 77.5 % acknowledged having received information on the importance of breastfeeding in infant feeding. Conclusions: health promotion on issues such as adolescent pregnancy and breastfeeding is vital and necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe infant and young child feeding indicators in children under 24 months of age in Mexico. Materials and methods. Analysis of the Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2021 and 2022 (Ensanut 2021-2022) in women aged 14-59 and their children under 24 months (<24 months). The indicators were calculated considering the sample design of the surveys. Results. The 33.6% of children <6 months received exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and 27.2% of children <24 months did not receive EBF during the first three days of life, and were fed with commercial infant formula (CIF) or another liquid. Also, 42% of children between 6 and 23 months consumed unhealthy foods. Conclusions. Infant and young child feeding practices in Mexico must be protected through policies that regulate the commercialization of CIF and promote a work, social and political environment suitable for breastfeeding and infant care, so that parents and other caregivers can adopt adequate breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breastfeeding is an act that goes beyond nourishing the child. The implementation of educational technologies can favor the promotion of breastfeeding. Objective: To evaluate the use of a flipchart about breastfeeding as an educational intervention strategy in the immediate postpartum period among mothers in a public maternity hospital according to their sociodemographic and obstetric profile. Materials and Methods: Quasi-experimental study of a pre- and post-test model with a single group, carried out between November 2019 and March 2020. Data collected through the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale - short form. The number of women with high selfefficacy before and after the intervention was evaluated. As they did not show normality and/or homogeneity of variance, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests with post-hoc Nemenyi tests were performed. Results: The results showed that there was an increase in self-efficacy after the intervention, especially in puerperal women under 18 years of age, with Elementary Education, housewives, with less than six consultations, those oriented about breastfeeding during prenatal care and those who had not previously breastfed. Discussion: The sociodemographic profile of mothers may influence self-efficacy in breastfeeding. Conclusion: educational technology was effective in increasing maternal self-efficacy in breastfeeding in the immediate puerperium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the cariogenic potential of the infant formulas: Enfamil Neuro-Pro Stage 2, Enfamil Lactose Free, Enfamil Soya Premium and a sample of breast milk, incubated at a temperature of 37 °C for 24 hours with Streptococcus mutans. As a result, halos of inhibition and percentage of bacterial inhibition of the samples of maternal milk and Enfamil Lactose Free of 1.5 mm were obtained, while the samples of Enfamil Neuro-Pro Stage 2 and Enfamil Soya Premium, halos of 2 mm; by means of the Kruskal-Wallis's test, it was observed that the p value < 0.052 indicates that there is no significant difference between infant formulas and breast milk in the presence of bacteria. It is concluded that breast milk and the Enfamil Lactose-Free formula have the same cariogenic potential, which, in turn, was lower compared to the cariogenic potential of the Enfamil Neuro-Pro-Stage 2 and Enfamil Soya Premium formulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the clinical and epidemiologic features of children with thymic hypoplasia and respiratory illnesses in Cuba. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted among children of 1-6 years of age of both sexes attended at a Pediatric Immunology Program of Hospital Materno Infantil Ángel Arturo Aballí Arellano in Habana, Cuba from September 2019 to August 2022. Children with thymic hypoplasia with and without a history of a respiratory illness either infectious or non-infectious were included. Results: No association between age and sex with thymic hypoplasia but an association was found with children with a severe respiratory illness. Factors associated with a severe respiratory illness were ineffective breastfeeding, history of an atopic condition, pregnancy of high risk, prematurity and exposure to tobacco smoke. Conclusions: Thymic hypoplasia was not associated with age or sex. An association with mild-moderate thymic hypoplasia was found with a severe respiratory illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic otitis media is an inflammatory process of the mucoperiosteum of the structures of the middle ear cavity, with an evolution of more than 3 months, with involvement of the tympanic membrane, either with perforation or scarring that will lead to conductive hearing loss. In pediatrics, it is considered a Public Health problem due to the permanent sequelae that affect language and hearing in young children, with repercussions on their learning. This is a basic review of recent concepts and the importance of a timely and early diagnosis of a picture of acute otitis media to prevent it from becoming chronic, with the primary care physician being the one who must correctly manage the first picture of otitis media. The current management of chronic otitis media is reviewed, as well as risk and protection factors, highlighting breastfeeding, the complete immunization schedule, and optimal antimicrobial management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The