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This work examines the poetry collection Junín (1930) by the Peruvian author Enrique Bustamante y Ballivián (1883–1937). While a part of the Latin American avant-garde expresses a fascination with the rise of new machines in the metropolis, this article demonstrates that Bustamante y Ballivián responds to this trend by representing machinery of a different kind – extractivist machinery – in a different type of space: the Andes. The author also engages with the indigenista avant-garde poetic proposals of his Peruvian contemporaries. Unlike them, the poet does not aim to give voice to the indigenous subject, nor does he idealize or solely link it to nature. Instead, he portrays it as 'coupled' to the mineral extraction machinery. Additionally, the poet depicts this machinery as invasive, contaminating and destructive to the landscape and its inhabitants. This work argues that Junín emerges as the first poetic representation of the ecological impacts caused by large-scale mining exploitation in the Andes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an interpretation of the intersection of extractivism and frontiers. It explores the effects of the progressive settling of luxury wine tourism and protected areas over small livestock producers associated to grazing systems. We choose a locality at the foothills of the Andes cordillera (Uco Valley), focusing on the site called Manzano Histórico (Historical Apple Tree). The combined use of different research tools (secondary data and documents analysis, in-depth interviews, direct observation, and the production of cartography) permits to observe that these territories --the living space for cattle producers-- have been progressively incorporated to capital and conservation, especially since the xxi century. At present, they express multiple and diverse compression situations on direct producers, that lead in turn to a remodeling of cattle-raising activities keeping pace with high-end tourism. This paper shows that high-end tourism and nature conservation are not opposed but rather mutually reinforcing activities. Also, that direct producers are not victims in lack of agency, since they reshape their productive profiles to take part in the tourism market highlighting their particular traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of the most intense thunderstorms in the world take place in central and northern Argentina, and their start and development is strongly influenced by the orography of the Andes and sierras de Coórdoba. These thunderstorms are associated with the occurrence of severe weather phenomena that generate important material damages and economic loss in rural and urban areas. The aim of this paper was to do the observational study of the spatial and temporal distribution of different severe weather phenomena, in particular, hail, intense rain and strong winds with gusts. Most of these events took place between the evening and midnight, and also between late Spring and early Summer. At the same time, while studying the occurrence of hail, it was found that its density of accumulation decreased as its diameter increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the trajectory of two indigenous communities from Neuquen through one century, focusing on the paths followed to access and remain in their territories, as well as the highs and lows in relation to their persistence as mapuche communities. The main goal was to explain how they achieved their current state of community reconstitution, and their relationship with politics at a provincial level, specifically in the context of the development of a new political line within the Confederación Mapuche de Neuquén at the beginning of this century. The article studied the factors that, from the genocide to the native peoples on, conditioned their possibilities of staying cohesive in a context of struggle with dominant territorialities: public policies on access to land, designed by the National State first, and then by the province, the actions of different agents in office, the mapuche political praxis and the bond they established with their supracommunal organizations. The heterogeneity of situations in the space of Neuquen led to define two cases to develop the analysis: Paicil Antriao, in the southern Andes area, and Campo Maripe, in the central eastern plateau zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, information is added and comments are made about two recently described Peruvian species of Liolaemus from the montanus group: L. balagueri and L. qalaywa. When L. balagueri was described, differences from L. nazca was based on a phylogenetic analysis of a single mitochondrial locus, but without including phenotypic diagnostic traits that might differentiated them. On the other hand, L. qalaywa description was based upon specimens from Apurirnac department and intraspecific variation in meristic traits were missing. In this study, we added a molecular and morphological analyses between L. balagueri and L. nazca, supporting more rigorously the separation between these two taxa. In addition, the geographic range of L. qalaywa is extended to Cusco department (southwestern Peru), intraspecific variation of morphological characteristics and geographic information up to 79 specimens are included, and the conservation issues of this species is commented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genus Vaccinium groups plants like shrubs that grows in the highlands of the Andes Mountains. Its fruits are characterized by their antioxidant and nutritional properties. The objective of this paper review was to understand the effect of endophytic and associated microorganisms with the rhizosphere of Vaccinium spp. Wild Vacciunium species present low genetic variability, in comparison with cultivated species that present high variability. Therefore, wild species must be domesticated in order to achieve permanent production in various locations along the year. Domestication of this plant could be achieved by stablishing physiological plant system, determining its edaphoclimatic requirements and analysis of interactions with the plant. One of the main problems of the Vaccinium genus is fungal diseases, such as Botrytis