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The article deals with the functional relation between national income and saving or consumption as derived from statistical analysis of data for the United States covering the past two decades. One may gain a much better understanding of how the yearly equilibrium of total saving and investment happens to have been struck at the levels of gross national income prevailing during each of the past twenty years if the component elements of investment and how they are related to income and other factors are deeply analyzed. It has also been investigated that what investment would be likely to be more under stable conditions if the economy operates at a steady increasing rate of production and income. The article concluded that the phase of the housing cycle is a major factor related to the amount of investment and is at least a minor factor related to the level of the saving function. The quantity of current income spent privately for permanent capital goods under conditions of fluctuating activity has responded to previous profits, but has been conditioned by the current level of income, while the income spent for temporary private investment has been related to the direction and extent of change of the level of income.

Operations-research workers have not met with much success in being accepted as integral members of regional-health-planning teams, owing in part to a lack of understanding by health planners of the skills the operations researcher has to offer and in part the analyst's inability to demonstrate that he can close the gap between theoretical modeling and the implementation of his results. This paper explores the growth of regional health planning in the United States and highlights its important problem areas. The literature of operations-research applications to health planning is reviewed critically with respect to the feasibility of models and the appropriateness of assumptions. Specific problems with the types of studies currently in the literature are identified and recommendations are made for improved coordination between operations-research workers and health planners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a set-covering-problem formulation for determining locations for two types of ladder trucks used by the New York City Fire Department. It shows that the formulation can accommodate several different realistic restrictions on the solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of dynamic efficiency is central to analyses of capital accumulation and economic growth. Yet the question of what characteristics should examined to determine whether actual economics are dynamically efficient is unresolved. This paper develops a criterion for determining whether an economy is dynamically efficient. The criterion, which holds for economies in which technological progress and population growth are stochastic, involves a comparison of the cash flows generated by capital with the level of investment. Its application to the United States economy and the economies of other major OECD nations suggests that they are dynamically efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author discusses about foreign-loan guarantees and intertemporal substitution of investment in Texas and Chile. The investment booms were made possible by government guarantees on foreign loans extended to the economies. Government foreign-loan guarantees potentially are useful instruments for the fiscal management of financial losses suffered by banks and firms. If financial claims against domestic assets increase in riskiness as a result of an external shock, a problem of under-investment in an economy may occur. Although foreign-loan guarantees in the aftermath of an external shock encourage foreigners to lend to financially distressed banks and firms, this paper will explore the possibility that these loan guarantees may also distort an economy's macroeconomic adjustment by permitting a postponement of the liquidation process. Examples of financial collapse in Chile and Texas involved loan guarantees to external lenders of the domestic banking systems. Examples suggest that the stronger is the lender of last resort to a banking system, the greater will be the ability of the system to attract external funds in the aftermath of an external shock.

