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Copyright of Perspectiva Educacional is the property of Perspectiva Educacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Trashumante. Revista Americana de Historia Social is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista INVI is the property of Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociedad e Infancias is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Antropologia is the property of Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ateliê Geográfico is the property of Revista Atelie Geografico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos Geograficos is the property of Cuadernos Geograficos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Fotocinema is the property of Revista Fotocinema and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The United Nations Organization stated that in 2017, 3,4% of global population immigrated to another country, corresponding to two hundred and fifty million people who left their homes seeking a better quality of life. Concurrently, young students encouraged by charity and philanthropy, have moved around the world helping vulnerable people like immigrants working as volunteers, that is to say, work exchange for accommodation. During the last years, it has been noticed that some changes at the recruitment and selection process in the hospitality industry under a volunteering arrangement; most of immigrants carry out this job in exchange for accommodation, as they need a place to live. This paper analyzes immigration in Chile, social vulnerability of immigrants and job precariousness in the hospitality business, which is not only related to temporary employment contract and lack of social security coverage, but simply lack of salary. This paper concludes that lack of skills of volunteers in order to deliver a quality touristic service might affect the international tourism image of Chile. Also, this paper intends to carry out a reflection about hiring people under a volunteering arrangement, as most of volunteers are prone to vulnerability, which is the case of immigrants in the city of Santiago, Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista INVI is the property of Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nueva Revista del Pacífico is the property of Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Española de Sociología is the property of Federacion Espanola de Sociologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this paper is to provide a historical analysis of the beginnings of the teaching profession in Chile from a critical perspective, starting with the creation of the Normal School of Preceptors of Santiago in 1842, and its work during the middle of the 19th century. What is intended with this article is to provide information and enrich more and more the social-historical study of Chilean education from an actor that, without a doubt, will come to stay, we refer to the teaching staff. The main objective of this work is to know and identify the main characteristics of preceptors in the midnineteenth century. From this premise arise some questions that seek to be answered with the future of research such as, What is the context in which the Normal School of Preceptors emerges? Who is part of it? What is the formation of preceptors and preceptors? What are the working conditions and problems that educators face during this time?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Psicología Política is the property of Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Historia is the property of Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Salud Mental is the property of Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Historia is the property of Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Santiago, Capital of Chile, is characterized by a large scale pattern of socioeconomic residential segregation. There are very few spaces where the inhabitants of different social strata interact. However, in the last two decades there have been examples in which the scale of residential segregation has been reduced, with a narrowed distance between families of very low and high income in peripheral districts. While originally these peripheral areas were slums occupied by low income dwellers, today the two communities are neighbors in private condos. Does this new phenomena constitute a wide tendency or is it something found in isolated cases? What sociospatial effect does this have for these communities, their inhabitants and the city as a whole in the short and long term? Can the reduction of residential segregation generate moments of social interaction and integration? This paper examines these questions, through the particular case of the Peñalolén borough. The paper outlines the possible negative effects of this phenomenon as well as examines why interaction and social integration are not natural consequences of the close proximity in the actual social and economic context of Chile. Finally, starting from Manuel Castells' theory of the logical flow of space and its application in the case study we review the idea of residential segregation and the methodologies for its study, proposing that there is a need to re-consider this term and to consider new methods for studying it, which emphasize the qualitative methodology that Anthropology can contribute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on two inflections and the pathways to other third, in the evolution of public policies concerning access to social housing in Chile; the first two are for the period 1970-1989, and the third is in development. The first inflection represents the culminating a process that had been going on since the nineteenth century, resulting in the recognition of housing as a social right; the second inflection corresponds to the denial of this right by the installation of a neoliberal model of subsidiary State in the context of civic dictatorship - Chilean military; the third is related to the current developments in the housing problem in the context of a dialectical process of restructuring / disintegration of neoliberalism implemented in Chile. The two inflections and the possibilities for other one, show significant changes in the conceptions of justice and equality related to access to housing and in the relationships between individuals, groups and Subsidiary State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Universum is the property of Instituto de Estudios Humanisticos Juan Ignacio Molina, Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the origin and transformation of three streets south