sp. and Hemileia vastatrix. However, other endophytic and rhizosphere microorganisms interact positively with Vaccinium plants: providing mineral nutrients, offering protection against diseases, and even improving soil structure. The diversity of microbiome associated with the plant rhizosphere and the genetic diversity of Vaccinium floribundum are relevant aspects that should be studied to stablish genetic improvement programs and achieve the commercial cropping of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: This paper once again brings the iconographies of Tiwanaku (Titicaca high plateau, Bolivia) and La Aguada (Northwest of Argentina) into discussion, more than 40 years after the works of Rex González and Ponce Sanginés. It does so in an entirely different context with a decolonial emphasis. Objects, images, ethnographic information and archaeologists from both sides of a border between "nations" are assembled with the clear intention of questioning very deep underlying assumptions of archaeology. Methodology: Beginning with the paths posed by images and colors, these knots also bind humans and things, shamanic experiences and meteorological phenomena. Conclusions: After bringing La Aguada and Tiwanaku into dialogue, based on our research trajectories, the discussion leads to a reflection on the present consequences of naturalizing segmented and functionalist gazes of the animal and plant worlds in the past, which originate in the ontological underpinnings of our own modernity. Originality: The text aims to approach decolonial criticism from the study of concrete cases and to contribute to these debates on the basis of archaeological materiality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first investigations, the Paracas and Nasca have been considered as two of the most representative social formations of the Peruvian south coast. Elements indicating interaction with the highlands were identified only for the latest phases of the stylistic sequence of Nasca pottery, especially those related to the characteristic ceramic style of the Wari state that emerged near the modern city of Ayacucho, during the Middle Horizon. However, in the last years, fieldwork carried out in the Palpa valleys and its tributaries resulted in increasing evidence of Paracas and Nasca sites in the highlands. This new evidence forces us to reconsider our traditional concepts of Paracas and Nasca settlement patterns and socioeconomic structures, including the transitional epoch between them. Since 2006, members of the Palpa-Lucanas Archaeological Project conducted intensive fieldwork in the catchment area of the northern tributaries of the Nasca drainage, especially in the highest sections of the Palpa and Viscas valleys. The surveys reached up to the highest points of the western slope of the Andes, at an altitude of 4300 m above sea level. Thus, the inventory of the archaeological sites on the west side of the Andes, including coastal, yunga, and highlanders, now comprises about 1500 sites belonging almost to all time periods. In this paper we present the results of our studies in the highlands, emphasizing those related to the Paracas and Nasca, and especially to the transition between them, which shows strong relationships with the Topara tradition. Excavations on Cutamalla and Huayuncalla sites provide relevant stratigraphic data to the theme presented here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the paper is to analyze the comparative possibilities between two different sets of data: on the one hand, the archaeological structures known as ch'ullpa in the Central and Southern Andes; on the other hand, any kind of indication about the presence of pastoralism under the areas in which ch'ullpa has been found. To accomplish this goal the paper proposes the review of the literature by relevant travelers and archeologists during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. At the same time, it argues that some of the conclusions of this review should be considered under the light shed by the contemporary ethnography that focuses on these populations. Accordingly, this paper explores the relationship between society and nature through the possible articulation of a social space at the Andes crossed by shepherds and marked by ch'ullpa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the nest site and nest of Asthenes modesta in the High Andes in the province of San Juan, Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses early evidence for the Andean Foliated Point Tradition (TAPF in Spanish), with special emphasis on the Central Andes region and the Lauricocha complex, which are included into the so-called 'Proto-Lauricocha' phase (Salcedo 2006). This phase is characterized by the indiscriminate consumption of animal species prior to food production, and the presence of foliated projectile points featuring centripetal retouch and minute ailerons located at one-third of the maximum longitude of the piece, defining in that way a pseudo-peduncle. The cultural phase has been dated by the radiocarbon method in the 10,500-7400 years cal BC interval, employing the dendrochronological calibration with the support of the OxCal v3.10r program (Bronk- Ramsey 2005) and the current calibration curves (Reimer et al. 2004; Reimer et al. 2009). Comparative evidence found in North America and Japan is used to discuss the probable origin of TAPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a way of introducing this issue, the current status of archaeological research on the earliest Andean cultures is discussed briefly, with major emphasis given to new trends and their implications, as well as future needs in this subdiscipline. The primary focus of each paper is also considered in terms of the wider technological, economic, demographic and ecological contexts, and its contribution to the early archaeology of the Andes from Colombia to Chile and Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to continue with the task of establishing new base stations in the northwestern portion of the Republic of Argentina, building on those already existing in the Argentinean Gravimetric Network and the densification of gravimetric observations in zones which have none. The new base stations are in response