care economy refers to unpaid work related to household maintenance or caring for others in the home. Among these unpaid activities, breastfeeding can be included as a caregiving practice that generates well-being. Objective : The purpose of this analysis is to calculate the cost of unpaid work for women associated with the practice of exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of infants' lives. Methodology: A descriptive analysis of the cost of required work in exclusive breastfeeding was conducted, with estimates based on the opportunity cost method, which assigns a wage value to the time taken to perform it. Results : It was estimated that during the first six months (exclusive breastfeeding), the cost of time dedicated to breastfeeding was, on average, $3,979,082 pesos (981.6 USD), with a range according to proposed scenarios between $3,501,025 pesos (863.6 USD) and $4,883,358 pesos (1,204.6 USD). The highest difference between values was found in the second and third months of breastfeeding (21.53%), and the smallest difference was from the third to the fourth month (10.94%). Conclusions : The results allowed assigning a value to the time dedicated to breastfeeding that represents between three and four times the Minimum Monthly Legal Wage in Colombia. Although breastfeeding is a practice intended to involve family participation, it is biologically carried out by women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low adherence to breastfeeding in the first six months of a baby's life is a major problem in Colombia. Investigating the perceptions of adolescent mothers is essential to encourage exclusive breastfeeding. Thus, the objective of this study was to learn about the perceptions of breastfeeding and to describe the sociodemographic characteristics of breastfeeding adolescent mothers who participated in the Growth and Development Program of the Hospital San Juan de Dios UniRemington Corporation in Colombia. This is a cross-sectional qualitative observational study conducted between 2020 and 2021 using semistructured interviews. These were carried out according to a script of openended questions to teenage mothers who were breastfeeding babies under 2 years of age, using tape recorders and field diaries and sociodemographic data obtained from hospital registers. The sample and results were based on data saturation according to narratives organized into themes from the thematic analysis together with repetitions of observations and descriptions of sociodemographic data. Of the ten young women, 70% had a low level of schooling and their perception of breastfeeding was related to their knowledge of the benefits of breastfeeding for baby nutrition and mother-child bond, but with many difficulties this reality has become a utopia. There was a dyad of joy and pain in the experiences. It was concluded that the perceptions were related to the lack of medical and family support for adolescent mothers. Further studies in different maternal populations are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional idea of breastfeeding explains it as a natural practice of feeding the baby through the breast, analyzing breastfeeding practices turns it into a multiple phenomenon: care assemblies, a biosocial practice, a moral imperative, mental work, care work, a political problem for feminism, among others. It is also possible to understand the lactating woman or breast milk as actors-network. This article presents some methodological reflections on research practices and some partial results of a doctoral research; Goals to expose some considerations related to the ethnographic research of breastfeeding, when it is developed amid different perspectives (hybridization) and present some research results of this ethnographic hybridization; Methods research with an ethnographic approach, which took elements from the ethnographies of practices, institutional ethnography and multi-sited ethnography, participant observation and face-toface and remote interviews were carried out, the data was analyzed using narrative analysis techniques with NVivo software; Results Three ethnographic perspectives are presented that intermingle for the analysis of breastfeeding as a transdisciplinary research problem, in addition, some methodological challenges that arose during the ethnographic fieldwork are discussed, accompanied by theoretical reflections and the way in which they were solved. Conclusions. There are multiple ways of understanding breastfeeding that are part of complex sociotechnical networks that are co-produced in everyday practices; understanding breastfeeding as a phenomenon that requires a transdisciplinary approach, it is possible and productive to study it with a hybrid ethnographic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the factors associated with the nutritional status of a group of breastfeeding women in the department of Antioquia. Methodology: Analytical cross-sectional study using secondary sources, with data from 102 nursing mothers living in Antioquia based on a 2019 survey. We used a multivariate Poisson regression model to adjust the prevalence ratio with overweight and anemia, along with multiple correspondence analysis to evaluate the factors associated with the nutritional status of the breastfeeding women. Results: There was a positive association with age group, excessive postpartum weight retention, and socioeconomic status. The women represented three clusters in the multiple correspondence analysis: better socioeconomic and nutritional conditions; greater socioeconomic vulnerability and micronutrient malnutrition; and socioeconomic vulnerability and overweight. Conclusions: Women undertake