In this paper the absolute version of the purchasing power parity hypothesis is bested as a long-run equilibrium condition in the Mexican case, in particular the existence of convergence between the prices of Mexico and the prices of United States, valuated in the same currency is evaluated. The existence of unit roots in different measures of the real exchange rate and the cointegration of various kinds of internal and external prices valued in the same currency, are tested by using several methodologies. The results show weak evidence in favor of the purchasing power parity which would be a consequence of the action of structural and transitory economic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water Quality Index of the National Science Foundation has been deduced for the special conditions of the USA's rivers, however, it has been used for many countries of the world Weigths for variables in the Water Quality Index, was proposed in consideration of characteristics of contaminant charge, asociate with particular production process. This considerations let us to think about index validity in our especific topic conditions. In this paper we explore about this question, based in measures maked in the Cali and Meléndez rivers, in Cali -- Colombia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the First World countries, the industrial evolution of the developing countries is observed with concern. The are considered a strong competence in the international marked and the are held responsible for the decreasing life standard in the United States and in Europe. This is the reason to consider restrictions of the commercial relations which could limit also the Third World productivity. Paul Krugman, a professor of economics at Stanford University en Palo Alto, California, is convinced that this fear doesn't have any real base. He argues, supported by a sequence of models, which present the economic relations between the First and the Third World, that the developing countries really don't influence on the life standard or the developed countries. It shouldn't be necessary to impose import retrictions which only would hinder the economic growth of the Third World nations, and therefore the hope for a decent life standard of millions of human beings who live today in conditions of absolute poverty. Agreeing completely with the author's goals, I present here a critical discussion of the respective paper. My critics are mainly directed to the model's structure. I believe that one can use more realistic structures without modifying Krugman's final final conclusions. Some suggestions are made in this sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States, Canada and Mexico. The acute myocardial infarction (Ml) in most patients is the result of coronary disease. It has been reported that traditional risk (actors for CVD such as smoking, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, family history, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and other comorbidities are responsible from 50 to 65%. Other risk factors have been associated with CVD. such as homocysteine, a natural amino acid that depends on vitamin B6, B12 and folates to be metabolized. Recent publications have associated high blood levels of homocysteine with myocardial infarction, stroke, venous thromboembolism and CVD mortality and insufficient levels of folate and vitamin B6. Some studies show that the intake of higher amounts of folates decreases homocysteine blood values and lowers the CVD risk. The present paper is a review of the literature with the objective of highlighting the importance of evaluating homocysteine levels in our population and the importance of these nutrients in lowering the risk for CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive health services supplied by medical institutions to women in two border cities one in Mexico and another in the United States (Matamoros, Tamaulipas, and Brownsville, Texas) arc comparatively analysed. This paper is based on survey interviews on the supply side (hospital and clinics) and on the demand side of health services (patients). Concerning Brownsville, institutions supply a wide range of maternity services to women who behave very carefully in relation to their pregnancy and demand more specialised personnel. Regarding Matamoros, despite of the fact that local medical institutions supply a higher specialisation of medical and auxiliary personnel to women, as well is an integral attention, the use of these services is required by Mexican women at the last trimester of the pregnancy, and these services lend to be less specialised than in Brownsville. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discute las experiencias de algunas universidades de los Estados Unidos en repensar la enseñanza universitaria desde las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC). Se explora la integración de las TIC en la docencia presencial y online y se hablan de sus retos y ventajas.

In "The Yellow Wall-paper" (1982), Charlotte Perkins Gilman brings to the surface the kind of treatment women were subjected to by doctors who acted following their own -male- point of view, ignoring women's perspective and opinions completely. This short story constitutes a valuable document about the situation of women in the United States by the end of XIX century, as it unveils the contradictions of a period of important social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper some of the main distortions and transformations that the State in Latin America has undergone are developed, with particular reference to the crisis they have undergone in their operation during the decades of the 1980s and 1990s, as well as the crisis of democratic gobernabilidad that the whole region underwent over these last years. In the face of this crisis of the State in Latin America this article proposes approaches to two generations of reforms undertaken in Latin America, the first generation is basically reformation of an economic nature, and the second generation are reforms of an institutional type (State reforms, decentralization and the reinvention of government). Finally the main challenges and difficulties assumed by the State in Latin America in the face of the new millennium and new conditions and situations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different ethnohistorical studies have approached the colonization process of the indigenous groups living in the north of Baja California. However, the readers of these texts have not always had access to the primary sources, through which ethnohistorians document their work. In this sense, the purpose of this paper is to document by means of original citations, some aspects of this colonization process. Central goal of this article is to bring the readers into contact with (1) the ideological arguments of those who defended the missionary system, (2) the dramatic descriptions of the panic and scarceness experienced by those who living within the missions, were expecting the imminent attacks of the Indians, (3) the later territorial disputes over the Indian territories, and (4) the influence of the new U.S.--Mexico borderline over the Indian lifestyle. Summing up, this paper shows a series of original testimonies expressed by the actors of widely known historical events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discute las normas creadas para responder a la situación del abuso de niños por algunos clérigos. Estos crímenes y sus autores no han sido castigado debidamente. El Papa Juan Pablo II aclaró que estas personas no caben en la vida religiosa católica. Las autoridades civiles han condenado varias diócesis a dar resarcimiento de daños. En 2002, los obispos de los Estados Unidos se reunieron para crear las "Essential Norms for Diocesan/Eparchial Policies Dealing with Allegations of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Priests. " Este documento intenta guiar el proceso diocesano ante las denuncias de abuso.

