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Enzymatic immobilization can be used in a wide range of processes. During the last few years, varieties of techniques for immobilization have been implemented, increasing its operational efficiency and its higher use. Nowadays, immobilized enzymes are preferred over free enzymes, since their availability and yields per work cycles are superior, hence, operating costs happen to be reduced in industrial sectors. The applications are mainly focused on sugar industry, biotechnology, bioremediation of waters and soils, among others. Immobilized enzymes have also demonstrated significant application in drug metabolism, biodiesel and antibiotic production, and food industry. The widespread use of immobilized enzymes is largely due to the fact that they are cheaper, more environmentally friendly, and much easier to use compared to equivalent technologies. This study is a review of the extensive variety of existing papers on the different supports for the immobilization of enzymes, their main characteristics and uses, as well as the immobilization processes that can be affected by the type and characteristics of the support materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phospholipids, which include the compound phosphatidylcholine, the chemical name for lecithin, are lipids containing a phosphoric acid residue. Increased demand for lecithin and phenomenal growth in the soybean oil processing industry have today made soybeans the most viable source of commercial lecithin. The present review explores the chemistry, physical and chemical properties, production and purification, toxicity, stability, and technological uses in food industry of lecithin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To review the food availability axis of Food and Nutritional Security in the municipalities of Gachancipá, Cogua and Nemocón, belonging to the Sabana Centro province, in the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. Methodology: We developed a study to characterize the local food market in the selected municipalities. We identified three central aspects (supply, food circuits and domestic food market). We set up a non-representative sample using the snowball technique. We applied semi-structured interviews in order to achieve greater depth in characterization of local markets. Results: We identified the preeminence of intermediation in commercialization of food, which, concomitantly, determine the processes of supply and consumption at the local level. We were able to recognize the importance of peasant's markets in terms of their interest in promoting short food miles and reducing intermediation cycles. Limitations: Funding was very short and it was necessary to limit the methodological strategy and fieldwork. On the other hand, the project's administrative management caused delays in its development. This affected the course and implementation of its phases. Conclusions: The over-stimulation of commercial intermediation in agrifood market in selected municipalities negatively affects the availability and supply of food in their local markets. It is necessary to promote short food miles and reduce the distance between producers and consumers. This route could facilitate access to food for consumers, and could low the price, which, incidentally, is high due to intermediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet potato cultivation and production in Colombia registers few surpluses for the national market, its yield is approximately 6 t/ha, said production is centered in the Colombian Caribbean region, in the departments of Córdoba and Sucre; However, the cultivation of sweet potatoes could come to occupy an important place for the food industry, due to its nutritional contributions and its high starch content, considered ideal for the industrial production of flours and starches. This investigation studied the physicochemical and functional properties of the starch obtained from two varieties of sweet potato, where the water absorption capacity, maximum viscosity, gelatinization temperature, settling, stability was analyzed. Before the determinations, the samples were dried to constant weight. It was found that the yellow sweet potato starch turned out to be of better quality due to its lower solubility, higher water absorption, higher swelling power and higher gelatinization temperature than the purple sweet potato starch, showing encouraging values for the food industry as thickeners, stabilizers and gelling agents in refrigerated and frozen foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fructose is a carbohydrate found in fruits, vegetables, and honey. It is a glucose monosaccharide isomer that has important applications in food industry. Because that is important to investigate its obtaining mechanisms. Present work shows inulinase in sodium alginate physical retention for inulin conversion to fructose process through hydrolysis, establishing inulin as a potential resource for obtaining it, since it is present in a crops that are produced in an agro-industrial way wide variety. Objective: To determine hydrolysis pH and temperature conditions, using immobilized inulinase in sodium alginate. Materials and methods: Enzymatic reaction was carried out in a stirred glass reactor, provided with temperature control for three hours at 120 rpm. For reducing sugars quantification, DNS method and Uv-Vis spectrophotometry were applied at a wavelength of 540 nm. A central composite design was used for hydrolysis conditions analysis. Results and Discussion: Statistical analysis established as favorable conditions for obtaining fructose a temperature of 40 ° C and a pH of 6, reaching productivity of up to 12.27 mg/h, which is consistent with scientific literature. Conclusions: Temperature and pH factors influence enzymatic conversion process and consequently had an effect on total fructose productivity (mg/h). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trading of holdalls of agroecological vegetables draws attention to the increase of selling these products and social awareness, as the purpose of these holdalls is to lessen the effect of rising prices; especially during the isolation caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. In this context, new spaces multiplied and already existing ones enhanced. This article analyzes the main characteristics of this circuit through a case study in La Plata; more specifically, by analyzing the case of a group of agroecological producers who sells the production through Pueblo a Pueblo system. Variables related to the holdall, such as variety, price construction, the organization rol and its main constraints were considered when applying a qualitative methodology based in a case study. Primary and secondary data were collected. This study provided data in relation to contributions and difficulties this circuit is facing, among which social construction of food trading and subjects active roles are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Biológico Agropecuaria Tuxpan is the property of Revista Biologico Agropecuaria Tuxpan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the extraction and microencapsulation of antioxidant compounds from Oenocarpus bataua Mart seed, commonly known as “ungurahui” or “patawa”. The extraction process was performed in an ultrasonic bath and the orthogonal composite central design of the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal extraction conditions, using two factors: ethanol concentration (48.44 to 91.56%) and extraction time (13.83 to 46.17 min). The optimal extraction conditions (48.44% ethanol and 13.83 min) allowed to obtain the extract (EUL) with the highest number of antioxidants (yield (YI): 24.64%, total phenolic content (TPC): 452.76 mg GAE/g EUL and DPPH: 74.26%). Microencapsulation of EUL with maltodextrin by spray drying produced microcapsules (EUM) of homogeneous size (5 µm), without cracks or fissures and that preserved its antioxidant capacity (TPC: 110.08 mg GAE / g EUM, DPPH: 74.59%) because the encapsulant protected the core from being affected by drying temperature. The microcapsules also showed no significant degradation during storage. In general, this study offers a suitable process for the incorporation of antioxidant compounds from Oenocarpus bataua seed in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Food process design has often been approached using methodologies developed for chemical process design. These particularities demand that the design engineer explore other alternatives focused on guaranteeing product quality. In Ecuadorian Amazon context, cane derivatives process is carried out in small artisanal units designed with insufficient technical criteria. This affects final product quality and producers economy. Objective: To propose a procedure that, from the conceptual design, considers product quality. Materials and methods: A procedure was used that considers product quality from the conceptual design, which consists of eleven activities and three decision-making. It is supported by GNU Octave software for process simulation and optimization using the objective function (FO) that maximizes the net present value (NPV) and as a novel aspect, the FO minimizes quality indicators variance. Results and Discussion: In the applied study case, the operational range was determined as: a pH of 3.63 to 4.16, °Brix from 75.12 to 76.73 and NPV fluctuates between 2 603 469.38 USD to 6 669 971.27 USD with a sigma level greater than three. Conclusions: Uncertainty of operational variables decrease increases product acceptability and this is reflected in optimal values obtained from the NPV and quality attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the study trends of lean manufacturing at a national and international level through a systematic review of the scientific literature between 2015 and 2019. A total of 3776 research articles were retrieved from the main bibliographic databases. Metadata and VOSviewer were used to perform a bibliometric cluster analysis by topic and year. The results indicated that the database with the largest number of publications was Science Research. In addition, 36% of all the research articles retrieved were from Asian countries and they addressed efficiency of production processes and productivity. The present article provided an analysis of the implementation of the lean manufacturing philosophy and a summary of the tools used in companies in the food sector to generate inputs that promote productivity. A general framework is proposed that summarizes the trends in lean manufacturing from the literature review performed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water fit for human consumption is an exhaustible source due to its incorrect use, constant population growth and contamination of supply sources, among other factors. The food processing industry is one of the most polluting of the receiving sources where liquid residues are deposited. Meat processes are one of the most influential in environmental deterioration due to the aggressiveness of its residuals. For this reason, this study proposes a technological change that improves the quality of the effluent generated in the residual removal, replacing the Conventional Residual Treatment Plant (PTRc) with a membrane bioreactor (BRM), at the Research Institute for the Food Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensory ingredients are those raw used in the elaboration of food that admit to be tasted for their nature. Sensory evaluation of them is a preventive