of the Alameda, from when they were first roads until they became "modern" streets at the end of the nineteenth century. This process was documented in different types of sources of traditional urban historiography that have allowed the elaboration of detailed chronologies. Notwithstanding today we have access to exceptional historical cartographic registers that complement and enhances our ability to know about this process. To have an accurate account of this transformation, the streets whose origin go back to pre-existing roads have been distinguished from those that originated as streets. This distinction has led us to a deeper understanding of the problem where it's not only possible to establish the nature of each street in itself but also allows us to understand the purpose of the section of the city of which they belong to and the role that they filled in their definitive forms. This paper understands that the street, consequently the public space, is the chief configuring element of the city; first, as a "geographic accident" that adjusts to the space, and later, as an operation which requires there to be a project capable of establishing a new functional as well as environmental order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the end of the nineteenth and at the beginning of the twentieth century, the city of Santiago, Chile experienced an important process of transformation in which the city and the urban started to assume socio-economic and discursive prominence. Using evidence gathered from parliamentary and municipal debates, legislative text, the press, scientific literature from the era and business archives this paper shows that the construction of Santiago's sewage system was a phenomenon that condensed the economic, the technical, political and the discursive in the exercise of power and the administration of the public during that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for energetic efficiency in l buildings has different research lines, being one of them the denominated use of passive systems. These are part of a school of architectonic thought named Low Tech and within these the Mahoney's Charts represent an analysis method validated for the previous stages of a project. In this paper it is developed an adaptation of the mentioned methodology for Santiago's climate. This in order to provide some recommendation for architectural design for the Mediterranean climate with extended dried season, which belongs to the South Hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polis (07176554) is the property of Polis - Revista Academica Universidad Bolivariana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Calidad en la Educación is the property of Consejo Nacional de Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Urbano is the property of Departamento de Planificacion y Diseno Urbano, Universidad del Bio-Bio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. This paper describes the analytical methodology and overall distribution of these consultations--particularly respiratory consultations--for children under 15 years of age in Santiago de Chile, Chile. The aim is to understand differences by age groups, as well as seasonal trends and trends over the years. Methods. The research covered the distribution of consultations and their evolution over a period of 17 years. Information was collected on a daily basis from all pediatric consultations, grouped into nonrespiratory and acute respiratory categories, in seven sentinel centers of Santiago de Chile. Results. Between January 1993 and December 2009, 1 947 477 cases of pediatric illnesses were recorded, of which 1 188 029 (61.0%) were for respiratory causes. Of those, 656 567 (33.7%) were for acute lower respiratory tract illnesses, 418 932 (21.5%) were for broncho-obstructive syndrome, and 48 669 (2.5%) were for pneumonia. Pneumonia and broncho-obstructive syndrome were more frequent in children under age 5. Lower respiratory tract illnesses, broncho-obstructive syndrome, and pneumonia showed a significant downward trend during the period observed. Lower respiratory tract illnesses are the leading cause of pediatric morbidity in primary health care, while broncho-obstructive syndrome is the leading specific reason for pediatric consultations. Conclusions. These results point to the need to allocate or reallocate resources for programs for promotion, education, prevention, and treatment of these illnesses with the targeting necessary to address seasonal variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the main characteristics of advertising discourse in relation to childhood and its engagement with children's view of this stage of life, in line with «new social studies» and critical discourse analysis. This discussion seeks to complement the functionalist perspective of communication studies in the field of advertising content analysis by incorporating a discursive focus, taking into account contextual issues that may condition the interpretation of messages. Firstly, discourse analysis was used as a means of exploring social representations, identifying stereotypes employed in children's advertising in order to establish the possible functions of the message. To contrast these findings, group interviews were conducted with 10 and 11 year-old boys and girls from middle-income families in Santiago, Chile. A comparison of both findings reveals a complex and relational notion of childhood. Children see themselves as burdened by parents, and adulthood as an effective lack of liberty, where the archetypes reveal an image of the adult world as a state of loss with respect to the exercise of creativity, imagination and freedom. These archetypes correlate to children's television output, where a number of shows ridicule the image of adults through irony and parody, presenting them as incompetent in their roles as parents and in their moral authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile has pioneered the implementation of emission offseting programs pursuing simultaneously economic growth and environmental protection. In this paper, emission trading programs implemented in Santiago of Chile are analyzed and its relevance for developing countries is evaluated. It is argued that emission trading programs can be the best tool to deal with air pollution problems even in cases in which the institutional capacities are not well developed. Moreover, the inclusion of the transport system into the emission trading programs and the possibility of moving towards a system of interpollutant exchange are both nouvelle and relevant elements in the context of air pollution control