to the need to afterwards connect our network with the Chilean Network in the north of both countries: Paso de San Francisco and Paso de Jama. It is also being done to conduct surveys connected to the base stations for prospection studies in the northwestern portion of the Andes mountain range, between the aforementioned countries. The task was divided into two stages. In the first, the value of the gravimetric station located at the San Francisco Church (Excenter of Absolute Gravimetry, refer to Monograph 1) was transferred to Node 219 (refer to Monograph 2), of the National Leveling Network located in Perico, Jujuy. In the second stage the value established in the Node was transferred to the Susques, Jujuy community on the monument recently implemented by the National Geographic Institute (IGN in Spanish, refer to Monography). Two additional stations were left as intermediate points with the same precision (refer to Monographies); one at the crossroad of national routes Ex40 and 52 and the other at the astronomical point of YPF (Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales) in Susques. During the campaign, measurements were taken with two Lacoste-Romberg gravimeters (models G-13 and G-57) and a GPS Garmin ETREX satellite positioner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to understand from a regional perspective the causes of the civil war of 1876-1877 in the Northeastern Colombian Andes. An approximation is made to the urban hierarchy in the current Colombian departments of Santander and Norte de Santander between 1853 and 1875. The conditions leading to conflict and the change in that hierarchy are presented. In addition, intervening players and the location of the events of the war are identified. It concludes that the group that fell in urban hierarchy was the one that started the war and that this hierarchical change was one of the causes of the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper l want to present a synthesis of the ethnohistorical and archaeological data referring to the Chichas of the Southcentral Andes, offering an integral view of its territorial and temporal development. The main question that guides me throughout this article is the supposed continuity between the ethnohistoric Chichas group, known from written sources of the 16th century. and the archaeological "style" often associated with them and dated preliminary between 600 and 1500 A.D, To present a broader picture of the Chichas culture it is necessary to review both data sets and question this supposed "cultural continuity" which leads to the idea of a territory of Chicha influence which is characterized by its heterogenous relations between the different entities that habitated this area, relations which, far from being static during time and space. represent a diverse panorama of human interrelationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate studies are of main importance to explain the external geodynamics of the Pacific Basin of the Central Andes between 15°S and 19°S. This is because the processes by which the relief modeling or morphogenesis develop are controlled by pluviometric variables and phyto stabilization. Moreover, the internal geodynamic of the region is related to the climatic conditions that determine the amounts of sediments aported to the Ocean basin (Kulm et al. 1977), affecting the erosion rate by subduction in the plane of contact between the tectonic plates and the composition of the magazas formed below the Andean erogene. In this paper we analyze the climatic effects in the external geodynamics, within a theoric framework that considers a morphoclimatic system as a set formed by the morphogenetic agents and processes that work the relief modeling in a territory, in function of its bioclimatic characteristics; and a morphoclimatic dominion is the spatial environment where a specific morphoclimatic system develops. First, we present the clima of the Central Andes, the factors that control its mean configuration and its main characteristics with diagrams made from the pluviometric data collected in a series of stations regularly distributed in the region. Second, we differentiate two climatic dominions, one in the Altiplano, related to Amazonia precipitations and the other at the Pacific side, associated to the anticyclonic permanency in the western cordillera. Third, we propose a subdivision of the western façade of the cordillera in altitudinal intervals or bioclimatics sections using bioindicators such as the vegetation absence or presence with altitudinal change. Fourth, we give a new division in altitudinal intervals or morphoclimatic zones, using the existence of some geoindicators, such as the endemic geomorphic units of each morphoclimatic zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, a model of carnivore taphonomic action in the Argentinean Puna is applied to archaeological site Inca Cueva-cueva 4, on the Eastern Fringe of the Puna East of the Andes cordillera, which contains hunter–gatherer occupations dating to the early and middle Holocene. Different indicators, such as the low levels of bone modifications (ca. 2 to 8% NISP), consisting mainly in subtle marks, suggest a low intensity of the intervention of carnivores during the formation of these deposits. Variables such as the frequency of carnivore scats attest to repeated carnivore visits to the cave, but the “dilution effect” upon the small faunal assemblages these carnivores tend to accumulate in a context of larger zooarchaeological assemblages would have faded their traces away. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The high altitude peaks of the Andes were sacred to the Inca. High altitude sanctuaries were strung out along the Andes chain, with cerro El Plomo at the southernmost end of Inca territory, near present day Santiago, Chile. There, the frozen body of an Inca boy with numerous grave goods was discovered and purchased by the National Museum of Natural History, Santiago. In this paper we present the studies carried out in 1954, 1982 and 2003 by a multidisciplinary team aimed at examining the body, with particular reference to its conservation as well as the preservation of the clothing and grave goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]