breastfeeding amid social and economic vulnerability, food insecurity, overweight, anemia, and the risk of micronutrient deficiencies. It is necessary to document the nutritional status of breastfeeding women by including them in population surveys and, accordingly, by developing guidelines for care during this stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Currently, speech therapists in Colombia do not have standardized tests that allow them to clearly establish the right time to start oral feeding of the newborn; For this reason, the international test POFRAS (Preterm Oral Feeding Readiness Assessment Scale), could be of great help in this evaluation process if it is validated in this country. OBJECTIVE: To establish the interobserver reliability of the POFRAS instrument, in the evaluation of the initiation of oral feeding in premature infants, in the NICU of Hospital San José. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantitative descriptive concordance study, in which 2 speech therapists participated from the San José de Popayán Hospital participated, evaluating twenty premature infants, selected by non-probabilistic sampling, with prior establishment of ethical aspects. RESULTS: An agreement proportion of 74% was obtained, indicating a good coincidence between the two evaluators in the rating of the items in premature infants. To determine concordance, weighted Kappa was used in each item; it was found in the evaluation of behavioral organization, the general tone with value k=0, 76, state of consciousness k=0, 53 and global posture k=0, 51, with an excellent and good concordance. In oral reflexes, sucking reflex was k=0, 74, rooting reflex k=0, 59, bite k=0, 55 and gag k=0, 57; here the concordance was good. In non-nutritive sucking and in signs of stress, the kappa values showed good agreement. In oral posture, a concordance with values regular was observed. The Kappa Coefficient of the instrument was k=0, 52 classified as "good" concordance. CONCLUSION: The POFRAS test has a "good" reliability to establish the initiation of oral feeding in the neonatal population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To learn about the experiences of women who are milk donors and users of the human milk bank, who are mothers of pre-term infants, low birth weight infants and sick newborns hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Method Descriptive, qualitative, micro ethnographic study following the method proposed by James Spradley, focused semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 human milk donor/receiver mothers. Results: six categories were established: human milk for humans, motivation and maintenance of human milk donation, recognition of Human Milk Banks (HMLB) as a suitable place for donation, donating human milk requires commitment and technique, feelings of women donors and recipients, barriers to donation, from these categories emerged the central category "Donating human milk saves lives" Conclusions Donating and receiving human milk is an experience in which biological, cultural, emotional and political aspects are linked. Women demand social recognition of the work of Human Milk Banks in the promotion, protection, support of breastfeeding, nutrition and protection of premature and sick newborns in neonatal units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breastfeeding brings innumerable benefits to the mother, child, family and society, it is recommended by the World Health Organization, exclusively up to 6 months and complementary up to two years. There is evidence that the level of knowledge of mothers about this practice has an impact on their optimal compliance and on this, in turn, the education and counseling received during the prenatal stage. In Ecuador, few publications were found on the subject in the Amazon, for which the present study is carried out, which aims to explore the advice received and the level of knowledge on breastfeeding, in mothers from a health area in the City of Macas. A simple survey was applied to 100 adolescent mothers selected by non-probabilistic sampling, the data is presented in tables and graphs and the absolute frequency and percentage are used, the levels of knowledge were classified as sufficient (80 to 100% of correct answers), insufficient (60 to 79.9% of correct answers) and deficient (less than 60% of correct answers). Among the results, it stands out that more than 80% of the mothers received advice on the benefits of breastfeeding and breastfeeding techniques, mainly from doctors and nurses; more than 60% of the mothers had sufficient knowledge about it, in particular about the nutritional benefits and about the mother-child bond, they also demonstrated knowing the start time and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerated growth during infancy is associated with the development of overweight and obesity later in life. Although this problem is attributed to formula feeding, as opposed to breastfeeding, it is not a rule; it also occurs in exclusively breastfed infants, possibly associated with the maternal diet. Our objective is to discuss an answer to the option of preventing accelerated growth in breastfed infants through the maternal diet. During pregnancy, dietary intake is key to ensure a proper development in uterus, where sources of folate, choline, betaine, vitamins B2, B6 and B12, which participate in one-carbon metabolism, are essential. Hence, we could infer that the consumption of these nutrients by mothers would influence a proper development of breastfed children. In addition, these compounds in breast milk contribute to the composition of the infant gut microbiota, which in turn participates in metabolic