action that contributes to reduce costs associated to quality. This work establishes methodological tools to define attributes sensory quality of ingredients, its standards and evaluation method. Methodology was conceived starting from a diagnosis to sensory scenario of Cuban food industry and considering tendencies in sensory quality. Their viability was confirmed with tasters, experts and applying it in evaluation of ingredients, powdered cocoa, almonds and powdered milk, used to elaborate powdered mixtures for milk shakes and ice creams. Methodology is viable and experts estimated it as, effective, preventive, pertinent, modernized, quick and reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to determine the chemical, technological and in vitro antioxidant characteristics of cocoa bean shell to find out the potential used as an ingredient for application in food industry. The proximate composition and total dietary fiber (TDF) content were determined. For the antioxidant activity, two different analytical assays were used (FRAP and ABTS). Cocoa shell bean contained an appreciable amount of TDF (49.21%). According to the adsorption isotherm, the critical moisture content to obtain a microbiological stability was 13.07%. This product showed a good antioxidant capacity expressed as Trolox equivalents with values of 7.4 mmol/100g in FRAP assay and 20.8 mmol/100 g in ABTS assay. The results of this study indicate that cocoa roasted bean shell is a good source of dietary fibre and natural compounds with significant antioxidant activity and it may be considered a suitable product to be used in the preparation of high-fiber foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usability of the QR codes is measured in a well-known cafeteria in the city of Puebla, Mexico, following the guidelines of the Government of Mexico which recommend the food and beverage sector to eliminate physical menus as they are considered a point of spread of COVID-19 and its replacement by digital menus distributed by QR codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sericin is a globular protein that is obtained from the cocoons of the Bombyx mori silkworm and has applications in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. The objective of this work was to determine the stability and dermal and ophthalmic irritability of the sericine hydrolyzate (liquid). 3 batches produced on a pilot scale were stored in high density polyethylene bottles under different temperature conditions: 40 ± 2 °C for 6 months and temperature up to 30 °C for 18 months. A physical-chemical and microbiological evaluation was performed at initial time and 1, 2, 3, 6 months (accelerated) and 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 months (shelf). Toxicological studies corresponding to products for cosmetic purposes were performed. It was found that the organoleptic characteristics, density, pH, protein concentration and the identity of the lots in the two temperature conditions, there was no significant variation in the study time. The shelf life of the product was defined in 18 months. It was concluded that the sericin hydrolyzate in high density polyethylene bottles is stable at temperatures up to 30 °C for 18 months and this product did not classify as dermal or ophthalmic irritant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to analyze the Guiding Times in the food and beverage processes in hotels in Cartagena. The guiding time is the maximum time that a client is willing to grant to receive a service. The research was analytical with a mixed approach. The population was made up of (11) four and five star hotels. An estimation scale was applied as an instrument for collecting information aimed at the leaders of the aforementioned processes. The results show that the Guiding Times allow reordering the food / beverage subprocesses and turns this into a strategic resource, which would generate competitive advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the innovation from the systemic approach in the apple agri-food sector, supported by the hypothesis that the acceptability of innovations depends on the agricultural practices learned and the resources dedicated to its application, by some socio-economic variables of the producer and for the functioning of fruit markets. Methodology: It is applied an index of acceptability of technological innovation is applied to identify and measure the process of acceptance of technological practices, and the existence of a relationship between socio-economic variables with the innovative profile of the producer is explored. Personal interviews were conducted, with a structured questionnaire to 44 producers -22 from an organization and 22 not organized. Results: Producers are identified, incorporating the innovation of the improved apple system, obtaining an acceptability index of 0.58 units, rated as excellent, which accounts for the incorporation of innovative agricultural practices along with the surface that the producer dedicates. Limitations: The need complement the study with other apple producing regions, in the estate of Puebla. Conclusions: In addition to the high acceptability index, is identified the existence of a relationship between the variables experience as apple producer, income obtained, the market to which the three variables with statistical significance (p <0.05) concur with the innovative profile of the producer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among tropical fruits, guava (Psidium guajava L.), is one of the most consumed thanks to its excellent organoleptic and functional properties, rich in bioactive compounds. Its agroindustrial use generates a large number of by-products, including the epicarp, which represents approximately 25 to 30% of the fruit's weight. The