The authors explore the experience and embodiment of nervios, a folk taxon of illness, among Mexicans immigrants to Chicago (USA). They claim that nervios is an ancient biomedical taxon, reelaborated in folk contexts, and present today in many western (or westernised) societies. First, taking into account the native point of view, they analyse the physical-emotional and social manifestations of illness and the etiological theories. They propose three etiological categories to include nervios' causal explication: organic or natural, emotional, and socio-emotional. Secondly, they focus on various papers on nervios to summarize the etiological theories, distinguishing the social actors assumptions from interpretation made by the authors, what permits the authors to contrast Mexicans immigrants etiological theories with the bibliographical data on this subject. Thirdly, the authors claim that both nervios manifestation and etiological theories are similar in different socio-cultural groups, discussing the affirmation of Low (1985 and 1994), who argues that although the reported bodilily sensations are similar in a variety of cultures, folk explanations of etiology and cultural meaning varied considerably. Then, the authors explore the pathway of healing in a case of study, in order to analyse the meanings of therapeutic complementariness and the medicines overlapped. Finally, they reflect on the role played by the ancient biomedical theories and the folk western tradition to explain nervios similarity in a variety of contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Sociales is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales is the property of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper tries to line out the importance of media policies today through a case study. We pay special attention to media laws for that reason, particularly the rules that limit media ownership. The making of the radio mogul Clear Channel Communications is a case study. This group took advantage of the 1996 Telecommunication Act, which virtually eliminated the radio ownership cap in the United States. This is a clear example of how media laws can draw the limits to media companies, allowing them to concentrate or not, and that way agreeing to or fighting for the decrease in pluralism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the minutes of AP-S AdCom Meeting for the electric and electronic industry, which was held on January 4, 2004 in Boulder, Colorado. Resource speakers; Topics to be discussed; Programs and activities.

Como es sabido, no todos los documentos del Archivo General de Simancas referidos a América fueron trasladados al de Archivo de Indias de Sevilla cuando se creó éste. Unos pocos escaparon a la selección realizada en siglos anteriores y por ello son poco conocidos o han permanecido en el olvido. En este trabajo rescatamos en extracto un grupo de documentos referidos a personajes de Indias que se encuentran en la Sección de Consejo Real del archivo simanquino que son de gran interés para completar datos sobre la colonización de América en el siglo XVI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Politica y Sociedad is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Economía Institucional is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper studied the United States import market for Chilean table grapes, with the objective of analyzing the competitiveness of Chile in this market. Using the LA/AIDS model (Linear Approximation Almost Ideal Demand System), the import demand parameters were obtained for Chile, Mexico and the rest of the world (RDM). Quarterly data were used for import quantities, import values, and CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) prices for the period between the first quarter of 1989 and second quarter of 2002. Own price elasticity estimates indicated inelastic demand for all three countries with values of -0.79, -0.86, and -0.82, for Chile, Mexico, and RDM, respectively. Cross price elasticities between Chile and Mexico indicated significant substitution relationships, which was further supported by a partial elasticity of substitution equal to 0.51. Jointly these results showed that although Chile has a strong position in this market, Mexico has also positioned itself as a potential competitor in those quarters where both countries overlap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Analisis Politico is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios de Asia y África is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desarrollo Económico is the property of Instituto de Desarrollo Economico y Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos is the property of Centro de Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos (CEMLA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos is the property of Centro de Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos (CEMLA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper centers on my interest in certain ideological lines presented in the political work of Bernardo Monteagudo. There are three special aspects: democracy, strong government, and confederacy. The importance of this research is basically in the public relevance of the author in the 1820s as Minister in Peru and defender of General Jose de San Martin. His thoughts on the themes mentioned constitute a central issue in the American debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes different types of callable bonds. It also presents a model to value those callable bonds when interest rates follow a stochastic process, inspired in the model to value American options developed by Longstaff and Schwartz (2001), known as the Least Squares Montecarlo algorithm. The proposed methodology is applied to the valuation of two semi American callable bonds. A sensibility analysis is developed for the bond's values and for the option's values included in the bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Contemporanea is the property of Historia Contemporania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores a minimalist approach to the recently created Community of South American Nations. Based on the experience of the currently weakened process of integration it argues that the principles of concentration, gradualism and concreteness are essential to future actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The boards of directors are subject to strong political and contextual pressures that on one side, make difficult the practice of an instructional leadership and, on the other, head for a bureaucratic, managerial and perpetualizing development of its function. The situation is revised by means of resources and significant experts from so disparate locations as the United States of America, Finland, Russia or South Africa. The paper also makes evident the role the main international journals about that field are playing, being one of them directed by one of this paper's author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Complutense de Historia de América is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)