processes, including growth and development. Therefore, a diet rich in nutrients participating in one-carbon metabolism in breastfeeding mothers could contribute to a proper infant growth, preventing the development of overweight and obesity in the immediate and longterm future of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Intestinal Microbiota (IM) of the preterm newborn (RNP) is modified by factors such as hospitalization, antibiotics, postnatal nutrition, among others. The study: Observational - longitudinal research with the objective of analyzing the changes in MI promoted by the type of breastfeeding received in neonates <37 weeks of gestational age. Samples of 23 neonates hospitalized in the Intensive Care Units (NICU) and Neonatology were analyzed. Findings: No significant difference was found in the development of IM with respect to the type of feeding, however a different trend was observed among the neonates fed with Human Milk (HL) that increased the amount of Lactococcus and Clostridium while they decreased Lactobacillus, opposite to the group fed with Mixed Lactation (BF) that increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased Lactococcus and Clostridium; Conclusion: It is concluded that the specific members of the MI of the RNP depend on the dynamic interaction between the host and the type of dietary selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breastfeeding is considered a primary strategy in health promotion and disease prevention. This document addresses aspects that make evident the importance of breastfeeding for the health of the mother and her child, and the role of health professionals to promote, protect and support breastfeeding. An epidemiological panorama of breastfeeding in Mexico is presented, the main constituents of milk, the benefits of breastfeeding, both for the baby and for the mother, the barriers and myths that somehow influence breastfeeding, the main problems of breastfeeding and how to solve them, the proposed steps and the technique to achieve successful breastfeeding and promote a culture of breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows a quantitative analysis through two research instruments: web analytics and social network analytics applied to the Center for Parenting and Maternity and Paternity Support -Acunar-, an organization with online presence that focuses on providing advice and support to couples, pregnant women, fathers and mothers of families around the care of children. The main objective of the research was to investigate the communicational situation of Acunar digital environments and to deepen on the platforms used to generate communication with their various audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand and interpret the experiences of nursing teachers in the practice of Breastfeeding (BF) Methodology: Text narrative and context in this way the participants have every opportunity to report Results: Two experiences composed of 6 narratives, where evidence that the health team is responsible for encouraging and promoting the mother's BF Conclusion: The profile of the health professional is to enrich the knowledge and actions that help the autonomy of mothers in the care of their children and their self-care Although it is a physiological process, it needs learning and proper monitoring for it to be successful, which is influenced by a variety of factors that must be taken into account when dealing with breastfeeding families, both in clinical and community settings. Education remains a powerful tool, which must be used to create a true BF culture in our societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: the current continuity of publications on abandoned children during the Spanish Enlightenment, from the same perspectives of social control that were established at the end of the 20th century, undermines the efforts of some Enlightenment scholars to find artificial nutrition alternatives to breastfeeding through wet nurses. Aim: to analyse the nutritional trials carried out by Joaquín Xavier Úriz (1747-1829) in the Pamplona foundling home. Method: review, analysis and interpretation of his work "Causas prácticas de la muerte de los niños expósitos en sus primeros años", published in 1801. Results: after justifying its necessity, setting out objectives, and designing a controlled experiment, he carried out two trials with infants, one with healthy children using rice water supplements to the wet-nurse's milk and the other with sick children using mixed goat and wet-nurse breastfeeding. Both were initially conducted with one and two subjects, respectively, to be extended after good results to a larger, non-randomised sample (12 subjects in the case of sick children). Although the initial results were inconclusive, a decrease in subsequent infant mortality was noted. Conclusions: the trials are based on the application of a more appreciable scientific method than in didactic texts by more relevant authors, as in the case of Iberti. The prevailing utilitarianism does not hide the value given to the life of the foundling over any other, Úriz being a clear example of the exceptions to the predominantly punitive approach of historiography. The subsequent decline in infant mortality suggests the possibility of a successful cause-effect of the trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: diseñar y validar una base de datos de mensajes de texto para el fomento de la lactancia materna. Materiales y métodos: investigación cuantitativa del tipo validación de instrumentos, realizada en tres fases, la primera, permitió elaborar los mensajes de texto a partir de indagación documental; en la segunda se llevó a cabo la validación de