policies. However, these innovations involve rather more complex elements in the design of emission trading programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to determine under what circumstances slaves became eligible for freedom and to track their efforts and strategies to achieve it between 1698 and 1750. This is a period when slavery was widely legitimized in Santiago, Chile. The findings are based on the analysis of seventy two letters of freedom, along with wills written by masters and former slaves. After the crossed analysis of these primary sources the author argues that various emotional, socio-economic and legal impediments gave shape to a rigid institution that allowed a minimum flexibility to obtain liberty. Thus, slaves played an active role in their own manumission processes, negotiating agreements through payment for their freedom or opting for the strategy of manumission trough good behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constitutes a sociological essay based on a series of reflections, empirical observations and comprehensive interviews made since 2003 in the city of Santiago, both in relation to youth that practice the art of tattooing the bodies of other people (the offer), and severa young urban actors who have accepted the option of altering their own bodies with tattoos (the demand), or ear and body piercing and other body modifications. In relation to this it is important to understand what a tattoo is, when this practice occurred historically, what significance is associated with this millennium desire to alter the body with indelible characters, and how or why this practice is appropriate in contemporary youth cultures in which on the one hand the tensions between massification of markings on the skin of youth and the industrialization of anatomical tracing, and on the other, the production of a lasting juvenile alter ego, where the sentiment of belonging to a group, the option for minority esthetics and the revindication of the body as radical territory for the reinvention of ones-self, makes one feel his own mechanical power and vibration on the epidermis of the city. Finally, only questions remain that serve as a pretext for advancing in a zig-zag tattoo in pale textures that today detain me and retain me a little, over the advance of other bodies that the city does not manage to contain fulfill them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constitutes a sociological essay based on a series of reflections, empirical observations and comprehensive interviews made since 2003 in the city of Santiago, both in relation to youth that practice the art of tattooing the bodies of other people (the offer), and several young urban actors who have accepted the option of altering their own bodies with tattoos (the demand), or ear and body piercing and other body modifications. In relation to this it is important to understand what a tattoo is, when this practice occurred historically, what significance is associated with this milenium desire to alter the body with indelible characters, and how or why this practice is appropriate in contemporary youth cultures in which on the one hand the tensions between massification of markings on the skin of youth and the industrialization of anatomical tracing, and on the other, the production of a lasting juvenile alter ego, where the sentiment of belonging to a group, the option for minority esthetics and the revindication of the body as radical territory for the reinvention of ones-self, makes one feel his own mechanical power and vibration on the epidermis of the city. Finally, only questions remain that serve as a pretext for advancing in a zig-zag tattoo in pale textures that today detain me and retain me a little, over the advance of other bodies that the city does not manage to contain fulfill them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high altitude peaks of the Andes were sacred to the Inca. High altitude sanctuaries were strung out along the Andes chain, with cerro El Plomo at the southernmost end of Inca territory, near present day Santiago, Chile. There, the frozen body of an Inca boy with numerous grave goods was discovered and purchased by the National Museum of Natural History, Santiago. In this paper we present the studies carried out in 1954, 1982 and 2003 by a multidisciplinary team aimed at examining the body, with particular reference to its conservation as well as the preservation of the clothing and grave goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goal: The relationship between air pollution and human health has been widely studied in medicine and economics. However, only a few recent articles have estimated the direct impact of air pollution on academic achievement. Methodology: We collect daily air pollution data from all monitoring stations in the city of Santiago, Chile, and combine it with academic results recorded by the National Learning Outcome Assessment System of (SIMCE in Spanish) for fourth grade students over the past decade, to create a unique pooled cross-sectional dataset. Results: Applying different econometric strategies, we find that certain air pollutants have a negative impact on the test scores of the cohort. Our estimated effects are negative and statistically significant, ranging between 0.02 and 0.06 standard deviations. Conclusions: These results seem to be small, but are equivalent to around 30% of a successful educational policy that specifically targets performance. Recommendations: Public policy must consider the positive externalities of reducing air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la CEPAL is the property of United Nations Publications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Urbano is the property of Departamento de Planificacion y Diseno Urbano, Universidad del Bio-Bio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos Judaicos (0718-8749) is the property of Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the results of a study which explores the social representation concerning inequalities in street children education in Santiago, Chile and Quito, Ecuador. The findings of the study reveal that street children leave school because they feel expel due to punishment in relation to bad adaptation to school regulations. The expulsion signifies an expulsion from an opportunity of a decent life and from a neoliberal society.

Copyright of Urbano is the property of Departamento de Planificacion y Diseno Urbano, Universidad del Bio-Bio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Papers: Revista de Sociologia is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)