objective of the present investigation was to determine, in the epicarp of guava, the physicochemical properties, the color coordinates and characterize it in is content of carotenoid and phenolic compounds, as well as to determine its antioxidant activity. Guava epicarp flour (GEF) was made and based on approved methods, yield in weight, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, moisture content, water activity and color parameters was determined, as well as the bioactive compounds noted. The results for the physicochemical parameters were high and the content of carotenoid compounds for the different fractions fluctuated between 9,414 for the a-carotene fraction and 10,894 for the ß-cryptoxanthin fraction. The antioxidant activity showed a value of 62,281% and the content of phenolic compounds was 24,948 mg EAG/g. It is concluded that GEF can be used as a source of natural bioactive compounds in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food can be an ideal source of knowledge of the landscape. Through workshops, directed to both adults and children, it has been possible to experience the «practices of the territory» and the «narratives of the perceived» which underlies the process of becoming in food making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work shows the application of simulation of discrete events, to evaluate proposals to improve the capacity of the production process. Therefore, the efficiency of a food company through the approach and comparison of scenarios. The methodology used for its development was divided into five (5) phases, phase I: characterization of the process and quantification of current resources, phase II: input analysis, phase III: development and validation of the model using Tecnomatix Plant simulation software, phase IV: proposal and simulation of three scenarios, phase V: scenario analysis, concerning the results obtained in the performance indicators: Throughput, percentage of use and waiting time in each operation. The scenario that generated better results compared to the analysis was the third, which corresponded to the reprogramming of production, which was able to increase throughput by 38.70%, 9.57%, and 56.62% for corn chips, promasa tortillas, and wheat flour tortillas, respectively. Moreover, the percentage of use was increased, and the percentage of waiting time for each operation was reduced. With this, efficiency was enhanced through the increased production capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to perform a literature review about diabetes mellitus 2 to characterize the main root cause and the best strategies for solution and prevention in the educational processes. The analysis was performed using the Eight Disciplines Problem Solving Method. To this end, a script was prepared based on the definition of the concepts of interest. The search criteria for data were also defined. The information was subsequently selected using these criteria. This study identified the containment measures and the social determinants that minimize them and the main solutions for practical application at the primary care level. The relevance of changes in educational processes based on the cause main root were examined for noncommunicable diseases, addition of fructose to soft drinks, and foods made by the food industry. The results showed that diabetes and obesity are not the result of simple calorie imbalance. Good health depends on traditional ethnic dishes. These concepts should be incorporated into the training processes of health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various procedures have been used for the production of edible mushrooms, based not only on solid and submerged fermentation, but also incorporate other elements such as control of growth parameters and nutritional requirements. Today, biotechnology has become a promising discipline for this purpose, due to the ease with which they can be cultivated and the multiple applications they possess. In general, the characteristics of the substrates used in the cultivation of edible mushrooms of the Pleurotus genus are associated with their functional effects, organoleptic and chemical characteristics. In the present work, a compilation on the procedures for the production of edible mushrooms of the Pleurotus genus was made, with potential pharmacological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To combat malnutrition in all its forms, actions must be integrated from society as a whole. The main interest of the actors involved in these actions should be health. However, there are actors with conflict of interest that interfere in the design, planning, implementation and monitoring of public health nutrition policies. In order to mitigate the adverse effect that result from these conflicts, from evidence generation to the design and implementation of policies, this Code is proposed. It invites the nutrition and health community to adopt it, promote it and subscribe it, and to favor the advancement of actions and policies without industry interference to address the problem of malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective is to analyze the political behavior of the Costa Rican sugar sector in the free trade-protectionist tension, in the case of dumping between LAICA and La Maquila Lama, through semi-structured interviews and media monitoring, a joint analysis of the case is carried out contemplating the categories of analysis: events, actors, scenarios, tactics and strategies. It is identified that the discussion between free trade and protectionism is imaginary; in the meantime, these two models are, in principle, theoretical models of economics. In practice, there is no fully deregulated market economy or any fully protected economy. For this reason, a conclusion