contenido con expertos en la temática y en la tercera se realizaron las pruebas de comprensión con gestantes y lactantes. La información fue analizada en el software SPSS versión 22. Resultados: la base de datos de mensajes de texto final estuvo conformada por 96 mensajes, los cuales fueron sometidos a la fase de validación de contenido donde participaron 13 expertos. La consistencia interna se ubicó como "muy alto" con el Alfa de Cronbach de 0,93. Los resultados de las pruebas de comprensión evidenciaron un adecuado entendimiento de los mensajes por parte de las gestantes y lactantes. Conclusiones: los resultados cuantitativos evidenciados a través del Alfa de Cronbach, junto con las pruebas de comprensión realizadas con madres gestantes y lactantes, permitieron conservar el total de mensajes elaborados en la fase 0 de la investigación y soportan su adecuada utilización para el fomento de la lactancia materna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: the following study was to determine the association between the history of human breastfeeding for more than 6 months, as a protective factor in the development of cancer in children and adolescents treated at the Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Clinic (Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Los Andes (IAHULA) in Merida-Venezuela; especially leukemias and lymphomas. Methods: Analytical, observational, case-control study. An interview was conducted with the mothers of children and adolescents aged between 2-15 years diagnosed with malignant neoplasms who attended the IAHULA pediatric oncology and hematology of clinic. The control group was made up of healthy subjects or those with minor medical problems, who attended the Pediatric Emergency Service or were hospitalized in the IAHULA pediatric areas. Results: When comparing the exclusive and supplemented human lactation groups, a significant association with the development of childhood cancer was demonstrated for those patients who did not receive exclusive human lactation (p= 0.018). No protective effect of human lactation for more than 6 months was demonstrated in terms of the occurrence of childhood cancer. Conclusion: The use of exclusive human lactation is associated with a protective effect for the development of childhood cancer; therefore, it could be considered that children fed human milk better cope with carcinogenic insults, modulating the interaction between infectious agents and the development of the infant immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: breastfeeding is part of an innate process in a woman's life; however, its exercise requires active support to initiate and maintain adequate practices. Objective: to unveil the meaning of breastfeeding from the experience of a group of adolescent mothers. Methods: qualitative, descriptive study with a hermeneutic approach; with a saturation sample of 15 participants; focus groups were conducted, and semi-structured interviews were used. Results: the population ranged in age from 14 to 17 years old. When they became pregnant, most of them did not finish high school, a meaning congruent with the bibliography on breastfeeding and its benefits was evidenced, whose orientation has been given from the IPS (Health Promoting Institutions) and their own experiences, evidencing "a positive meaning". Similarly, breastfeeding was approached as an important practice that involves the paternal role, making it a process of fulfillment and love for the mother. Conclusion: breastfeeding goes beyond age, socioeconomic and social conditions. The meaning comes from the affection generated, and support networks are fundamental during the practice of breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a bibliographic review, the objective of this article is to provide an overview that accounts for certain characteristics that have defined breastfeeding, at various times in the history of Mexico. A journey through the pre-Hispanic period and the viceregal period is made, as well as what happened in the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century. The description includes aspects of breastfeeding in each era, including the actors who have participated, such as wet nurses, who have played a substantial role at different times in history and, of course, the role of doctors. Likewise, it describes how prescriptions and medical advice were provided to mothers, in addition to the different opinions that were raised regarding breastfeeding and animal milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the role of maternity and breastfeeding through the canons and advice of doctors, circulated in mass media in the first half of the 20th century. It is shown, firstly, that the mother played an important role in society, as she was viewed as the axis of the transformation and progress of Colombia, and, secondly, how an attempt was made to transform the practices around breastfeeding through medical discourses. The methodology used included the analysis of primary sources (columns, conferences, and manuals) and secondary sources (articles and books on the topic). The conclusion of this investigation affirms that there was an interest on the part of the medical community ink transforming maternity into a public matter under policies of hygiene and health that would help the modernization process of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Describe the infant and young child feeding practices of children cared for in institutions of the Colombian Caribbean, includes in implementing the baby friendly hospital strategy. Methods: Qualitative study framed in ethnography through semi-structured interviews, aimed at beneficiary mothers of