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This paper aims to analyze the evolution of the trilateral trade relationship between Mexico, the United States and China, and its main characteristics, from 1993 to 2020, through the application of vector autoregressive (VAR) models at different points in time. More specifically, trade links between these economies have been transformed from a first phase of little significance to a second phase with profound interrelationships since 2001, and finally to a current consolidation stage, despite the current increasingly complex environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into an analysis of illegality in migration, from a migrant perspective. To do this, established and assimilated historical practices in selected groups of Mexican migrants were analyzed according to immigration status and settlement area. The argument presented here is that illegality has a functional character for the reproduction of the migrant trajectory. This is demonstrated using a comparative analysis of the way migrants' decisions allow them to integrate their trajectories into two contexts which show unequal development. Such integration determines its functionality independently of the existence of restrictive migration policies in nation-state contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes five excerpts from the North American Free Trade Agreement (nafta) that have been subjected to intervention, through a work of erasures and overlays to the original document, which appear in the intervention as a mellow-grey watermark, in Hugo García Manríquez's Anti-Humboldt. This article aims to read the original document along with the bold words selected by the author in order to extract a sense that challenges the increasingly tightened migration policies on the United States-Mexico border. What this approach produces is a counter-discourse that proclaims for the territorial opening and the decriminalization of the border crossing. This work thus presents an oblique proposal which highlights the segregationist ideology hidden behind the proclamations of freedom and harmony of the agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of labor income prior to migration on the income obtained by migrants in the destination economy, in the case of temporary Mexican migrants in the United States. The data used comes from the Emif Norte survey conducted between 1999 and 2009. High relative and absolute mobility is observed. Hourly income is multiplied by a factor of four in the destination economy, while the effect of a 10 % increase in labor income in Mexico results in less than a 1 % increase in labor income in the United States. The results show that labor income in Mexico has little predictive power for the job performance of Mexican migrants in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some statistical data on the Hispanic population in the United States and its growth, caused by a sustained immigrant influx. The paper develops the following points: 1) the importance and relevance of the Hispanic population in the United States; 2) the role of Mexican and Central American migration as the main sources of manual labor for the American economy; 3) the importance of migrants in the regional and national development in the countries of origin; 4) the situation and perspectives of the second generation; 5) the long-term integration of the Latin American immigrant population in the United States. The supporting arguments of recent essays criticizing the presence of the Hispanic population in the United States are examined as being a threat to English dominance and a factor for cultural disintegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the conditional dependence of stock market in Mexico and the United States is studied. Symmetric Joe-Clayton copula is used and conditional probabilities of increases (decreases) in Mexico stock index when there are increases (decreases) in the U.S. stock index are estimated. For the marginal distributions, AR-TGARCH and AR-EGARCH models with a standardized Student's t distribution for innovations are proposed. Empirical results suggest that there is a high degree of conditional dependence in the tails, presenting higher volatility on the upper (right) tail throughout the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is based on ethnographic work about migration, which took place in the colony of Lechería in Mexico State. It seeks to understand the problems of discrimination, exclusion and violence that arise in the relations between the inhabitants of the colony and migrants on their way to U.S.A. Based on the tenets of psychoanalysis, the text discusses the notions of discrimination and violence in relation to language, as well as the discourses of science and capitalism as catalysts for the phenomena associated with mass segregation. This paper proposes a dialogue on the commonalities between the psychoanalyst and the social researcher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an expanded, more thorough version of a paper presented at the Seminar on Development Theory about the international crisis, hosted by the UNAM Institute for Economic Research. It includes a historical and theoretical introduction, followed by three parts and a. brief conclusion. The three parts are a) relations between the world crisis and the U.S. economy; b) the current course of the crisis, its localization in Western Europe, and probable international consequences, and c) the consequences for Mexico in the more general framework of Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remittances sent by Mexican migrants in the USA are relevant for recipient household at least in two senses. First, they contribute to rise income, and therefore to diminish poverty level. Second, they also contribute to regional and local economic development via the multipliers generated by the increases of the demand and of the investment in productive activities. Nonetheless, there are several estimations of household remittances magnitude. This paper analyzes the methodologies of Banco de Mexico (Mexican central bank) and those of recognized researchers. There is no consensus regarding the amount of money transferred by Mexican migrants in the USA. Consequently, the positive effects upon the recipient economy may not be conclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the Mexican automobile and truck industries, and estimates the long run functional relationship between these industries and the automobile industry in the USA. The methodology consists of a cointegration analysis of the two series in the long run and the estimation of an autoregressive vector to evaluate the response of the Mexican automobile industry to shocks coming from the US automobile industry. The results show a longrun positive functional relationship between the US car industry and the Mexican car and truck industries, and also a shortterm positive shock with four periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between July of 1891 and May 1892, the Mexican Land and Colonization Company, a British enterprise with a concession over the major part of Baja California's wastelands, laid 27 kilometers of rail of what was to be known as the Peninsular Railway with the expectation of opening up lands to cultivation and settlement, and attracting investment. But the train's starting point was San Quintin, a shallow bay ill-suited to becoming an important shipping port and, as far as the tracks had been built, led to nowhere. However, the objective of this paper is not to analyze the reasons for which the railway project did not come to a happy termination. Rather, it focuses on the controversies and conspiracies which surrounded its construction, arising from the struggle between the United States and Great Britain for predominance in Mexico's far northwest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are some scholars who believe that Mexican political science has followed the standard of American political science and the former has accumulated the same flaws of the later, whereas other scholars consider that the practice of the discipline is still far from the American standard but that should be its goal. The current discussion is dominated by personal impressions rather than by empirical evaluations on the actual state of the discipline. This paper analyzes a sample of 231 published articles in three leading political science journals between 1990 and 2007. Contrary to beliefs about the Americanization of Mexican political science, results show that the later is dominantly descriptive, monographic and qualitative. The main conclusion is that beyond debating the preeminence of any method in particular, the discipline in Mexico will contribute more to the extent that it starts debating substantive aspects of the research methods and processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

H-2A visas for temporary agricultural workers are very controversial, with farm-workers supporters claiming that it does not provide sufficient protections for US workers and leaves foreign workers open to abuse and exploitation. Tamaulipas presents a long tradition of rural migration to the United States in search of farm employment. The preference of US employers for Tamaulipas' workers owes to the proximity of this state to the frontier, which lowers transportation costs, and the experience of Tamaulipas' workers in very demanding activities, like orange picking. This paper analyses the level of compliance of labor contracts of Tamaulipas workers employed in the United States in the farming sector with H-2A visas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many analysts argue that the substantial growth in agri-food trade between Mexico and the United States can be attributed to changes in exchange rate, exchange rate volatility and NAFTA. This paper quantifies the effects of the changes in Mexico-United States real exchange rate, its volatility and NAFTA on Mexico-United States flows of milk powder and contributes, with empirical evidence, to the debate on the effects of real exchange rate changes and its volatility on agri-food trade flows. Maximum Likelihood Cointegration Analysis and a Vector Error Correction (VEC) approach are used in estimating an import demand function for milk powder in Mexico. To guide the empirical analysis, an expected utility maximization model is developed in this study and a set of reduced form equations are estimated. The results show that while changes in real exchange rate have a positive effect on milk powder imports in Mexico from the United States, volatility of the real exchange rate has a negative effect on imports, both in the short-run and in the long-run. The NAFTA has no significant effect on milk powder imports in Mexico from the United States [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates if the relationships between the Mexican and the American stock market, presented by Arellano (1993), are still maintainable for the 1980-2007 period. In order to accomplish this, a cointegration analysis has been made in accordance with the methodology of Engle and Granger (1987) and Johansen (1991). The results show that both markets are not cointegrated. The explanation presented in our research comes from the structural break in the cointegration relationship for the period indicated, backed by the chaos theory. Specifically it has been corroborated that there is a chaotic behavior in those series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the long term relationship between the Mexican and USA economies from 1950 to 2008. It initially analyzes the period 1988-2008, that's to say, the relation during this period is that the Mexican GDP grew in the long term by 0.94% for each percentage point increase in the USA's GDP, and decreased by 0.17% for each percentage point depreciation in the real exchange rate. Once this relation is established, the work then questions if the Mexican economic structure persisted during 1950-2008. This result is interesting because it provides a starting point for a new research agenda that revises which conditions permitted the fast growth of Mexico's economy during 1950-1982, which others led to its subsecuent stagnation. This is not only of interest to historians, and also useful for reconsidering Mexico's present growth strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tamaulipas presents a long tradition of rural migration to the United States in search of farm employment. Until the eighties, Tamaulipas' undocumented workers crossed the border easily. However, starting in the nineties, as a result of a restrictive migration policy centered exclusively on the "supply-side", crossing the border has become difficult. As a result, most immigrants are using the services of "smugglers". This paper analyses the impact of the militarization of the frontier on the emigration of Tamaulipas' illegal rural workers seeking farm jobs in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional monetary theory confirms Fisher's hypothesis which assumes that the real rate of interest varies only in the short term, while in the long term money is neutral. Using multivariate time-series models, and specifically VAR and VEC, with variables for Mexico and the United States (US) during the period 1994-2006, this paper studies the dynamic short-term relationship by decomposing the variance and response functions to the stimulus, and the long-term equilibrium relationship between these variables. It is shown that during the period of study the Fisher hypothesis is partly confirmed for the Mexican economy but not for the US economy. For its part, Mexican inflation has a strongly inertial component that lasts four months and accounts for nearly 80% of the inflationary changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the analysis of the Post Cold-War International Political System and the corresponding