for this study is that these two models coexist within the economic system and at different levels within the economies of the countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Intends to present to the Spanish-speaking reader, particularly from Mexico, the most complete sociological research that currently exists on the subject. It is considered relevant because it accurately describes the dialectic between, on the one hand, the global economic processes and, on the other, its bases and effects in local areas, basically the creation of relations of subordination of producers, which threaten their cultural identity and its economy, with a negative ecological impact. Methodology: This is a broad sociological study that includes historical, anthropological and economic aspects. However, given the nature of its object, the study contemplates knowledge of other disciplines, such as agronomy, the food industry and marketing. In addition to extensive bibliographic and documentary research, it is based on ethnographic methods, particularly participant observation and interviewing, techniques that he implemented in local settings in Mexico, as in other countries. Results: Describe the origins and history of mezcal production and consumption and the profound meaning it has for many rural communities in Mexico. It explains the local effects of mezcal's entry as a commercial product in the global sphere, particularly pointing out the contradictions and perverse effects of this process, such as the destabilization of local social structures and ecological damage, by virtue of the demand logic of international markets It also highlights the legal, commercial and even political defense that the producers themselves have had to carry out to safeguard the production of authentic mezcal in the national and international spheres, given the risk of adulteration for commercial purposes for the benefit of transnational companies. Limitations: The study itself is quite complete, however, it could be extended with a more thorough and updated study of the relationship between mezcal and the tequila industry. Thus, it would be very interesting to study how, recently, the tequila industry has begun to mimic that of mezcal, particularly with the launch of brands of "crystalline" tequilas that evidently try to emulate the "authentic" mezcal. Perhaps the main limitation of the book is the same fact of being published in French, as an English version would make it more accessible to a wider audience. Conclusions: Domingo García Garza, offers us an exciting story about the origin of mezcal in the "deep Mexico" and its even mystical meaning, its revaluation through foreign perception, its insertion in transnational markets, the practically resistance situation in that their artisanal producers have committed themselves, the political and legal struggle to safeguard their character as cultural heritage and a question about the social, economic and ecological future of the communities in which it has been produced since ancient times. But in addition, the reading of Le mezcal: enfant terrible du Mexique is a masterful example of the implementation of the fundamental principles of sociological research in its most general sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms embedded in a self-produced matrix and adhering to inert or living surfaces. Biofilms have been observed on a variety of surfaces and in a variety of niches, and are considered to be the prevailing microbial lifestyle in most environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disinfectants based on benzalkonium chloride and other quaternary ammonium compounds have been used for decades to improve hygiene in hospitals, in food processing environments, in the veterinary field and other areas. Bacteria employ a variety of strategies to avoid the lethal and inhibitory effects of antimicrobial agents. Resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds has been described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To identify the food industry's arguments against front-of-package nutrition labels in Uruguay. Methods. Content analysis and inductive coding were applied to the comments made by the food industry during the public consultation on the draft decree regulating the inclusion of front-of-package nutrition labels (warnings) in Uruguay. Results. Most of the comments expressed concern about the high prevalence of obesity and noncommunicable diseases in the country and emphasized a commitment to implementing actions to help combat these health problems. However, 81% of the comments disagreed with the draft decree presented for public consultation; these included general criticisms of its validity. The content of the comments related to seven areas: lack of rationale for the measure; violation of international commitments; criticisms of the warning system; discrimination against industrialized packaged food; criticisms of the nutrient profile model; other criticisms of aspects specific to the draft decree; and adverse economic effects. For each area, there is discussion of the technical and normative relevance and consistency of the content presented by the industry representatives. Conclusions. Despite apparent agreement about the need to adopt measures, it is clear that the food industry is strongly opposed to the policy and, in particular, to the warning system. The results of this analysis may help to facilitate the process of implementing similar regulations in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are of special interest in the food industry due to their ability to produce metabolites. Among them, bacteriocins, which can inhibit the growth of altering microorganisms, and pathogens in a wide variety of foods, are considered safe for human consumption and are