prioritized health institutions. Results: The mothers recognized the nutrtitionals benefits of breastfeeding, in two territories also the emotional benefits. They also show appropriation in relation to perceptual feeding. However, they do not comply with the exclusive period of breastfeeding, they refer to some beliefs around it, an early start of complementary feeding is observed. In turn, the mothers recognized the importance of family and social support networks, such as the Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar. Conclusion: This research made it possible to recognize factors that favor and limit the adequate feeding practices of infants and young children, in pregnant and lactating mothers and their support network, who live in conditions of social and economic vulnerability and are cared for in three health institutions of the Colombian Caribbean that are in the process of implementing the babyfriendly hospitals initiative. The foregoing provides elements for the formulation of educational processes in health in the maternal and child population, both in the target population and in institutions that are in the process of implementing the baby-friendly hospitals initiative and policies to maternal and child health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and the maternal factors related with EBF cessation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional comparative study performed at the Conocoto Health Center (Pichincha - Ecuador). Maternal data, nutritional status of infants, characteristics of breastfeeding and number of previous acute diseases (diarrheal and respiratory) were recorded. RESULTS: We selected 155 infants (age 12.6 ± 4.8 months; 53.5% male). Only 49.6% (95% CI: 41.9-57.4%) of the infants had EBF for six months and in the others duration was just 2.7 ± 1.7 months. Nutritional status was similar between groups (EBF and no-EBF), nevertheless respiratory infections (=6 episodes) were more common in the last ones (1.3 vs 9.0%; p = 0.03). Factors related with EBF cessation were primiparous mother (OR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.31-4.82; p <0.01), unmarried cohabitation (OR: 2.26; 95%CI: 1.19-4.31; p = 0.03) and mother who studies or works outside the home (OR: 3.07; 95% CI: 1.58-5.98; p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Only half of the children had an EBF. An early EBF cessation (first three months) mainly happens when the mothers are primiparous, unmarried and has activities outside the home. To determine the situation in other rural communities seems relevant, at the time to increase EBF promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

recent studies show that host microbial communities are important in establishing the infant gut microbiota. neonatal innate immunity facilitates the seeding of the neonatal microbiota, depending on the mode of birth, feeding and cessation of it. the vulnerability of children under six months of age is mitigated by the protective effects of human milk through specific immune factors, by reducing exposure to other foods. there are dangerous practices in the management of acute diarrhea in children in Venezuela, which go against what the Who promotes, these are: restriction of fluids and breast milk, food, promoting malnutrition and growth retardation as well as incorrect use of antibiotics, antidiarrheals and antiemetics; the absence of immunization against rotavirus and the lack of environmental sanitation. the annual expenditure on morbidity and mortality due to acute diarrhea in children under five years of age who are not breastfed exceeds billions of dollars, the most regrettable being the loss of human resources for tomorrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction and objectives: breastfeeding (BF) is a feeding method that provides multiple benefits for the health of infants and their mothers. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of BF during the first year of life of children of women who gave birth in a private clinic in Biscay, Basque Country, Spain, and to identify the facilitating determinants and reasons for abandonment. Method: an observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study in a random sample of 453 newborns (NBs) recruited between 2016 and 2017. Results: in all, 366 women agreed to participate in all the study phases. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 51.7 % at baseline, 77.1 % at discharge, and 21.6 % after sixth months; and that of BF, 87.1 % at the beginning, 48.4 % at month six, and 20.6 % at one year. The facilitating factors of EBF were: at the beginning, not using a nest or breast pump; 15 days of satisfaction with LM and not using a pacifier or breast pump; 4 months of satisfaction with LM; 6 months attending Lactation Support Groups (GAL) and not introducing complementary feeding (CA); and those of LM at 1 year, attending GAL. The main reasons for abandonment were: own initiative, incorporation to work, and little weight gain by the NB. Conclusions: one in 5 newborns received EBF up to 6 months and BF up to one year. It would be necessary to promote strategies that favor breastfeeding, such as eliminating the nest, advising against breast pumps and pacifiers at the beginning, starting CA from the sixth month, and organizing GALs during the first year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the new coronavirus COVID-19 infection is currently an international public health emergency and it has been declared a pandemic by the WHO. Certain data about its etiopathogenesis is still unknown, arising the need to analyse the influence of coronavirus disease during the puerperal stage and its consequences. Objective: to