Inter-American System, as important frameworks to carry out the research of regional mediating powers, in general, and of two regional mediating powers in particular, cases in point: Brazil and Mexico. Consequently, two pictures of the states' structural positioning are constructed, a general one (in the International Political System) and an individual one (in the Inter-American System), which makes it possible for us to identify the regional mediating powers in the world and in America. This way, Brazil and Mexico are identified as States that exhibit important capabilities and play mediating roles among the world powers and the neighboring States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historic experience of international migration in the nahua communities of Guerrero involves the creation of new social categories for migrant men and women. This conception is sustained in ritual practices incorporated into the collective symbolic experience and allows recognition of certain attributes and values in those who participate in the "non-authorized" transit through the Mexico- United States border. In this paper it is proposed that this event is a "crossing ritual" or "rite of passage" consisting of three stages: "the farewell" (separation phase), "the journey" (threshold phase) and "the reception" (aggregation phase). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology, which is the manipulation of matter at a scale of one billionth of a meter, is poised to be one of the main technological developments of the twenty-first century. Although great uncertainty still surrounds it, the advances in nanotechnology have been impressive, and, given its potential, capitalist competition in the field is becoming increasingly intense. This paper addresses nanotechnology from a socio- political and geo-economic perspective in order to highlight the dynamics and interests at stake, the social networks and power relations involved, and the existing tensions due to capitalist competition and contradiction, among other aspects. This case study of nanotechnology in the Western hemisphere allows us to show and discuss some of the principal ways high technology is fomented in the metropolis (the United States in this case) and how this research agenda is adopted in the periphery (in Mexico, Brazil and Argentina). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes how, although the emigration of Chiapas residents to the United States is a recent phenomenon, it has its roots in internal migrations to increasingly distant places. The author traces its development from 1925 to 2003, describing some of the salient characteristics of these migrants: such as the means of transport used to reach the northern border, sources of financing for carrying out the trip, the migratory experience, crossing points, municipalities of origin and places of destination, using data from the Survey on Migration from Mexico's Northern Border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the impact of per capita income levels of Mexican border cities on labor employment of the US border city pairs. During the 90's, the northern border cities of Mexico experienced rapid growth in their population and in their manufacturing and services sectors. A generalized least squares econometric model was constructed in order to estimate the impact of the Mexican cities per capita income on the employment of services and manufacturing sectors of the US border cities. The results showed that the coefficients of the variables of income and border crossings positively affected the employment of the manufacturing and services sectors of the US border cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive health services supplied by medical institutions to women in two border cities one in Mexico and another in the United States (Matamoros, Tamaulipas, and Brownsville, Texas) arc comparatively analysed. This paper is based on survey interviews on the supply side (hospital and clinics) and on the demand side of health services (patients). Concerning Brownsville, institutions supply a wide range of maternity services to women who behave very carefully in relation to their pregnancy and demand more specialised personnel. Regarding Matamoros, despite of the fact that local medical institutions supply a higher specialisation of medical and auxiliary personnel to women, as well is an integral attention, the use of these services is required by Mexican women at the last trimester of the pregnancy, and these services lend to be less specialised than in Brownsville. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States, Canada and Mexico. The acute myocardial infarction (Ml) in most patients is the result of coronary disease. It has been reported that traditional risk (actors for CVD such as smoking, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, family history, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and other comorbidities are responsible from 50 to 65%. Other risk factors have been associated with CVD. such as homocysteine, a natural amino acid that depends on vitamin B6, B12 and folates to be metabolized. Recent publications have associated high blood levels of homocysteine with myocardial infarction, stroke, venous thromboembolism and CVD mortality and insufficient levels of folate and vitamin B6. Some studies show that the intake of higher amounts of folates decreases homocysteine blood values and lowers the CVD risk. The present paper is a review of the literature with the objective of highlighting the importance of evaluating homocysteine levels in our population and the importance of these nutrients in lowering the risk for CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the absolute version of the purchasing power parity hypothesis is bested as a long-run equilibrium condition in the Mexican case, in particular the existence of convergence between the prices of Mexico and the prices of United States, valuated in the same currency is evaluated. The existence of unit roots in different measures of the real exchange rate and the cointegration of various kinds of internal and external prices valued in the same currency, are tested by using several methodologies. The results show weak evidence in favor of the purchasing power parity which would be a consequence of the action of structural and transitory economic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the relationship between the Mexican peso/USD exchange rate and the net positions of speculators in the peso futures market at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange within the microstructure approach to exchange rate determination. For the period January 5th, 1999-November 1st, 2005, it is shown that the relationship has not been constant due to the fast growth in the peso futures market. This implies that any effort to forecast the peso/USD exchange rate exploiting this relationship must consider this fact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]