used as preservatives. Objectives: Evaluate the effect of a bacteriocin found by in silico methods on the microbiota present in Antioquian soft cheese. Methods: In this research, we design a synthetic bacteriocin, called Bac 22, found in the genome of Lactobacillus casei using the genomic mining methodology and bioinformatics tools. We also conducted a preliminary biological and hemolytic activities studies of the Bac 22 toward the microbiota present in the Antioquian soft cheese (Quesito Antioqueño). Results: The bacteriocin Bac 22 at a concentration of 100 µM presented a hemolytic capacity lower than 1% and reduced the CFU / g of total coliforms significantly when added to Antioquian soft cheese for eight days. Conclusions: The Bac 22 demonstrated a positive potential effect over the shelf life of a dairy product, such as the Antioquian soft cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores alternative map of ethical, political and aesthetic grammars in Latin American cultures related to the Animalities. It discusses the animals and humans in the culture of late nineteenth century in Latin American literature. Topics discussed include ways to develop the human-animal relationships; treatment of the animal in the food industry and in pet ownership; and the idea of ​​the animal-sign runs the risk of making us return to the old representation of the human through the animal.

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Copyright of Revista Biológico Agropecuaria Tuxpan is the property of Revista Biologico Agropecuaria Tuxpan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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In this article, we describe the physicochemical characteristics of those flavonoid compounds which have been more deeply studied up to the present. We also analyze their contribution to traditional and natural medicine, together with their applications in food industry. The main objectives are, on the one hand, to provide basic physicochemical information about the molecular structures of the kinds which have more industrial and medical applications up to the present, and, on the other hand, to connect the natural properties of the foods that contain them with their benefits to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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It is accepted that there are five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, umami and bitter. In the case of fats, most of their sensory properties are attributable to triglycerides, as they contribute to the desirable characteristics of mouthfeel. Fats and oils are part of a select group of foods necessary for our health. The term oleogustus derives from the Latin oleo, which is a lexical root for oils or fats, and gustus, which refers to taste. Evidences suggest that CD36 is the main receptor of fatty taste. Stimulation of isolated human taste cells with a high concentration of fatty acids results in a high intracellular calcium response. In the food industry, fat taste signaling can have implications for the development of food products, appetite management, and digestion and taste disorders and for dietary recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spanish children see an average of 9,000 advertising campaigns on television per year, mostly for low nutritional value foods. Given childhood obesity rates, the close relationship between advertising targeting this group and consumption of this type of food, Spain passed the Child-Directed Food Advertising Self-Regulation (PAOS) Code in 2005. This article intends to analyze the discursive strategies used in low nutritional value food campaigns in relation to the contents of the PAOS Code. It uses a mixed method that integrates quantitative techniques to analyze audiences and qualitative ones to study the advertising discourse. Research concludes that, unlike other types of foods, low nutritional value product advertising focuses its discursive strategy on words and semantic fields linked to happiness, action, fun, etc. Conclusions also point to the need to review the contents of the PAOS Code and further involve the Spanish food industry, agencies, and advertisers so that advertising content self-regulation becomes truly effective. The original contribution of this article lies in the theoretical and empirical inputs that take childhood obesity in Spain as a starting point and interrelate it with discursive strategies employed in low nutritional value product advertising aimed at minors and the existing regulatory framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional systems for innovation strengthen the competitive growth in the territories. The factor analysis of the regional systems for agri-food innovation in Colombia unveiled a direct relationship between the business articulation and the relational capital in order to enhance the sales based on innovation. Due to the heterogeneity and geographic scattering of the studied innovation systems, it was not possible to find a single intervention route for these systems. However, the agri-food innovation systems pinpointed herein represent a strategic proposal in which the productive resources are focused on the innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with the evolution of radiation processing in Cuba, its main scientific results and impact up to now and the perspectives of these applications, as well as the recovery of the irradiation capacities existing in the country, the radiation process control, quality management in the mentioned radiation process and the established regulatory aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Lámpsakos is the property of Fundacion Universitaria Luis Amigo, Facultad de Ingenierias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)