synthesize the knowledge and the latest available recommendations about specific care during puerperium period, related to the health crisis due to COVID-19. Methodology: a systematic search was carried out in the scientific literature in order to locate the scientific evidence documents available in the main reference databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library and Science Direct. Results: breastfeeding brings many benefits to newborns, including protection against respiratory infections, such as coronavirus. If maternal and neonatal status allows it, it is recommended promoting breastfeeding during the infectious risk period. Both SEGO and SETH recommend the administration of low molecular weight heparin at prophylactic doses in order to avoid thromboembolic disease. Discussion/conclusions: the main limitation was the paucity of scientific literature about COVID-19 in relation to puerperal period. It is essential that any puerperal woman with COVID-19 infection and her newborn are assessed individually, early and evaluated by a multidisciplinary team to prevent adverse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Iron deficiency and anemia affect a considerable percentage of breastfeeding children and can have damaging effects on growth and development. Objective: Present recent advances related to breastfeeding and formula feeding against the risk of iron deficiency and global recommendations on the age of introduction of foods that are good sources of iron. Materials and Methods: A narrative literature review was performed in medical literature databases using MeSH terms in English and health descriptors DeCS in Spanish. Terms were related with type of diet, presence of anemia or iron deficiency, and growth. Both articles written in Spanish and English were considered. Results: To make the decision as to whether it is adequate to begin complementary feeding at four or six months while maintaining iron status, it is proposed to consider factors such as iron stores, birth experience, infant development, and others. In starting complementary feeding it's important to incorporate foods that are good sources of iron. Conclusions: Adequate feeding practices that include breastfeeding until 24 months and the introduction of foods that are sources of iron starting at six months likely reduce iron deficiency and anemia in children less than 24 months of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to describe the attitudes and practices of mothers regarding complementary feeding in children aged 6 to 24 months. Method: quantitative and cross-sectional study, in a sample of 58 mothers. The Guide was used to assess nutrition related knowledge, attitudes and practices. Results: according to the practices, it was identified that the food group most consumed by infants were grains, roots and tubers with 94.8% and the least consumed were those of legumes, nuts and dairy products with 44.8%. Regarding attitudes, 96.6% of mothers mentioned feeling safe when preparing their children's food and 62.1% perceived that it is good to continue giving breast milk after 6 months. Conclusion: lack of knowledge about complementary feeding leads to inappropriate practices. Therefore, it becomes a priority to implement and strengthen programs to support complementary feeding and breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Numerous studies address the oral health situation and access to dental care for pregnant women, however few maintain postpartum observation, much less the situation of the children during their first years of life. Objective. To identify and understand the general, particular and singular processes that limit or favor the exercise of the right to oral health of postpartum women and their children during the first year of life. Method. The study utilizes the Social Determinants of Health approach in two Colombian cities, Medellín and Bucaramanga, and in Santiago de Chile. In each city, 26 pairs participated, with prior informed consent. Qualitative techniques (interviews and discussion groups) and quantitative techniques (survey and oral exams) were used for data collection. Results. General economic, political, and gender processes, together with labor, consumer, and sociocultural dynamics of the families' lifestyles, determine, positively or negatively, the opportunities of access to oral health care for both subjects and for their objective condition. Conclusion. Processes at a general level, with some differences between the two countries, limit the exercise of the right to health, recognized as fundamental by both political constitutions. Those processes at the general level subsume the particular and singular processes that also behave as limitations in most cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breastfeeding is one of the most effective ways to ensure maternal and child health and survival. Objective: To analyze, through a bibliographic review, breastfeeding as an alternative for the prevention of maternal and infant diseases. Methodology: A systematic review was carried out on scientific bases such as LILACS, Pubmed, UNAM, Dialnet, Progress in Health Sciences, Revista Enfermeria Global, MedlinePlus, Revista Enfermeria CyL, Redalyc, during the period 2015-2020, including information in Spanish and English. Results: The literature search reported a total of 16475, but after applying selection criteria and evaluative reading, 31 articles were included for analysis because of their relevance and contribution to meeting the objective. Conclusion: Breastfeeding at the infant level prevents infectious diseases of the digestive and respiratory tract in the short and medium term and overweight and hypertension in the long term. At the maternal level the benefits are: prevention of hemorrhages, anemia, breast and ovarian cancer, type II diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: human breastfeeding is essential to establish a true and enduring "early nutritional programming". exclusive and freely demanded during the first six months of life, it covers the macro and micronutrient requirements of the child, is important for its immunological, microbiological characteristics and for the consolidation of the affective bond between mother/child. Objectives: to find out what is published on its immune benefits, in early metabolic programming and benefits of prolonged breastfeeding. Methods: review of literature on established topics. the main findings published in books and journals are presented from studies conducted with proven scientific rigorousness. Results: it is paramount in the formation of the child's gut microbiota. breastfed newborns have 28% human milk bacteria and 10% from breast skin (areola); there are specific bacterial strains common between the mother intestine, human milk and the intestine of newborns, which shows the vertical transmission of maternal bacteria to the newborn. in recent years, it has been identified as a prevention factor for obesity in children and adolescents and some chronic noncommunicable diseases in adults. the hormones present in human milk, program the way in which the individual will use the energy consumed for the rest of life, which contributes to decrease its prevalence. Prolonged, it decreases the incidence of infections, lower the risk of obesity, strengthens the mother/child bond and strengthens the emotional and social development of the child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: the knowledge of the benefits of an adequate intake of energy and nutrients during pregnancy and lactation; the evaluation of a comprehensive nutritional status assessment of the pregnant woman. Methodology: a working group of professionals specialized in the First 1000 days of life: obstetricians, nutritionists, and pediatricians of different specialties: auxologists, neurologists, and specialists in pediatric behavior. Findings based on evidences and backed by references published in books and publications with regard to different aspects of this period. Content: energy intake, macro / micronutrients essential for embryonic and fetal growth and development, as well as brain development and eating behavior. Finally, practical aspects of nutritional status evaluation of pregnant women, extensive information is to be found in the www.svpediatria.org. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To update the prevalence of infant and young child feeding indicators (IYCFI) in children under 24 months in Mexico. Materials and methods. Ensanut 2018-19 national representative survey with probabilistic design. Population: Women 12-59 years and their children <24 months. The indicators proposed by the World Health Organization were assessed by sociodemographic variables of the mothers using the sample design. Wald's test was used to compare between categories. Results. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in children under six months was 28.3%, 42.9% of children under 12 months consumed infant formula and 29% continued breastfeeding at two years. Around 30% of children between 6 and 11 months did not meet the recommended minimum dietary diversity and only 49.4% consumed iron-rich foods. Conclusions. There are improvements in breastfeeding practices in Mexico, although the figures are low. The coordinated contribution from all sectors of society is required to improve infant feeding practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on several virtual conferences in September and October 2020. Topics discussed include reproductive problems, both herds dairymen as butchers, and in the conditions of the livestock market; breastfeeding has a negative influence on cyclicality due to its nutritional effects and economic analysis shows that dairy farms using aggressive management program reproductive life resulting in a high rate of conception.

Introduction: According to WHO, exclusive breastfeeding consists of giving the infant only breast milk: no other liquids or solids, not even water, except rehydration solutions. Even when the benefits to the nursing mother are known, there is abandonment of the mother. Objective: To know the main factors that influences the mother, for the abandonment of breastfeeding. Material and methods: Observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study of 90 eligible mothers, in the HGZ +MF No. 1 in La Paz, Baja California Sur. The survey by Niño et al is carried out after signing the informed consent, which measures factors associated with the early abandonment of breastfeeding with 20 items grouped into maternal and socio-dependent socio-demographic variables. Descriptive statistics were used for demographic variables and 2 for association; all participants signed informed consent. Results: 48.4% are working mothers. The maternal factors associated with the abandonment of EB were: the initiation of activities of the mothers (9.9%), illness of the child (8.8%), that the infant was not satisfied, left hungry (6.6%), illness of the mother with use of drugs excreted through breast milk (5.5%), rejection of the child to the breast (4.4%), lack of milk (4.4%), other reasons (14.3%). Conclusion: The maternal factors associated with the abandonment of EBF that influenced this study were the initiation of activities of the mother, illness of the infant that the child is not satisfied, is left hungry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]